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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 




HISTORY 



OF THE 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



BV THE I.ATE 



BURKE A. HINSDALE, LL.D. 

Professor of the Science and the Art ok Teaching 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 

OF 

REGENTS AND MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 
From 1837 to 1906 

EDITED BY 

ISAAC N. DEMMON, LL.D. 

Professor of English 

IHuotratftr 



ANN ARBOR 

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 

1906 



Edition 1500 copies. September, igo6 



THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. 



PREFACE 



EARLY in 1S99 Professor Hinsdale undertook to prepare a History of the 
University for the series known as " Universities and their Sons," pub- 
Hshed by tlie R. Herndon Company, of Boston. In September of that 
year at the insistence of Mr. Herndon and the expressed desire of Professor Hinsdale 
I engaged, somewhat reluctantly, to edit the biographical sketches to accompany the 
History. At that time my leisure was wholly taken up with the labor of bringing 
out the General Catalogue of Officers and Students of the University, which included 
over thirty thousand names and which did not reach completion till three years later. 
Professor Hinsdale proceeded with his task in his systematic way and turned over 
his manuscript to the publishers in August, 1900. This was practically the last work 
he did. His health was already shattered, and the few remaining weeks were taken 
up with a heroic fight with death. In almost the last conversation I had with him 
he expressed the hope that he might be able to see this work through the press. 
He evidently felt that some parts had been done under stress and needed his finishing 
touch. But this was never to be given. Some time after his death the Herndon 
Company proceeded with the printing of the History, and the labor of verifying and 
proof-reading fell upon me. President Angell kindly went over the proofs, both in 
galley and in page, and gave valuable suggestions. No material changes were made 
in the substance of the text. An attempt was made to verify all statements of fact as 
the author himself would have done, and the quotations and statistical tables were 
checked through with the original documents from which they were drawn. By the 
end of the year 1901 the plates of the History were cast. 

But this further interruption to the preparation of the biographies delayed pub- 
lication. A number of the early biographies had been written under Professor 
Hinsdale's direction, and others were done by some apprentice hand in Boston. Most 
of these, however, demanded extensive verification and revision before they could be 



vi PREFACE 

used. Thus the matter stood when the sudden death of Mr. Richard Herndon, early 
in 1903, threw the affairs of the company into confusion, and the directors finally 
decided to abandon the Michigan enterprise. They offered the plates of the History 
and other material for sale, and the property was likely to pass into the hands of a 
subscription company in Chicago, publishers chiefly of County Histories. At this 
juncture the situation was brought to the notice of the Regents of the University, 
and they decided to rescue the work and bring it out under their own auspices. 
Negotiations for the purchase were opened, and in due time a satisfactory arrange- 
ment with the Herndon Company was made. The work of editing was committed 
to me in conjunction with Professor Pettee. Unhappily, Professor Pettee's other 
duties lay so heavily upon him at the time that he was never able to render me any 
aid, though very willing to do so; and in May, 1904, he too was cut off by death. 

The work had been originally planned to include, in addition to the History, 
biographical sketches of leading members of the Board of Regents, the Faculties, 
and the Alumni, selected chiefly from the living. After conference with the Presi- 
dent it was decided to change the plan and to confine the Biographical Sketches to 
the Regents and the members of the The University Senate and to endeavor to 
make an ofificial record of these. This would include nearly four hundred names, 
and would present in detail the character and training of the men who had been 
chiefly instrumental in guiding the affairs of the University from the beginning. 
This change in plan greatly increased the difficulties of the editor; and I may add 
that the task has proved an unexpectedly stubborn one, for reasons that will presently 
appear. 

Reference has been made to the fact that a considerable body of the sketches 
were originally done by other hands. These have all been gone over carefully, and 
have been given such uniformity as seemed feasible ; but some unevenness is still 
apparent, and in a number of instances a clear impression of patchwork remains. 
The sense of disproportion, however, is not wholly or chiefly due to differences in 
original authorship, but has arisen mainly from the character of the materials avail- 
able in each instance. In the case of the living, the materials furnished by the per- 
sons themselves, in answer to specific inquiries, varied greatly in scope and character, 
and a few persons neglected to give any information at all. In the case of the 
deceased still greater difficulties were experienced. The early Regents and Profes- 
sors are all in this class, and here it became necessary frequently to traverse ground 
entirely unexplored. The early catalogues and other records of the University 



PREFACE vii 

contained no hint of the post-office aclchxsses of the Regents, and in several cases much 
ingenuity was necessary in discovering where information concerning them might be 
found. Some of them lived in the State but a short time and left no relatives or 
acquaintances that were discoverable. For example, the first Chief Justice of the 
State, who lived and died in Ann Arbor, and who was prominent in the early 
councils of the Regents, lay in an unknown grave for many years, and details of his 
life are utterly wanting. He left no relatives here, and there is not even a record in 
the Probate Court. These statements will suffice to indicate the nature of the prob- 
lem and may serve to e.xcuse the meagreness of some of the sketches. 

In the preparation of the sketches, the practice throughout has been to check all 
statements of fact, dates, titles, ei cctcva, with official documents ; and a great deal of 
labor has been expended in this way, often with substantial results. In dealing with 
such a mass of detail there is, of course, a limit to human vigilance ; and some errors, 
no doubt, still remain that could have been eliminated by further research had time 
and strength permitted. It is also proper to state by way of caution that some por- 
tions of the sketches may be found to have appeared in print already. In several 
cases during the progress of the work typewritten copies have been loaned to other 
persons who have used more or less matter from them for publication. Again, the 
materials for some of the early sketches were drawn in part from " Representative 
Men of Michigan" (Cincinnati, 1S78), and from other like sources; and it is possible 
that the phrasing may be found sometimes to follow the originals too closely. But 
it is hoped that no copyright material has been infringed upon. 

It should further be stated that in the selection and disposition of the Illustrations 
for the History, I was not originally consulted. I made a few transfers and substitu- 
tions in the plates before the book went to press, the chief of which were a better 
view of the University Hospital on page 96 and the insertion of the Barbour Gymna- 
sium on page 160. As to the portraits accompanying the sketches, I regret that the 
earlier men are not better represented. The difficulties here were very great ; but had 
I realized the extent of the defect sooner, it could, no doubt, have been corrected in 
some instances. 

A few paragraphs drawing attention to the most important building improvements 
and to the principal changes in internal policy and administration since 1900, have 
been added by way of Appendix to the History, pages 363-370. 

The work of the Editor is now submitted, with many misgivings, to the charitable 
judgment of all who may be inquisitive about \\\q personnel oi the University during 



viii PREFACE 

the various stages of its growth, — both in the members of its Governing Board, 

who have devoted their time and energies so unselfishly to its management, and in 

the Officers of Instruction, who, with no less public spirit and devotion, from the day 

of small things till now, have given their lives to the promotion of the higher learning 

in this great Commonwealth. 

ISAAC N. DEMMON. 
Ann Arbor, July 4, 1906. 



CONTENTS 



Pages 
HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY 1-164 

Chapter 

I. The Making of the State of Michigan i 

H. The Michigan System of Public Instruction 8 

I. The Territory. 2. The State. 

III. The Congressional Land Grant and the University Fund .... 18 

IV. The Organic Act of the University 26 

V. The University in the First Period 29 

VI. The New Constitution and Second Organic Act of the University . 39 

Vn. President Tappan's Administration 41 

\TII. President Haven's Administration 51 

IX. Acting- President Frieze's Administration 58 

X. President Angell's Administration 62 

XI. Studies and Degrees in the Literary Department 76 

XII. The Professional Schools 90 

I. The Department of Medicine and Surgery. 2. The Law Department. 
3. The Homoiopathic Department. 4. The College of Dental Surgery. 
5. The Laboratories: and the .School of Pharmacy. 6. The Department of 
Engineering. 7. The Observatory. 

XIII. The Libraries 118 

XI\\ Students' Organizations 123 

I. Literary Societies. 2. Greek Letter Societies. 3. The Students' Lecture 
Association. 4. The Students' Christian Association. 5. The University 
Young Men's Christian Association. 6. The Athletic Association. 7. The 
Woman's League. 8. The Glee Club. 9. College Publications. 10. Other 
Organizations. 

XV. Thirty Years of Coeducation 130 

XVI. The University as a Constitutional Institution . 13S 

XVII. Conspectus 148 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF REGENTS AND SENATE 165-362 

Regents of the University 165-216 

Regents ex Officio 165-170 

Regents by Appointment of Governor and Senate 171-181 

Regents by Election 182-216 

The University Senate 217-362 

Presidents 217-220 

Professors 220-331 

Junior Professors 331-342 

Assistant Professors 343-362 

APPENDIX TO THE HISTORY , . . . . 363-370 

GENERAL INDEX 371-376 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



• 36 

• 42 



The Catliolepisterniad (Facsimile) 

John D. Pierce 

Stevens T. Mason 

Zina Pitcher 

George P. Williams 

Andrew Ten Brook 

Abram Sager 

Silas H. Douglas 

Henry P. Tappan 

Andrew D. White 

Corydon L. P'ord 46, 

The University in 1S55 

The Tappan Oak . ... 

Erastus O. Haven 52, 

The University in 1.S64 

Edward Olney 55, 

Moses Coit Tyler 56, 

Henry S. Frieze 58, 

Benjamin F. Cocker 

George S. Morris 

Edward L. Walter 61, 

James B. Angell . . 62, 

University Museum 

University Hall (1S73) 

Cenotaph 

Phj-sical Laboratory (189S) 

Tappan Hall 

Mechanical Engineering Building (i8gS) 

Randolph Rogers (Benefactor) 

James McMillan (Benefactor) 

Gallery of Art (1898) 

University Hall (from Southeast) 

Elizabeth Bates (Benefactor) 

Henry C. Lewis (Benefactor) 

Charles K. Adams 

Moses Gunn 

Medical Building (from Norlli) 

Liniversity Hospital (1904) 

University Hospital (189S) 

Thomas M. Cooley 98, 

Cliarles L Walker 

Law Building (1863) .... 

Law Building (1S93) 

Law Building (189S) 

James V. Campbell 

Homoeopathic Medical College 

Homoeopathic Hospital 

Dental College 



AGE Pace 

9 Chemical Laboratory (from Northwest) . . . . 112 

16 Chemical Laboratory (Interior) 113 

30 Medical Building ifrom East) 114 

31 Civil Engineering Building (1895) 116 

22r Astronomical Observatory 117 

34 General Library 119 

35 Reading Room of General Library (1898) ... 121 
224 Newberry Hall 126 

217 McMillan Hall 128 

45 University Hall (1898) 139 

, 229 University Hall (1898, with Wings) 141 

47 President's House 142 

48 The Boiler House 143 

21 8 The Campus (from Northwest) 144 

54 The Campus (Distant View) 146 

238 Campus Entrance (from Northwest) 147 

240 The Long Walk 149 

230 Spanish Mortar 150 

59 The Campus in Winter 151 

60 The Old Gateway (Northwest Entrance) . . . 154 
258 Waterman Gymnasium 156 

219 Regents' Field (1898) 158 

64 Waiting for the Signal 159 

65 Barbour Gymnasium 160 

66 Alpheus Felch 167 

67 Samuel Denton 172 

68 Marvin Allen 17S 

69 James Kinj;sley 182 

70 Charles Henry Palmer 183 

71 William L'pjohn 1S3 

72 Benjamin Levi Baxter 1S4 

73 Donald Mclntyre .... 185 

74 Ebenezer Lakin Brown 1S5 

75 Oliver Lyman Spaulding 187 

85 Edward Carey Walker 1S8 

92 George Willard 189 

94 Cyrus Moses .Stockwell 191 

96 John Mahelm Berry .Sill 191 

97 Hiram Austin Burt 192 

234 Jonas Hartzell McGowan -193 

99 Claudius Buchanan Grant 193 

too Byron Mac Cutcheon 195 

loi Victory Phelps Collier 196 

103 James Shearer 197 

104 Ebenezer Oliver Grosvenor 198 

105 Jacob J. Van Riper 198 

109 Austin Blair 199 

lit James Frederick Joy 200 

xi 



Xll 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Page 

Lyman Decatur N orris 200 

Arthur Merrill Clark 201 

Charles Joseph \\'illett 201 

Charles Rudolphus Wliitman 202 

Roger Williams Butterfield 203 

Charles Hebard 204 

Herrmann Kiefer .... 205 

William Johnson Cocker 205 

Peter Napoleon Cook 206 

Levi Lewis Barbour 207 

Frank Ward Fletcher 208 

Henry Stewart Dean 208 

George Alexander Farr 209 

Charles DeWitt Lawton 210 

Arthur Hill 211 

Henry Westonr.ie Carey 212 

Loyal Edwin Knappen 212 

Peter White 213 

Walter Hulme Sawyer 214 

James Henry Wade 215 

Harrison Soule 215 

Louis Fasquelle 223 

William Stanton Curtis 225 

Alonzo Benjamin Palmer 226 

James Robinson Boise 227 

Alexander Winchell 228 

DeVolson Wood 235 

James Craig Watson 236 

Edward Payson Evans 237 

William Warren Greene 238 

Adam Knight .Spence 239 

Cliarles Artemas Kent 241 

Henry Sylvester Cheever 242 

Albert Benjamin Prescott 243 

Martin Luther D'Ooge 244 

George Edward Frothinghani 245 

George Benjamin Merriman 246 

Charles Ezra Greene ... 247 

Donald I\Iaclean 247 

Frederick Henry Gerrish 249 

Edward Swift Dunster 250 

Samuel Arthur Jones 250 

Jonathan Taft 251 

William Henry Pettee 252 

John Andrews Watling 253 

John Williams Langley 254 

William Palmer Wells 255 

Charles Kasson Wead 255 

Joseph Beal Steere 257 

William Harold Payne 259 

Thomas Pardon Wilson 259 

Isaac Newton Demmon 260 

Bvron William Cheever 26r 

Wilham Henry Dorrance 262 

Hlisha Jones • . . . . 263 

Albert Henderson Pattengill 263 

Mortimer Elwyn Cooley 264 

Henry Sewall 265 



Page 

William James Herdman 265 

Wooster Woodruff Beman ........ 266 

Henry Wade Rogers 267 

Victor Clarence Vaughan 267 

Harry Burns Hutchins 268 

Calvin Brainard Cady 270 

Charles Simeon Denison 270 

James Craven Wood 272 

Otto Kirchner 272 

Daniel A. McLaclilaii 273 

Henry Smith Carhart 274 

Levi Thomas Griffin 274 

Raymond Cazallis Davis 275 

A'olney Morgan Spalding 275 

Henry Carter Adams 276 

Calvin Thomas 277 

Charles Nelson Jones 277 

Heneage Gibbes 278 

Burke Aaron Hinsdale . . 279 

Henry Francis LeHunte Lyster 280 

Richard Hudson 2S1 

Bradley Martin Thompson 281 

Albert Augustus Stanley 282 

John Dewey 283 

Francis Willev Kelsuy 283 

Jerome Cyril Knowlton 284 

Charles Samuel Mack 284 

Charles Bey lard Gu^rard de Nanciede .... 285 

F"lemming Carrow 286 

Otis Coe Johnson 286 

Paul Caspar Freer .... 287 

William Henry Howell 287 

James Nelson Martin 288 

John Jacob Abel 288 

Nelville Soule Hoff 289 

(George Dock 290 

Nathan Davis Abbott 291 

John Wayne Champlin 291 

Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin 292 

Joseph Baker Davis 293 

Asaph Hall 293 

Israel Cook Russell 294 

Warren Plimpton Lombard 295 

Floyd Russell Mechem 296 

Jacob Ellsworth Reighard 296 

Thomas Clarkson Trueblood 297 

James Alexander Craig 298 

Alexis Caswell Angell 298 

Arthur Robertson Cushny 299 

Maurice Patterson Hunt 299 

John Carew Rolfe 300 

James Playfair McMurrich 301 

Thomas Ashford Bogle 301 

Wilbert B. Hinsdale 302 

Royal Samuel Copeland 303 

Robert Mark Wenley 304 

Eliza Maria Mosher 304 

George Allison Hench 305 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Xlll 



Page 

Willis Alonzo Dewey 306 

James Gifford Lynds 306 

George Hempl 307 

Victor Hugo Lane 307 

James Henry Brewster 30.S 

Horace LaF"ayette Wilgus 308 

Claudius Bligli Kinyon 309 

Aaron N'ance McAlvay 310 

Arthur Graves Canfield 311 

Reuben Peterson 311 

Dean Tyler Smith 312 

Robert Emmett Bunker 313 

Fred Newton Scott 313 

Max Winkler 313 

Frederick George Novy -314 

Edward DeMille Campbell 314 

Allen Sisson Whitney 315 

Filibert Roth 316 

Gotthelf Carl Huber 316 

Henry Moore Bates 317 

Edwin Charles Goddard 317 

Aldred Scott Warthin 31S 

Louis Phillips Hal! 318 

Egbert Theodore Loettler 319 

Fred Man villa Taylor 319 

Alexander Ziwet 320 

'Herbert Charles Sadler 320 

Frank Lincoln Sage 321 

Gardner Stewart Williams 321 

Moses Goniberg 322 

George Wasliington Patterson 323 

Frederick Charles Newcombe 323 

John Oren Reed ... 324 

Theodore Wesley Koch 324 

Walter Robert Parker 325 

R. Bishop Canfield . . . 326 

Cyreniis Garritt Darling 326 

William Fleming Breakey 327 

William Joseph Hussey 328 

Claude Halsted Van Tyne 328 

Joseph Horace Drake 329 

John Romain Rood 330 

Edson Read Sunderland 330 

Albert Moore Barrett 331 

Alfred Henry Lloyd 331 

Moritz Levi 332 

Walter Dennison . 332 

Earle Wilbur Dow 333 

John Robins Allen 333 



Page 

Joseph Lybrand Markley 334 

Lewis Burton Alger 334 

Charles Horton Cooley 335 

George Rebec 336 

Edward David Jones 336 

Julius Otto Schlotterbeck 337 

Samuel Lawrence Bigelow 337 

Walter Bowers Pillsbury 33.S 

William Lincoln Miggett 338 

Alviso Burdett Stevens 339 

John .Archibald Fairlie 339 

John Robert Efiinger 340 

Tobias Johann Casjen Dieklioff 341 

Henry Clay Anderson 341 

Edward Henry Kraus 342 

Louis A. Strauss 342 

Alfred DuBois 343 

John Emory Clark 344 

Allen Jeremiah Curtis 344 

Stillman Williams Robinson 345 

Benjamin Chapman Burt 346 

Theodore John Wrampelmeier 346 

Charles Mills Gayley 347 

Paul Rousseau Bellon de Pont 34S 

Carl William Belser 349 

Dean Conant Worcester 350 

Ernst Heinrich Mensel 351 

Benjamin Parsons Bourland 352 

Karl Eugen Guthe 352 

Herbert Spencer Jennings .' . 353 

Clarence George Wrentmore 353 

Thomas Benton Cooley 354 

James Waterman Glover 354 

Albert Emerson Greene 355 

William Henry Wait 356 

Herbert Jay Goulding 356 

Alfred Holmes White 357 

Arthur Lyon Cross 357 

Jonathan Charles Augustus Hildner .... 358 

William Sylvester Hazelton 359 

Clarence Linton Meader 359 

John Strong Perry Tatlock 360 

Hugo Paul Thieme 360 

Theodore de Leo de Laguna 361 

Walter Mulford 361 

Charles Wallis Edmunds 362 

New Medical Building 365 

New Engineering Building 367 



H I STO RY 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



CHAPTER I 
TuK Makixi; ok •riiK State ov Michigan 



THE most distinguished historian of 
Michigan has gix-cn his book the 
alternative title, " A History of Gov- 
ernments," and justified his choice by referring 
to the numerous changes of sovereign as well 
as subordinate jurisdiction that the territory of 
the State has passed through.' l'"rance, luig- 
land and the United States have successi\-el_\- 
had dominion over it; while under the United 
States it was part of the Northwest Territory 
and of the Indiana Territory before it became 
the Territory of Michigan, and then in this last 
form passed through all the grades (if terri- 
torial jurisdiction before it attained to the rank 
of statehood. Interesting in themselves, these 
political changes have not been withciut in- 
fluence upon the subject of this history. 

The vast territories contiguous to the Great 
Lakes were discovered, many of them explored 
and appropriated, and all of them claimed, by 
the French. These achievements, which laid 
open the interior of North America to the 
world, were the combined work of the soldier, 
the fur trader, and the priest. The old Indian 
pathway from the St. Lawrence River to the 
Upper Lakes led by the (.Ottawa and P^rench 
rivers, together with the intervening water and 
land connections, to Georgian Bay and waters, 
rather than by the Lower Lakes and their 
connecting water-courses. When the French 
came, following their Indian guides, thc}' trav- 
elled the same path. One result of the adop- 
tion of this line of travel \\-as that the first 
French posts within the present limits of 

* Michigan, A Histoiy of G<n'cni}iu'nts. Tliomas Macliityre 
Cooley. Boston, 18S5. 



Michigan were plantetl in its remoter parts, 
Sault Stc. Marie 166.S, and Michilimackinac 
1 67 1, both ]5lantings of Father Marquette. 
Frenchmen jjassed through the Detroit River 
as earl)' as 1669, thus demonstrating the con- 
nection of the u]5per and the lower waters; but 
trade and emigration long continued to mox'e 
back and forth along the other road. 

The great contest between France and iMig- 
land for the control of the interior of North 
America had not far progressed before the im- 
portance of the Detroit River began to be 
discerned. Its very name is significant — The 
Strait. With a view to excluding from the 
Upper Lakes the New York traders, who were 
just beginning to find their wa\- to them, 
through the Detroit portal, in search of the 
rich furs in which the region abounded, the 
celebrated bushranger Duluth, after whom Du- 
luth is named, in 1686 built Fort St. Joseph at 
the outlet of Lake Huron ; but this fort was 
abandoned three years later, and the Strait 
again left open. However, the French officers 
in Canada were too much ali\'e to the danger 
of such a situation to permit its long continu- 
ance ; and, just as the English Governor of 
New York and his ad\-isers were considering a 
plan for its occupation b\" an English colony, 
in the short inter\'al of peace between King 
William's and Oueen Anne's wars, one of them 
effectuall)- closed the door. In 1699 Antoine 
de la Motte Cadillac, a man of ability and mark 
in the King's service, deeply impressed with 
the political and military importance of such a 
step, and having an eye also to commercial and 
agricultural advantages, resorted to France, 



UNI/ERSITl' OF MICHIGAN 



[a:,ip. I 



seeking aiithorit_v to plant a colony on the 
spot, and returned early in tlie next \-ear 
armed with full power to execute his plan, 
together with a grant of land and the promise 
of material assistance. He tarried at Quebec 
and Montreal only long enough to complete 
the necessary preparations, and then started, 
by the accustomed northern route, on his long 
and arduous journey. Reaching his destina- 
tion on the 24th of July, he erected as soon as 
possible, within the site of the present city of 
Detroit, a stockade for the soldiers, which he 
named Fort Ponchartrain, in honor of the dis- 
tinguished French minister who had procured 
his commission, and built a village of tents 
around the stockade, for the accommodation 
of the non-military settlers. In a civil sense 
this colony was the beginning of the State of 
Michigan. It is no way necessary for us to 
follow its story, but we may characterize it in 
general terms. 

In the first place, the colony secured the 
military and political ends for which it was 
founded. Like the other French settlements 
in the Northwest, Detroit was a military gar- 
rison, a trading post and a missionary settle- 
ment all in one, only the secular features were 
unusually prominent. The colonists carried 
on agriculture on a scale sufficiently large to 
meet their own necessities. They extended 
their holdings of land in both directions, until 
they covered the ri\er front for many miles, 
above and below the main settlement. Cadillac 
had his troubles, and he eventually left Detroit 
for New Orleans ; the life of the colony was 
checkered ; the growth of population was un- 
even and, on the whole, slow, although the 
Canadian authorities strove to stimulate its 
increase.' 

While these efl'orts were not without effect, 
still, after all had been done, the colony con- 
tained only twenty-five hundred souls when, at 
the age of sixty-two years, it passed from the 
jurisdiction of France to the jurisdiction of 
Great Britain at the close of the French and 
Indian war. Under its new masters, Michigan 
continued to be what it had been, a depend- 
ency of Canada and the creature of military 

I The History of Detroit and Michi::;an, etc. Silas Farmer, 
1889. Vol. I. p. 333. 



rule. The change of owners was immediately 
followed by Pontiac's Conspiracy, which wholly 
destroyed some of the Western posts, and 
came near to destroying all the others. With 
the final establishment of British authority, 
the population fell off materially, some of the 
habitants returning to France, but more per- 
haps removing beyond the Mississippi River 
into Louisiana. Not more than eight hundred, 
it is said, remained. Soon, however, English 
and Scotch settlers began to come in consid- 
erable numbers, to engage in the fur trade, 
with some Irish ; and this emigration, together 
with the natural increase of the old popula- 
tion, slowlj' brought the numbers up to their 
former level. In 1784 some Canadians set- 
tled at Frenchtown on the River Raisin, now 
Monroe, and, with this colony, the French 
settlements practically extended from the head 
of Lake Erie to Lake St. Clair. 

The treaty entered into at Paris in 1783, 
which closed the Revolutionary War, drew the 
boundary line dividing the United States from 
Canada through the middle of the four Great 
Lakes and the connecting waters, but Great 
Britain, on one pretext or another, refused to 
surrender the fortified posts extending along 
the frontier from Oswego, on Lake Ontario, to 
Green Bay. Beyond the head of Lake Erie, 
the possession of these posts involved the con- 
trol of the adjacent country. The result was 
that the present states of Michigan and Wis- 
consin, with a part of Ohio, were, de facto, just 
as much British territory after 1783 as they 
had been before that time. It was not until 
1794 that Great Britain could be brought to 
agree to retire to her own side of the line, and 
not until two years later that she actually did 
retire. On July 11, 1796, the British officer in 
command delivered up Detroit, and everything 
depending upon it, to General Wayne, whom 
his government had deputed to receive the sur- 
render, and Northwestern history entered upon 
its third stage. 

The Territory of the United States North- 
west of the River Ohio was organized in 1788 
under the celebrated Ordinance of 1787. It 
embraced the region lying between the Ohio 
and Mississippi Rivers and the Great I^akes, 
but for the time was inoperative as respects 



Chap. /] 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY 



the people of Michigan because they were still 
subject to a foreign jurisdiction. But, promptly 
on the passage of sovereignty to the United 
States, the authority of the Territory was ex- 
tended over the settlements on the Straits. 
Government by law, with regular civil tribu- 
nals, was now established for the first time 
in the far Northwest. The change in jurisdic- 
tion was followed by a considerable emigration, 
as that of 1763 had been : many of the English 
and Scotch residents of Detroit, and particu- 
larly the leading men engaged in the fur trade, 
at once removing across the river into Canada. 
The jurisdictional change made Michigan for 
the first time a part of the United States, and 
Detroit, in name and in law, an American city. 
The Territorial courts began to hold sessions 
in the new centre of justice, and public life 
slowly took on a new bend. The time is favor- 
able, therefore, for taking a closer view of the 
population over which the authority of the 
United States had now been e.xtended. 

Until the present century was considerably 
advanced, the fur trade continued to be the 
life of Detroit. Most of the early emigrants 
were persons in humble life, having the well- 
known characteristics that the French colo- 
nial system tended to produce, but there were 
some of gentle blood, refinement, and capac- 
ity, whose descendants were afterwards to con- 
tribute something to the public and private 
character of the City of Detroit and the State 
of Michigan. For the time Detroit remained 
just as much a foreign town as it had been 
previous to the surrender of 1796, except the 
one fact of jurisdiction. Judge Jacob Bur- 
net, of Cincinnati, who rode the Northwestern 
circuit with the judges in those early das's, 
came frequently to Detroit, and afterwards 
reduced some of his recollections to writing.' 
His account of what he found has often given 
offence to Michigan people, but it was in 
reality little less flattering than the picture 
that Governor Lewis Cass drew some twenty 
years later. As traders, engages, and \'0>-a- 
geurs, Cass says, the inhabitants spent one- 
half of the year in labor, want, and exposure, 
and the other in indolence and amusements. 

' Notes on the Early Settlement of the A'orthwest Territory. 
[Jacob Burnet.] Cincinnati, 1847. Chap. xiii. 



They neglected agriculture and subsisted in 
but a limited degree upon the fruits of their 
own toil. Even when the failure of game 
compelled them to resort to tillage, they were 
unintelligent and shiftless. The spinning-wheel 
and the loom were unknown in the country ; 
the wool of the sheep was thrown away, not 
manufactured; and soap-making for family 
use, until within a few )-ears, had been a 
novelt}', and even then was not generally 
practised.^ 

But old Detroit presented another side to 
those who had an eye to see it, a side at 
once picturesque and poetic. Ikia Hubbard, 
in his charming chapters entitled " I'lench 
Habitants," caught the more interesting of 
these features : the pipe-stem farms, the un- 
couth plows and carryalls, the pony carts, the 
races, the apple orchards, the ancient pear 
trees, the quaint houses and windmills, the 
jaunty costumes, the fishing, the language and 
religion, manners and customs, and the voy- 
agciirs and men of the woods, with some 
specimens of their quaint boat-songs.^ 

The American emigration may be dated 
from the transfer of sovereignty, but for years 
it was very small. The growth of the popula- 
tion now seems incredibly slow. The old and 
the new populations did not well coalesce at 
first. The " Bostonians," * as the Eastern people 
were called, were not welcomed by the earlier 
population. The census of 1800 found but 
3,757 inhabitants in the Territory; that of 
1810, but 4,762; that of 1820, but 8,765; 
while Detroit proper is credited with 770 in 
1 8 10. and 1442 in 1820. 

The y\ct of May 7, 1800, which created 
Indiana Territory, divided Michigan into two 
parts, but left the part which contained the 
population with Ohio, as before. The Ena- 
bling Act for the admission of Ohio, April 30, 

- The History of Detroit and Michigan, etc. Silas Farmer. 
Detroit, 1SS9. p. 32S. 

8 The Memorials of a Half Century. Bela Hubbard. New 
York and London. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1SS7. 

' The term " Bostonians," as a general name for the 
people of the Thirteen Colonies, and afterwards of the 
United States, early came into use in Canada, and after- 
wards spread over the whole North and West. At the 
close of the last century it was used in the sense that it 
bears above, west of the Mississippi River as well as in 
Michigan. 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



IChap. I 



1802, bounded the new state on the north b_\' 
a due east and west Hne drawn through the 
head of Lake Michigan, and put all Michigan 
in Indiana Territor}-. At first the people were 
very angry at this treatment, holding that their 
dearest rights and interests had been sacrificed, 
but they soon became reconciled to their lot, 
seeing that the new arrangement virtually- 
necessitated the creation of a new antl inde- 
pendent territory. Relief from their com- 
plaints, real and imaginary, came in the Act 
of January 31, 1S05, which created the Terri- 
tory of Michigan, confining it, for the most 
part, to the Lower Peninsula. Neither the 
Act of 1800 nor that of 1805 changed in any 
respect the character of the government. The 
provisions of the Ordinance of 1787, with 
slight modification, were applied to all the 
Territories carved out of the (Jld Northwest. 
The new Territory passed through both stages 
of political development that the Ordinance 
prescribed. The main features of the first 
and less developed stage were a Governor, a 
Secretar\-, and three Judges appointed at Wash- 
ington, who performed the duties that their 
titles suggest; moreover, the Governor and 
Judges constituted the Territorial Legislature, 
with authority to select and adapt such of the 
legislation of the old states as they deemed 
suitable to the circumstances of the people, 
subject to the veto of Congress. But the 
Ordinance also provided that, Avhen the free 
male citizens of the territory became five 
thousand in number, it should be entitled to a 
General Assembly, with a House of Represen- 
tatives to be elected by the qualified voters, 
and a Council chosen at Washington from a list 
furnished by the Territorial House of Repre- 
sentatives. Furthermore, the Assembly, as 
soon as organized, should elect by joint ballot 
a delegate to represent the Territory in Con- 
gress, with a right to speak but not to vote. 
The Ordinance did not make an Assembly 
compulsory, but left the decision to be deter- 
mined by the voters; and in 18 18, when the 
question whether an Assembly should be con- 
stituted was submitted to the voters of Michi- 
gan in the belief that the population would 
warrant the transition, a large majority voted 
in the negative. The explanation of this 



apparently strange pi'occeding lies on the sur- 
face. The habitants were strongly in the 
ascendant when it came to voting, and the}-, 
bred up under French absolutism and patron- 
age, did not share the governmental ideas and 
political spirit, or have the political capacity, 
that so strongly marked the emigration from 
the old states to the West. The ne.xt }'ear 
Michigan was accorded the privilege of send- 
ing a delegate to Congress ; but it was not 
until 1823 that legislative power was lodged 
in the Go\'ernor and a Council, nor until 1827 
that the voters elected a full assembly from 
their own number. 

It is clear that the people were not working 
harmoniously together. The young Ameri- 
can element was for the time overborne by 
the ancient conservatism and inertia. Detroit 
still derived its consequence from the fur 
trade. The old population could never build 
up an American commonwealth, while the new 
population was }-et small and in politics sub- 
ordinate to the old. 

The slow growth of Michigan, for so many 
years, is an eas\- riddle to read. The indif- 
ference or opposition of the habitants to its 
growth was only a minor cause. No district 
or region that takes its character from the fur 
trade can be hospitable to the kind of popu- 
lation that is necessary to build up a common- 
wealth. The life of the husbandman and of 
the villager is the death of the trapper and 
the fur trader. The fur trade aside, Michi- 
gan had nothing to oftcr to the emigrant but 
her wild lands ; while wild lands that were for 
the time far more attractive were much 
more accessible to those parts of the country 
that had population to spare, as in Ohio. 
Large bands of Indians either occupied or 
constantly traversed the larger part of the 
Michigan soil ; while the National government 
was slow to acquire titles to the lands and 
put them on the market. Again, the Terri- 
tory was of difficult access from the East, 
while the settled parts had the character- 
istic features of a distant frontier community. 
With all the rest, while the region had been 
so long known, it was still but little known ; 
and false reports relating to its character and 
its health conditions were spread far and 



Chap. /] 



HISrORT OF THE UN I VERS ITT 



wide. The War of 1 8 1 2 gave the Territory 
a distinctly new phice in the national con- 
sciousness, and brought in a few valued 
families, but the years succeeding were never- 
theless years of depression, stagnation antl 
discouragement. 

But finally the new day dawned. Internal 
conditions began to change for the better ; 
while the introtluction of the steamboat to 
the great lakes, and the opening of the Erie 
Canal, gave to emigration from the h^ast facili- 
ties for travel and transportation far surpass- 
ing anything that it had previously enjoyed. 
Still more, the construction of railroads, which 
began in the West about the time that Michi- 
gan came into the Union, cancelled most of 
what still remained of the early advantages 
of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois growing out of 
the Ohio Ri\-er and its tributaries, so far as 
emigration was concerned. Witli all the rest, 
the cheap lands that had been more acces- 
sible were rapidly passed into private hands, 
either to be cultivated or to be held for a rise 
in price. The whole Northwest, and particu- 
larly Michigan, began to respond to these 
influences. Population increased to 31,639 in 
1830, and to 212,267 in 1840. The influ.x of 
the new population at once changed the whole 
economical and social economy of the Terri- 
tory. The trapper began to disappear from 
the streams, and the fur trader from the towns 
and posts, while the Iiabitmits were engulfed 
in the new emigration, and everything began 
to move forward. 

Naturally enough, the coming of the new 
population brought up the question of state- 
hood. In 1832 the people, at a popular elec- 
tion, cast a large majoritv' of votes in fa\'or 
of entering into state go\ernment. A census 
taken two years later enumerated 87,278 in- 
habitants. Proceeding upon the theory that 
the Ordinance of 1787 was an Enabling Act, 
and that no special legislation by Congress 
was necessary, the Territorial Legislature took 
the necessary steps leading to a state organi- 
zation. A constitution \vas framed b\- a dul}- 
elected convention, which sat in Detroit in 
May and June 1835, and was duh' ratified by 
the people in November following. But an 
unfortunate controversy with Ohio over the^ 



common boundary delayed the consummation 
two years : an Act of Admission to the Union 
was not approved until January 26, 1837. No 
other one of our states has had so long a 
territorial tutelage as Michigan ; but New 
Mexico, when her turn comes to enter the 
Union, will have surpassed her. The ci\ ic 
organization of Michigan was now rounded 
out, and her characteristic institutions were 
completed or founded. A glance at the growth 
of the state and a closer scrutiny of the popu- 
lation, together with some incidental remarks 
on local institutions, civic character, and the 
early schools will complete this survey. 

The growth of population can best be shown 
by giving the number of inhabitants reported 
to the Census Office at the decennial censuses : 
1800, 3,757; 1810, 4,762; 1820, 8,765; 1830, 
31,639; 1840, 212,267; '850, 397.654; i860, 
749,113; 1870, 1,184,059; 1880, 1,636,937; 
1S90, 2,093,889; 1900, 2,420,982. It will be 
seen that the one-million line was crossed just 
before 1870, the two-million line just before 
1890. 

Michigan lies in the northern zone of popu- 
lation that stretches westward across the United 
States. The stream of emigration, which be- 
came so marked in 1830- 1840, is mainly trace- 
able to New England. Every state of the 
group, and notably Vermont, helped directly 
to swell the volume of the stream. New Eng- 
landers at one remo\e were also numerous. 
These were composed of the sons and daugh- 
ters of earlier emigrants to Ohio, and particu- 
larly to Western New York, who, imitating their 
fathers and mothers, plunged farther into the 
wilderness. It must be said, too, that a con- 
siderable proportion of the New Englanders 
proper had not, in the first instance, started 
on so long a journe}^ : they now gave up the 
homes that the)- had made for themselves in 
New York and Ohio, commonly perhaps be- 
cause they could not hold them, to seek the 
cheaper lands and the harder life of a newer 
country. Most of the emigration, therefore, 
reached the territory by Lake Erie, but some 
came b)- land through the northwestern gate- 
wa\^ of Ohio. The main fact is that this 
Eastern population gained an immediate as- 
cendency in all the affairs of life, — an ascend- 



UNlVERSnr OF MICHIGAN 



\_Chap. I 



enc}- that, notwithstanding the later emigra- 
tion of a more di\ersitied character, it has 
ne\-er lost. 

Some of the subordinate elements in the 
population ma\- also be named. Michigan 
opposes to the Dominion of Canada a much 
longer front than any other state in the Union, 
which goes far towards explaining the unusual 
proportion of British-born people within her 
boundaries. This British-born population may 
be divided into four classes : the English, the 
Scotch, the French Canadians, and the Irish ; 
such traces of influence on the present life 
of the state as these nationalities exert, being 
due far more to the later emigration than to 
the earlier one when the I^'rcnch or the British 
were masters of the countr)'. 

Some of the main facts of Michigan history 
are written plain upon the face of the map. 
The great number of Indian and French names 
tells of the aboriginal and French possession 
and occupanc}' ; the British-American names 
proclaim the final ascendency of this race in 
the struggle for the hegemony of the conti- 
nent; the counties in the north central part 
of the Southern Peninsula that bear Irish 
names suggest an Irish emigration, or at least 
a strong Irish influence, while the cluster of 
Dutch names found south of Grand Rapids is 
an enduring record of the remarkable Dutch 
emigration to that part of the state which took 
place at the middle of the century. Again, 
the names of Jackson, Calhoun, Van Buren 
and Cass, and their prominent party associates, 
that are found so plentifully in the central and 
the southwestern parts, teach the lesson that 
this region was taking on a civil organization 
at the time when these statesmen were direct- 
ing national affairs, and that a majority of the 
pioneers, with their local leaders, belonged to 
the same political party. Bare mention can 
be made of the Germans, the Scandinavians, 
the Welsh, the Poles, and other nationalities 
who have been attracted to Michigan by her 
diversified advantages. 

The character of the population that has 
been in the ascendency since the new trend 
was entered upon, at the close of the last cen- 
tury, suggests at once the political and social, 
industrial and economical, civil, religious, and 



educational ideas that constitute the substra- 
tum of Michigan life and culture. The state 
is New England over again, but with modifica- 
tions. P^or example, the Governor and Judges 
gave to the Territory, as to Ohio and Indiana, 
the Pennsylvania system of local government ; 
but the people who brought the state into the 
Union threw this system aside and set up the 
New York system, which again is a modifica- 
tion of the New England town government. 
Local powers of government are divided be- 
tween the count)- and township, but the county 
board is composed of representatives of the 
townships. In religion and education, the 
same influence predominated when the state 
was forming its permanent character. The 
New P.ngland church system and school sys- 
tem were reproduced in their larger features. 
New England men placed in the Ordinance 
of 1787 the words, " Religion, morality, and 
knowledge being necessary to good govern- 
ment and the happiness of mankind, schools 
and the means of education shall forever be 
encouraged ; " and these words are emblaz- 
oned u]:)<in the archwa\' o\-er the platform in 
the auditorium of the Uni\ersity Hall. 

Such a population as that of l-'rench Mich- 
igan could hardly be expected to show much 
interest in education, and the facts justify the 
inference. Still there are some things that 
deserve to be noted. Cadillac, describing in 
1700 the plan of his colon}', spoke of the 
instruction of " the little savages " in the 
French language, as being " the only means of 
civilizing and humanizing them, and infusing 
into their minds religious and monarchical 
principles." " One takes wild beasts at their 
birth, birds in their nests," he said, " to tame 
and free them." Three years later he wrote 
to the minister Ponchartrain urging the estab- 
lishment of a seminary at Detroit for the teach- 
ing of the Indian and the French children 
alike in piet>' and the French language. But 
nothing is heard of a school until 1755, when 
one Rocaux is identified in the marriage regis- 
ter of St. Ann's Church as " director of the 
Christian schools " — a record that suggests 
the gentle La Salle and his famous In.stitute. 
Well-to-do families sometimes sent their sons 
and daughters to Montreal and Quebec to be 



Chnp. 1 ] 



mSTOKV OF THE UN ITERS ITT 



tauc;hl. Mention is made nf a sclmol near the 
Fort in 1775. an old account book that h.is been 
preserved belonging to the )-ear 1780-1 781 
contains charges for tuition, and we have the 
names of two French schoolmasters of the year 
1790 As Judge Burnet remarks, at the open- 
ing of the American period a great majority of 
the Jiabitaiits were illiterate. Father Richard, 
soon to be more lull)' dealt with, when he 
came, did what he could to foster schools in 
connection with the Church. In a memorial 
that he addressed to the Governor and Judges 
in 1808 he mentions, besides the luiglish 
schools in the town of Detroit, " four primary 
schools for boys and two for our young ladies, 
either in town or at Spring Hill, at Grand 
Marais, even at River Hurons." Reading, writ- 
ing, arithmetic, knitting, sewing, spinning, etc., 
were .taught the young ladies. In the two 
town schools for ladies there were alread}' 
three dozen spinnhig-wheels and one loom, 
while to encourage and please the students 
he had ordered from New York a spinning 
machine of one hundred spindles, one air 
pump, and an electrical apparatus. He had 
purchased a house in which to establish an 
academy for young ladies. " It would be ver}' 
necessary," he said, " to have in Detroit a pub- 
lic building for a similar acadeni)- in which the 
higher branches of Mathematics, the most im- 
portant languages, Geography, Histor_\-, Natu- 
ral and Moral Philosophy, could be taught to 
young gentlemen of our country, and in which 
should be kept the machines the most neces- 
sar}- for the improvement of the useful arts for 
making the most necessar)- physical experi- 
ments, and framing the beginnings of a public 
librar}'." He therefore prayed that one of 
four lotteries which had been authorized as 
means of promoting literature and improve- 
ment in Detroit might be handed over to him 
as the administrator of the two academics, to 
be used for their support. Mention is made 
also of an early church school on the church 
farm at Hamtramck, which finall)- developed 
into St. Philip's College. 

During the period of their ascendency, the 
British did even less for education and schools 
than the French had done. In fact they did 
nothing at all. To them Detroit was a trading 



post still more completely than it had been to 
their predecessors. Perhaps the English and 
Scotch families depcndetl mainly for instruc- 
tion for their children, as far as the\- were 
instructed, upon private tutors and teachers, 
but we hear of prominent , residents sending 
their bo}s to Albanj- to be taught. 

The coming of the Americans gave educa- 
tion an impulse that it never realh' lost. It 
became stronger as the tide of emigration 
rose higher. We hear of private teachers in 
schools fur boys ant! girls in 1797, and such 
teachers and schools continued to increase 
in number until the public-school period was 
reached. Still there is no mention made of an 
incorporated school in Detroit until 1830. In 
1802 the inhabitants of Wayne county peti- 
tioned Congress to grant them a township of 
land, with which to found and carry on an 
academy. In F"ebruary 1809, the Governor 
and Judges enacted a school law that had 
some enlightened features. It directed the 
Overseers of the Poor in the several judicial 
districts to divide such districts into school dis- 
tricts, to enumerate the children between the 
ages of four and eighteen, and to levy town- 
ship taxes amounting in the aggregate to not 
less than two dollars or more than four dollars 
for each such chikl, to be collected and handled 
like other taxes, and to be appropriated for 
the schools. But school legislation, like other 
legislation, comes to nothing, unless enforced, 
and in this case there was nothing to enforce 
the law ; neither a public opinion nor a central 
authority. This law stood long on the statute 
book, but it was wholl\- inoperative from the 
day of its enactment. In 1832 a number of 
ladies organized a free-school society in De- 
troit, which continued in the field a number 
of years. They said in one of their public 
notices : " It cannot escape the observation of 
any citizen that in our midst are many children 
that are growing up not only in poverty but in 
ignorance. The object of our society is to 
take these children and bring them under the 
culture and moral restraint of the schools." 
A special Act providing common schools for 
Detroit was passed in 1833, but it accom- 
plished nothing. It was stated in a public 
meeting held in December of that year that 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



[_Chap. II 



there was not in town a single common school forces were beginning to work energetically 

where a boy could obtain an education in that soon put a very different face upon 

the common branches. The free school sys- matters.^ 

tem of Detroit dates from the year 1842. Such is the historical background to our 

We have now reached, however, a time when picture of the University of Michigan. 



CHAPTER II 

The Michigan System of Public Instruction 



THE University of Michigan is so im- 
portant a part of the State System 
of Public Instruction, and its history 
is so inextricably bound up with it, that we 
must take a view of the larger subject in order 
to understand the smaller one. In fact, for a 
term of years the history of the University was 
practically the history of public instruction in 
the state. 

I. THE TERRITORY 

This histor\- begins in the first period of 
the territorial government, as sketched in the 
introductory chapter. The prospecti\'e land 
grants for common schools and an institution 
of higher learning had served to keep those 
important subjects before the American part of 
the population. The territory was recovering 
from the wasting effects of the War of 1 8 1 2. It 
was slowly increasing in population and in 
wealth ; the first increase rendering the need 
of schools more evident, and the second giving 
promise of ability to maintain them. Impend- 
ing industrial and commercial changes in the 
East were beginning to quicken the North- 
western pulse. On July 4 preceding the first 
act in the corporate history of the University, 
the construction of the Erie Canal was begun, 
and the following year the '■ Walk in the Water," 
the first steamboat on the Lakes, arrived at 
Detroit. There were beginning to be signs 
of a distinct Michigan consciousness. One 
evidence of this is seen in the fact that the 
new activity felt in popular education through- 
out the country began to show itself in the Terri- 
tory. In the early summer of 1817, the first 
number of The Detroit Gazette appeared, a 
weekly newspaper printed partly in English 
and partly in French, the columns of which 
bear evidence to the fact just stated. Race 



enmity, or at least race rivalry, was not without 
influence, as this paragraph, translated from a 
French editorial that appeared in The Gazette 
of August 8 shows : — 

" Frenchmen of the Territory of Michigan ! You ought 
to begin immediately to give an education to your chil- 
dren. In a little time there will be in this Territory as 
many Yankees as French, and if you do not have your 
children educated the situations will all be given to the 
Yankees. No man is capable of serving as a civil and 
military ofificer unless he can at least read and write. 
There are many young people of from eighteen to 
twenty years who have not yet learned to read, but they 
are not yet too old to learn. I have known those who 
have learned to read at the age of forty years." ^ 

The first answer to the new interest in edu- 
cation came in a piece of legislation so remark- 
able that only a full summary can do it justice. 

On the 26th day of August, 1817, the Gov- 
ernor and Judges enacted that there should be 
established a Catholepistemiad, or University, 
to be denominated the Catholepistemiad, or 
University, of Michigania. It should be com- 
posed of thirteen Dida.xiim, or Professorships, 
viz. : Catholepistemia, or Universal Science ; 
Anthropoglossica, or Literature, embracing all 
the Epistemiim, or Sciences Relative to Lan- 
guage ; Mathematica, or Mathematics ; Physi- 
ognostica, or Natural History; Physiosophica, 
or Natural Philosophy ; Astronomia, or Astron- 
omy ; Chymia, or Chemistry; latrica, or 
Medical Sciences; CEconomica, or Economical 
Sciences ; Ethica, or Ethical Sciences ; Polemi- 
tactica, or Military Sciences ; Diegetica, or His- 
torical Sciences, and Ennoeica, or Intellectual 
Sciences, embracing all the Epistemiim, or 

1 The facts given in this chapter in regard to schools 
are taken from The History of Detroit and Michigan. Silas 
Farmer. 

- American State Universities ; Their Origin and Progress, 
etc. Andrew Ten Brook. Cincinnati, 1S75. P- 94- 



Ch„p. //] 



IIISTORT OF THE UNIFERSITT 



Sciences relative to the minds of animals, to 
tlie human mind, to spiritual existences, to the 
Deity, and to religion. The Uidactor or Pro- 
fessor of Catholepistemia should be President 
of the institution, and the Didactor of P.nnceica 
Vice-President. The Didactorim or Professors, 
to be appointed and commissioned b_\' the Gov- 
ernor of the Territory, should be paid from the 
public treasury, „ 
in quarterh' pa\-- ' 
ments, annual sal- 
aries to be fiNiil , . ' 
by law. More 
than one Didaxi.i 
or Professorship 
might be held by 
the same person. 
The President antl 
Didactors, or a 
majority of them, 
should have pow- 
er to regulate ,ill 
the concerns of 
the institutiiiii, 
and to that end 
were clothed with 
the usual powers 
of bodies corpo- 
rate and politic. 
They should pro- 
vide for and ap- 
point all such offi- 
cers and teachers 
under them as 
they might deem 
necessar)' and 
expedient ; estab- 
lish colleges, acad- 
emies, schools, 
libraries, muse- 
ums, atheneums, 
botanical gardens, laboratories, and other use- 
ful literary and scientific institutions consonant 
to the laws of the United States and of Michi- 
gan, and provide for and appoint Directors, 
Visitors, Curators, Librarians, Instructors and 
Instructrixes among and throughout the vari- 
ous counties, cities, towns, townships, or other 
geographical divisions of Michigan. The sub- 
ordinate instructors and instructrixes should 



HI. 




III Jiid^e Woodward^! hnndwriting. Photografhed fr 
ill the University Library. 



be paid from the treasury quarterly salaries to 
be determined by law. The Didactors, it will be 
seen, were quite as much a Territorial Board of 
Education clothed with ample political powers 
as a University Facultw 

To support this grand scheme the Governor 
and Judges were empowered to increase the ex- 
istiuL,' jiublic taxes fifteen per cent, and it was 
])r()\ ided that this 
Tt*» I proportion of all 
such ta.xes, for 
the present and 
future, should be 
appropriated to 
that end. The 
Catholepistemiad 
might propose 
and draw four 
successive lotter- 
ies, retaining fif- 
teen per cent of 
the prizes in the 
same for its own 
benefit. The pro- 
ceeds of these 
sources of reve- 
nue, and of all 
subsequent ones, 
should be first 
applied to the 
procurement of 
suitable lands 
and buildings and 
to the establish- 
ment of a librar\- 
or libraries, and 
afterwards to 
such purposes as 
should by law 
be directed. The 
liofiomrium for a 
course of lectures should not exceed fifteen 
dollars ; for classical instruction ten dollars a 
quarter, for ordinary instruction si.x dollars a 
quarter ; and if a majority of the Judges of 
a court of any county should certify that the 
parent or guardian of any person had not 
adequate means to defray the cost of the suit- 
able instruction of such person, then such cost 
should be paid out of the treasury of the Terri- 



! the original A/S. 



UNI VERS ITT OF MICHIGAN 



\Chap. II 



tory. An annual report of the state, concerns 
and transactions of the institution should be 
laid before the legislative power for the time 
being. 

Tables were annexed to the Act contain- 
ing the nearest fomiliar and elegant names 
adapted to the English language, and giving 
the number of the particular sciences com- 
prehended in the several didaxiim. These 
sciences, or epistemiim, range from one each 
in Astronomia and Chjmia to eight each in 
Anthropoglossica, latrica, and Polemitactica. 
Catholepistemia, according to the scheme, was 
divisible into sixty-three distinct epistemiim, 
or sciences. 

It was also enacted that, for the present, the 
President should receive an annual salary of 
$25, the Vice-President $18.75, a Professor 
$12.50, and an Instructor or Instructrix, $25. 
The sum of $193.75 \^'^s appropriated from the 
University Fund to pay the salaries of the 
President and Professors, and $200 to pay 
those of the instructors. ' 

This Act is signed by William VVoodbridge, 
Secretary of Michigan, Acting-Governor, A. B. 
Woodward, Presiding Judge of the Supreme 
Court, and John Griffin, one of the judges. 
Lewis Cass was Territorial Governor at the 
time, but he had left Detroit a few days before 
for Washington, in company with President 
Monroe, then on a western journev, which 
explains the absence of Cass's signature. 

The charter of the Catholepistemiad is curi- 
ous for a number of reasons. It is an extraor- 
dinary example of the pseudo-classic mania 
that broke out in the United States and 
France, at the opening of the Revolutionary 
1/ period. It also signalizes the singular mental 
eccentricities of Judge Augustus B. Woodward, 
the author of the bill. Again, the Act is an 
example of that marked French influence upon 
our scientific and educational institutions which 
set in during the course of the Revolutionary 
War, and continued until it began to give way 
to German influence in the third or fourth 
decade of this century. 

1 An exact transcript of the draft is appended to President 
Angell's Commemorative Oration, the Semi-Cenlennial Cele- 
bration, etc. Ann Arbor, iSSS, pp. 185-1S9. The original, 
in Judge Woodward's handwriting, is preserved in the Uni- 
versity Library. 



Students of educational history know very 
well where to find the original of the Cathol- 
epistemiad of Michigania. That original is 
the Imperial University that the first Napoleon 
gave to France in 1806- 1808, which was not, 
in fact, a University at all, but rather a highly 
centralized organization of state instruction, 
having its centre in Paris. It should be ob- 
served that, besides carrying on the central 
institution, or the University proper, the Presi- 
dent and Didactoriim of the Catholepistemiad 
were also authorized to establish Colleges, 
academies, libraries, etc., throughout the Terri- 
tory of Michigan. The ponderous name be- 
longed to organized public education. The 
similarity of the two Universities e.xtended to 
the manner of appointing Professors ; in the 
one case they were to be appointed by the 
head of the French State, in the other by 
the head of the Territory. There is, perhaps, 
no external or historical proof of imitation on 
the part of the Governor and Judges, but such 
proof is hardly necessary; it is scarcely prob- 
able that two educational organizations, so 
remarkable in character, so nearly alike, and 
appearing within a few years of one another, 
were altogether independent in respect to 
origin. Mr. Ten Brook, in his valuable history, 
calls attention to the fact that Napoleon was 
now in the second year of his exile at St. 
Helena, and produces evidence to show that 
he was the object of much interest at Detroit. 
Governor Cass and Judge Woodward, he con- 
tends, must have understood the system or- 
ganized under the name University of France 
a few years before, and were led to imitate it 
in the Michigan Act of 1817.^^ 

- Amt-ihai! S/iifc UnifersitiiS, etc., Ten Brook, p. 98. 

The Catholepistemiad also bore some resemblance to 
the Regents of the University of the State of New York, 
incorporated in 17S7. .Sidney Sherwood (Universily of the 
Slate of New Yoi-k, pp. 265, 272) holds that this organization 
was due to French ideas that flowed into the country at the 
time of our revolution, liut that it afterwards reacted upon 
France. " If France may claim to have given to New York 
the ideal of a symmetrical state system of education, New 
York may claim to have given to France a practical form of 
such a sy,stem in its great all-inclusive university corporation." 
Regents' Bulletin, No. 11. It is not a wild conjecture tliat 
New York may have influenced Michigan, but I have not 
seen that hypothesis put forward. 

The University of Georgia as established by the Act of 
1785 was intended to be a state organization of public in- 



Chap. 11^ 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITT 



1 1 



The nicrcl)' curious features of tlie Act of 
1S17 would not justify the amount of space 
that is here accorded to that document; but 
it is far more than curious, it 's significant and 
prophetic. First, the ])lan, notwithstanding tlie 
ridiculous pedantr}- in which it is almost buried, 
was drawn with great breadth of \'iew. The 
Act is a strange jumble of the sublime and 
the ridiculous. President Angell, touching this 
point in his oration delivered at the semi-cen- 
tennial in 1887, said: " In the development of 
our strictly University work, we have yet hardl)- 
been able to realize the ideal of the eccentric 
but gifted man who framed the project of the 
Catholepistemiad, or University, of Michigania." 
It is, perhaps, needless to say that even now 
the University has not attained to sixty-three 
independent chairs or professorships. In the 
next place, the Act, together with the attempt 
to carry it into effect which followed, familiar- 
ized the people of Michigan with the concep- 
tion of a state s)'stem of public instruction 
conducted on a scale co-extensive with its 
territory and with the needs of society. Then 
its influence is distinctly seen in the establish- 
ment of the branches of the University, which 
we shall have occasion to describe hereafter. 
And, finally, the highest judicial tribunal of 
the state has decided that the corporate ex- 
istence of the University had its rise in the 
Act of I 817, and has been continuous through- 
out all subsequent changes of its organic law. 

It might perhaps be thought that Acting- 
Governor Woodbridge would find difficulty in 
filling the Presidency and thirteen Didaxiim 
that were to constitute the Catholepistemiad. 
Not at all ! He filled them all within a month 
of the passage of the Act, and, strange to 
say, made use of but two men in doing so, 

structioii. The .Senatiis Academicus of the University, 
which consisted of the Governor and Council, the Speaker 
of the House of Assembly, and the Chief-Justice, together 
with the Board of Trustees, was to consult and advise, not 
only upon the affairs of the University, but also to remedy 
the defects and advance the interests of literature through- 
out the state in general. One section of the Act establishing 
the University declared that " all public schools instituted or 
to be supported by funds or public moneys in this state, shall 
be considered as parts or members of the University and 
shall be under the foregoing directions and regulations." — 
Kilucation in Georgia, Charles Edward Jones, Washington, 
1889, p. 43. 



Re\-. John Monteith, who held the Presidency 
and seven Didaxiim, and Father Gabriel Ri- 
ciiard, who held the Vice-Presidenc\' and the 
remaining six. Mr. Monteith had come to 
the cit)' the \'ear before, a young man just 
[Kist his majorit}', to become the minister of 
the Protestant portion of the population. He 
was an educated man, fresh from the College 
of New Jersey, and had been consulted by the 
founders of the Catholepistemiad in regard 
to their plans. F'ather Richard, a much ma- 
turer man than Monteith, had been several 
}-ears in Detroit, where he was the chief Pas- 
tor and the acknowledged leader of the Catho- 
lics, lie was of foreign birth and education, 
but from the day of his coming had been 
identified with the best interests of the com- 
nnmit)'. 

Times have changed since 1817; it is not 
now the habit to fill the Faculties of state in- 
stitutions with clergymen, but Monteith and 
Richard, at the time, were no doubt the two 
best men for their places to be found in 
the territor\-. Perhaps not the least of their 
recommendations was the fact that they en- 
joyed the confidence of the two great religious 
divisions of the community. Notwithstanding 
their marked differences in character, educa- 
tion, and ideals, they seem to ha\e worked 
together in perfect harmony without jar or 
friction in their new relations. 

The Catholepistemiad was the name of the 
public organization of education in the Terri- 
tory of Michigan, including all grades of in- 
struction. For the time there was far greater 
need of primar)- schools than of a University, 
or even secondary schools, as the two didac- 
tors understood perfectly well. They immedi- 
ately enacted that private schools should be 
established in Detroit, Monroe and Mackinaw 
in which instruction should be given from pre- 
scribed text-books in reading, writing, English 
grammar and elocution, and before the end 
of September the three schools were in oper- 
ation. The didactors also ordained a course 
of instruction for classical academies, including 
F"rench, Latin, Greek, Antiquities, English 
Grammar, Composition, Elocution, Mathe- 
matics, Geography, Morals, " ornamental ac- 
complishments," and the reading of the Holy 



1 2 



UNIPERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



{Chap. II 



Scriptures. The next step was to pro\ide 
for such an academ}' in Detroit, naming Trus- 
tees and Visitors. After this came a statute 
ordaining the first College of Michigania, also 
to be located in Detroit. 

The corporation proceeded to build the 
first University building, laj'ing the corner 
stone September 24, 1817. It stood on the 
west side of Bates Street, near Congress, and 
measured 24 feet by 50 feet. Subscriptions 
amounting to $5,000 pa\'able in instalments 
running over several years w-ere obtained to 
carry on the work. The Go\'ernor and Judges 
voted $80 towards buving the lot, and $500 
towards putting up the building. Some un- 
expended relief funds left o\'er from the fire 
that had destro_\-ed the town in 1805 were 
used to forward the good cause of education. 
( )ther funds were obtained from the sale of 
land that had been devoted to the object, 
as will be e.xplaincd in another place. The 
special taxes and the four lotteries authorized 
by the Act were, for some unknown reason, not 
levied or drawn. Father Richard, it is known, 
had no scruple of conscience about the em- 
ployment of lotteries in such cases, for he 
had pre\-iousl\' applied to the authorities to 
grant him one, the profits to be applied to 
church purposes. The building of the school- 
house, as we should now call it, proceeded 
slowly, owing to the tardiness of the sub- 
scribers in paying their subscriptions; but 
in a year's time it was so far finished that 
the lower story was occupied b}- an English 
school, and portions of the upper story by the 
classical school and librar)-. Earl_\- in 1 8 19 
the Didactors commissioned H. M. Dickie, 
A. B., to open a classical school where the 
Latin and Greek languages and other branches 
of knowledge should be taught. Where this 
school was established is unknown, but the 
corporation voted $30 for the rent of the 
rooms, wherever the_\- may have been. 

We meet now a stream of educational in- 
fluence that set in from the East. In August 
1818, a Lancasterian school was opened in 
the Uni\ersit\- building in Detroit. It was 
taught at first b\- Lemuel Shattuck, Concord, 
Massachusetts, who attained the good degree 
of a steel engraving and a biographical sketch 



in " The New England Historical and Genea- 
logical Register," Vol. XIV. This school be- 
gan with 1 1 pupils, but finally enrolled a total 
of 185. It certainly justified the claim of 
cheapness that was made for the s_\'stem, the 
tuition rates ranging from $1.00 to $3.50 a 
quarter, and less than half the tuition fees 
being collected. At the same time the fees 
charged at the classical academ)- were $2.50 
a quarter for ordinary studies, and $3.50 if 
Geograph)- and Mathematics were studied. 
Non-resident pupils paid $1.25 extra. 

These are about all the facts relating to 
the Catholepistemiad that antiquarians have 
brought to light. How much the Didactors 
themseh'es taught, if at all, is not definitely 
known. The\' did, however, appropriate 
$181.25 f'^'' their united salaries for the first 
}'ear, and afterwards $215.00 for the salary 
of the President for the two following years. 
The educational work that has been described 
was all humble but useful. It is evident that 
the Didactors made an earnest effort, in the 
face of great difficulties, to start Michigan on 
a career of educational progress. So far as 
one at this distance can judge, there was no 
special cause for discouragement when, on 
April 30, 1821, the Governor and Judges 
passed a new Act changing materially the 
appearance, and slightly the nature of the 
existing educational organization.' 

The new Act provided that there should be 
established in the City of Detroit a Universit}' 
for the purpose of educating j'outh to be under 
the management, direction, and go\'crnment of 
twenty-one Trustees, of whom the Go\ernor of 
the Territory, for the time being, should, b_\- 
virtue of his office, aKva}-s be one, and named 

' In preparing this section, the original authorities have 
been consulted. Also the following secondary authorities : 
T/ie First Animal Keport of iJie University of Michigania, De- 
troit, November 16, 1818, found in W. L. Smith's Historical 
Sketch of Education in Michigan, Lansing, 1881, pp. 66-67. 
.Silas Farmer, History of Detroit ami Michigan, etc., chapter 
l.xxiv. Andrew Ten Brook, American State Universities : 
Their Origin and Progress, etc., Cincinnati, chap. v. A. C. 
McLaughlin, Higher Education in Michigan, Washington, 
1S91, chap. iii. James B. Angell, Commemorative Oration. 
Elizabeth N. Farrand, History of the University of Michigan, 
.Ann Arbor, 18S5, chap. i. Francis W. Shearman, A System 
of Public Instruction and Primary School Lam of Michigan, 
etc., Lansing, 1S52, Part I. Many original documents will be 
found in these secondary authorities. 



Chap. IQ 



HISTOKT OF THE UNIVERSITT 



13 



in addition to the Governor twenty well-known 
citizens who should act in such capacity. 
These Trustees should hold office during the 
pleasure of the Legislature, and all vacancies 
which might occur from time to time should 
be filled by that body. These Trustees and 
their successors should forever thereafter be 
established and constitute a body politic and 
corporate, with perpetual succession in deed 
and law, by the name, style and title of the 
Trustees of the University of Michigan, any 
eleven of them being a quorum empowered 
to dispose of property and fix compensations, 
and any seven 'a quorum for all other purposes. 
They could from time to time appl_\- such part 
of their estate and funds as the_\' might think 
most conduci\'e to the promotion of literature 
and the advancement of useful knowledge 
within -the, territory, only grants of fimds made 
to them for expressed purposes must be 
applied to the designated objects, unless the 
grantor should consent to another application. 
The Trustees should appoint their own Secre- 
tary and Treasurer for such time as they might 
determine, who should perform the duties 
incident to their respective offices. 

It was enacted that the corporation might 
from time to time establish such Colleges, 
academies and schools, depending upon the 
University as they might think- proper, and 
as their funds would permit. It should be the 
duty of the Trustees to visit and inspect such 
Colleges, academies and schools ; to examine 
into the state and system of education and 
discipline, and to make a yearly report to 
the Legislature ; to make such bj'-Iaws and 
ordinances, not inconsistent with the laws of 
the United States or of the Territor}-, as they 
might judge most expedient for the govern- 
ment of such schools, etc. ; to appoint a Presi- 
dent, Instructors and other officers, to fix their 
compensation, and to remove them when the}' 
might think proper; also to confer such de- 
grees as are usually conferred by Universities 
established for the education of )'outli. Pro- 
vided, however, that it should be lawful for the 
said Trustees to elect a President of the Uni- 
versity at any time, and without waiting until 
the state of the funds would allow the es- 
tablishment of a College, and this President 



should ahva\-s be, cx-officio, a member of the 
Corporation. 

Persons of every religious denomination 
should be capable of being elected Trustees; 
nor should any person as President, Professor, 
Instructor, or pupil be refused admittance for 
his conscientious persuasion in matters of 
religion, provided he demeaned himself in a 
proper manner and conformed to the estab- 
lished rules. The corporation was entrusted 
with the control .md management of the town- 
ship of land that Congress had granted in 
1804 for the use of a seminary of learning, 
only it should have no authorit)- to sell the 
land or to lease the same for a longer time 
than seven years ; also with the control of the 
three sections of land granted to the College 
of Detroit b}- the Treaty of Fort Meigs entered 
into in i8l", agreeable to the terms of the 
grant. Furthermore, all the property and 
rights, credits and debts appertaining to the 
Catholepistemiad, or Uni\ersit}', of Michigania, 
under the Act of 1S17, were transferred, with 
the usual responsibilities and limitations inci- 
dent to such transfers, to the Trustees. The 
legislative power might repeal or modif\- this 
law at an\' time, onl_\' it should not \iolate the 
usual obligations of the contract. The Act of 
1817 was repealed, saving all rights accruing 
under the same. The names of Lewis Cass, 
Governor of the Territory, and' John Griffin 
and J. W'itherell, judges, are signed to the 
enactment. 

The careful reader will see that this Act 
changed the institution only in minor features. 
The old breadth of view was preserved, but 
the University of Michigan took the place 
of the Catholepistemiad of Michigania as the 
legal name of the organization of public in- 
struction in the territory. The two most 
notable changes were the substitution of a 
garb woven out of the English language to 
cover the ideas to be conveyed for the pedantic 
covering that Woodward, with so much labor 
and ingenuity, had patched together, and the 
substitution of a Board of Trustees standing 
outside the institution for the President and 
Didactors standing within it. Perhaps the 
law-makers thought the Catholepistemiad con- 
tained too much centralization for the frontier. 



H 



UNIVERSIIT OF MICHIGAN 



\_Ch/ip. II 



At all events, the Trustees of the University 
were nothing but a Territorial Board of Edu- 
cation, as, indeed, the President and Didactors 
of the Catholepistemiad had been intended to 
be in large measure. 

The new Act did not impart new vigor to 
the institution that had been created in 1817. 
In fact, the Trustees did not maintain the 
standard that the Didactors had set up. They 
confined their efforts to Detroit exclusi\'ely, 
and even there did less work than their pre- 
decessors had done. They continued for a 
time the primary school and the classical 
academy, but they did nothing more. Neither 
school appears to have survived beyond 1827. 
At one time two hundred pupils thronged the 
building on Bates Street, but for some reason, 
as lack of energy in the Trustees, or lack of 
public spirit in the community, these first pub- 
lic schools established in Michigan died out. 
After 1827 the only function of the Trustees 
appears to have been to grant the use of the 
University building, either gratuitously or for 
a nominal rent, to approved teachers for carry- 
ing on private schools. In after years the 
building was occupied b_\- one of the branches 
of the University, and still later by one of the 
public schools of the city. It is easy to say 
that this primitive school organization, whether 
we call it Catholepistemiad or University, was 
clumsy, and, in the long run, ill adapted to an 
American State ; but the causes of its failure 
lay mainly in another quarter. Whether the 
central idea ever took any real hold of the pub- 
lic mind, it would be hard to say ; but if so, 
it soon lost such hold, as a very brief account 
of school legislation in the territory will show. 

The school law enacted in 1809, as was ex- 
plained in the last chapter, came to naught. 
But beginning in 1827, the very year that 
the Trustees of the University abandoned their 
schools in Detroit, the Territorial Legislature 
enacted a series of laws in relation to common 
schools that came down to the close of the 
period. In some respects the first of these 
laws, which was soon superseded and then 
repealed, was the most advanced of any of 
them. It ordered the local school authorities 
that it provided for to levy district taxes for 
the provision of sites and schoolhouses and 



township taxes for the payment of teachers. 
The later legislation preserved the first of 
these provisions but abandoned the second 
one. Another enlightened feature of this Act 
was the provision that, besides the instruction 
in Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Orthography, 
and decent behavior, which was enjoined upon 
every township in the territory containing fifty 
families or householders, every township con- 
taining two hundred families or householders 
was commanded to maintain a grammar school 
in which the Latin, French and English lan- 
guages should be taught. Both of these wise 
provisions proved to be in advance of the 
times. 

The later laws differed in details, not in car- 
dinal principles and ideas from the earlier one. 
They all provided for local school authori- 
ties, some appertaining to the township and 
some to the district. They authorized district 
taxation to buy sites and build schoolhouses, 
but the rate bill was the reliance for pay- 
ing teachers, the people who patronized the 
schools contributing towards the teacher's 
salary in the proportion that the number of 
days which their children attended stood to 
the aggregate number of days of school at- 
tendance. There was, however, the redeeming 
feature that the district Board might, at its dis- 
cretion, levy a district tax to pay the charges 
of poor people unable to pay for their chil- 
dren's tuition, as well as the charges of poor 
children who had no parents. The schools 
should be taught three months in the >-ear and 
for such longer time as the taxable inhabitants 
should in public meeting direct. 

On and after November 5, 1829, there was a 
Territorial Superintendent of Common Schools, 
appointed at first by the Governor, and after- 
wards by the Governor by and with the advice 
and consent of the Legislature ; but this offi- 
cer had so little to do with the schools that his 
title was almost a misnomer. He had charge 
of the school lands in townships where Trustees 
and a Treasurer had not been duly appointed. 
He also received certain statistical information 
that the School Directors furnished him with, 
and transmitted it, with his own views relative 
to the school lands and the schools, to the Legis- 
lative Council. At first no provision was made 



ch„p. nil 



HISTO/W OF THE UN I VERS ITT 



IS 



in the law for his compensation, or even his 
expenses, but in 1833 the omission was siip- 
pHed, his salary being fixed at $25 a year, 
payable from the Territorial treasury. 

A special school law was passed for Detroit 
in 1833, which agreed in its general features 
with the school law of the territory. Taxes 
could be levied to pay for sites and school- 
houses, but teachers' salaries, with the excep- 
tion of the proportion that belonged to the 
poor and indigent, were met b\' means of the 
rate bill. 

We have no school reports or statistics for 
those earl)- da_\-s, but it is very improbable 
that the foregoing legislation produced man\- 
practical results. The time had not come. 
One thing, howe\er, had become clear Ijy the 
year 1835, \'iz., that common school education 
in Michigan would not be furnished by one 
central organization called either Catholepis- 
temiad or University, but in a manner much 
more direct and simple and in greater har- 
mony with the genius of the people. 

II. THE STATE 

Judge Cooley has remarked that in respect 
to education, Michigan was fortunate in the 
persons to whom the destinies of the Territory 
were committed in early days/ More than 
this, she was fortunate in the time when her 
educational institutions were moulded. Not 
one of the older states in the Union that had 
shown a real interest in public instruction had 
enjoyed an opportunity so favorable. We may 
reverse the order of the two ideas thus ad- 
vanced, speaking first of the times and then 
of the men. 

Faint signs of the coming educational revival 
in the United States were \isible to the sharp- 
sighted as early as the second or third decade 
of the century : they increased in number and 
in clearness until the glorious day that we now 
enjoy was fully ushered in. The sun was just 
coming above the horizon at the time when 
Michigan framed her Constitution and organ- 
ized her state institutions. 

In the largest sense, the educational re\'ival 
comprehended in its purpose and effect all 
grades of education, secondary schools and 

' Michigan, p. 306. 



Colleges and Universities, as well as elementary 
schools ; but it was in both respects emphati- 
cally the common school revival. Ethically 
considered, it was an imperative call, issuing 
from the depths of the public mind and con- 
science, for better teachers and teaching, better 
schoolhouses and appointments, better super- 
vision and more and better education. It was 
a determined demand that the American State 
should assume its rightful and necessary duty 
of providing instruction for its people. If we 
seek its ultimate causes we shall have to in- 
ventory modern democracy, free inquiry, the 
national spirit, modern industry and commerce, 
the ethical spirit, and modern science ; in a 
word, the numerous factors that, acting and 
reacting upon one another, go to make up 
what we sometimes call, in loose phrase, 
modern progress. 

While the educational re\i\al was strictly 
indigenous, growing out of our own soil, it 
was still a part of a world-movement ; or, at 
least, of a movement that touched and in- 
fluenced all progressive peoples and countries. 
Moreover, the revival, while purely American 
in its origin, in so far as such language can 
e\er be applied to a similar state of facts, was 
stimulated and to a degree shaped by foreign 
influences. This stimulus and shaping did not 
come, however, from the emigrants that were 
let down in our seaports in those days ; they 
came rather from the establishment of direct 
contact between the minds of our scholars and 
teachers, educators and statesmen, and the 
schools and education, the science and learn- 
ing, of the Old World. But it was from Ger- 
many that the principal stimulus and moulding 
power came. 

American students in small numbers began 
to resort to the German Universities for the 
teaching that they could not get at home in 
the decade 1810-1820, and about the same 
time our scholars and teachers, also in small 
numbers, began to visit German schools and to 
report to their countrymen what they found. 
But, curiously enough, the strongest stream of 
German influence reached us through French 
channels. Madame De Stael's " Germany," 
published in an English version in London in 
1 8 13, was a revelation to some minds in this 



i6 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



\_Cb,ip. II 



countr}'. M. Victor Cousin's Report on the 
State of Public Instruction in Prussia, made to 
the French Minister of Public Instruction and 
Ecclesiastical Affairs in I S3 I, produced a much 
wider and deeper impression than the " Ger- 
man}-." A translation of the work by Mrs. 
Sarah Austin, published in London in 1835. 
was at once republished in New York. 'M. 
Victor Cousin's Report made the profound 
impression that it did in France, England and 
the United States because it was the clearest 
and strongest presentation that had yet been 
made of what, in this 
countr)', at once came to 
be called the " Prussian 
ideas." These ideas were 
a system of public instruc- 
tion embracing the three 
divisions of schools, — 
primary schools, secondary 
schools and univ-ersities ; 
a system created, sup- 
ported, and supervised b\- 
the state, thus securing 
responsibilit)' and unit)-; 
a complete civil or state 
system of education, in 
contradistinction to pri- 
vate education or to an 
ecclesiastical s_\'stem. 
These ideas have lost their 
novelt)- ; it is difficult fur 
men brought up under the 
new order of things to 
comprehend the impres- 
sion that the)- produced in 1 830-1840; but 
certain it is that the)' came home, three quar- 
ters of a century ago, to men's minds like a 
revelation. We must consider the existing 
state of things in the countr)-. But few states 
in the Union could be said to have had sys- 
tems of public instruction at all, and these 
were imperfect truncated organizations, feebl)' 
supported and feebly supervised. No one of 
the old states had what we would now call a 
State University, although two or three states 
had institutions that bore that name, while 
several of the states had \-oted money or 
wild lands to promote higher education ; nor 
had any one of the ne\v states, aided b)- the 




JOHN' D. PIERCE 



bount)' of Congress, established such an insti- 
tution that was worthy of the name University. 
Again, in nearly all the states higher institu- 
tions of learning were private corporations, 
whoU)' independent of state control; while 
between these institutions and the public com- 
nmn sclmols, where such schools existed, and 
pri\-ate common schools where they did not 
e.xist, there was ni connecting link. 'I'here 
was not, for example, a public high school to 
be found in a large majorit)' of the states in 
1 83 I. When such confusion reigned, and such 
destitution of educational 
fricilities, it is not surpris- 
ing that the Prussian ideas, 
meaning unity and order, 
and an abundant provision 
of good teaching, came 
like a flood of light to all 
men who could receive it. 
It is no exaggeration to 
sa\- that a single cop)- of 
M. \'ictor Cousin's Report, 
\\hich found its way into 
the oak openings of Michi- 
gan, produced results, 
direct and indirect, that 
f.ii' surpass in importance 
the results produced by 
,ni\- other educational \-ol- 
iinie in the whole history 
of the countr)-. 

So far the times, now 
the men. Two men suffice 
to form the connecting 
link between M, Victor Cousin and the edu- 
cational institution of the new commonwealth. 
John FJavis Pierce, a native of New Hamp- 
shire, who had graduated at Brown Universit)' 
and studied theology at Princeton, came to 
Michigan as a missionary in the service of the 
Presbyterian Home Missionary Society in 1 83 1 , 
making his home at Marshall. Isaac Edwin 
Crary, born in Connecticut, and graduated at 
Trinity College in that state, who filled various 
stations in public life, came to Michigan the 
next year, also making his home at Marshall. 
Pierce and Crary were both educated men, 
were both interested in the growing cause of 
education, and were both devoted to the state 



r/v;;.. //] 



HISTORV OF THE UNU'ERSITV 



>7 



of llicir adoption. It is said that, neighbors 
as tiic)- were, they often discussed together 
the future institutions of the rising common- 
wealth. Tiie stray copy of Cousin's Re[iort 
came to Mr. Pierce's hand, wlio not only read 
it with the deepest interest, but promptly 
passed it on to his friend Crary, who was also 
deeply impressed by it. Fortunatel)-, Gen- 
eral Crary was a member of the convention 
that framed the State Constitution of 1835, 
and, still more fortunately, the Chairman of 
the Committee on Education. It accordingly 
devolved upon him to draft the educational 
article which was placed in the State Con- 
stitution. 

This article, when perfected, embraced five 
sections. The first section ordained that the 
Governor, by and with the advice and consent 
of the Legislature on joint vote, should appoint 
a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who 
should hold his office for two years, his duties 
to be prescribed by law. Section second 
made it the duty of the Legislature to encour- 
age, by all suitable means, the promotion of 
intellectual, scientifical and agricultural im- 
provement. The proceeds of all lands that 
had been granted, or should be granted, by 
the United States to this state for the support 
of schools, which should thereafter be sold or 
disposed of, should be and remain a perpetual 
fund, the interest of which, together with all 
such unsold lands, should be inviolably appro- 
priated to the support of schools throughout 
the state. Section third said the Legislature 
should provide for a system of common 
schools, by which a school should be kept up 
and supported in every school district at least 
three months in every year ; and any district 
which neglected to provide and support such 
a school might be deprived of its equal pro- 
portion of the interest of the public fund. 
The ne.Kt paragraph prescribed that, as soon 
as the circumstances of the state would per- 
mit, the Legislature should provide for the 
establishment of libraries, one at least in each 
township ; and the money which should be 
paid by persons for exemption from military 
duty, and the clear proceeds of all fines as- 
sessed in the several counties for any breach of 
the penal laws should be exclusively applied to 



the supi^ort of such libraries. The University 
section ran as follows : 

" .Sec. 5. The Legislature shall take measures for the 
protection, improvement, or other disposition of such 
lands as have been or may hereafter be reserved or 
granted by the United States to this state for the sup- 
port of a University, and the funds accruing from the 
rents or sale of such lands, or from any other source, 
for the purpose aforesaid, shall be and remain a perma- 
nent fund for the support of said University, with such 
branches as the public convenience may hereafter de- 
mand for the promotion of literature, the arts and sci- 
ences, and as may be authorized by the terms of such 
grant. And it shall be the duty of the Legislature, as 
soon as may be, to provide effectual means for the im- 
provement and permanent security of the funds of said 
LIniversitv." 

In eft'ect, all the Prussian ideas arc here : 
primary schools, secondary schools and a 
tmiversity ; public taxation and state super- 
\ision. A comparison of the article with the 
educational articles of other State Constitutions 
at the time will show its superiority.^ It must 
not for a moment be supposed, however, that 
the placing of this article in the Constitution 
was due solely to the influence of Mr. Pierce 
and General Crary ; what they did was to 
seize the essential ideas and put them in a 
form that commended them to the acceptance 
of the con\-ention and the people of the state 
— the best type of leadership in a democratic 
community. 

The convention had done its work, and it 
now remained to be seen whether the Legisla- 
ture would rise to the level of the occasion or 
fall below it. Governor Mason, in his first 
message, commended the school s\'stem that 
was to be devised for the state to the wisdom 
of the Legislature; but this body, at the time, 
took no other action than to define the duties 
of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
directing him, among other things, to prepare 
and digest a system for the organization and 
establishment of common schools, and a Uni- 
versity and its branches. The Governor 
promptly nominated Mr. Pierce for this office, 

' The constitution-fr.-imers of Indiana, iSio. had pre- 
viously caught the idea of " a general system of education, 
ascending in regular gradation from township schools to 
a .State University, wherein tuition shall be gratis and 
equally open to all." 



UNIJ'ERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



\_Cb.,p. Ill 



and the Legislature as promptly confirmed 
the nomination. He held the office six years, 
during which time he rendered the state the 
most distinguished and valuable services as 
an educational executive. Me was the first 
proper State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion in the United States. 

Mr. Pierce entered upon his responsible 
work with intelligence and earnestness. He 
visited the East to confer with prominent edu- 
cators and public men in regard to the subject 
of education, and, in his first Report to the 
Legislature sketched out, with a free, bold 
hand, the educational institutions of Michigan, 
drawing, one may sa\% the great lines along 
which the whole subsequent movement has 
proceeded. In a later report he named three 
statutes as comprising the Michigan School 
System, — the Act providing for the disposi- 
tion of the University and primary school 
lands ; the Act providing for the organiza- 
tion and government of the University with 
branches ; the Act for the establishment and 
support of the common schools. The dates of 
these Acts are March 21, March 20, and March 
18, 1837, all within two months of the formal 
admission of the state to the Union. Mr. 



Pierce's hand was in all this legislation. 
Speaking for the Uni\ersity alone, in 1887, 
President Angell said: "Our means have not 
yet enabled us to execute in all particulars the 
comprehensive plan which was framed by Mr. 
Pierce." In respect to common schools, too, 
he was before his time, the Legislature rejecting 
some of his advanced ideas. 

We have come now to the parting of the 
ways ; we shall not follow farther the de\-elop- 
ment of the State System of Public Instruction 
as a whole, but confine our attention to the 
University, save as references to the larger 
subject may be necessary to the adequate 
treatment of our special theme. First, how- 
ever, a word or two of emphasis ma}- well be 
thrown upon a single point. The design of 
the founders was to establish a full-orbed sys- 
tem of public instruction for Michigan. They 
did not contemplate primary schools, secondary 
schools, and a University merely, but they con- 
templated these institutions as constituting one 
organization of public instruction. This is the 
great idea that the West has contributed to 
American education, — an idea that Michigan 
has done more than any other state to demon- 
strate and establish. 



CHAPTER III 

The Congressional L.\nd Grant and the University Fund 



T 



HE University of Michigan, like the 

Western State Universities gener- 
all)-, had its origin in important 
national legislation enacted toward the close 
of the last century. On May 20, 1785, the 
Old Congress adopted " an Ordinance for As- 
certaining the Mode of Disposing of Lands in 
the Western Country." The great feature of 
this ordinance was the rectangular s\-stem of 
land surveys, which is too well known to re- 
quire description beyond the bare fact that it 
directed the division of the territory to be sur- 
ve\'ed into townships six miles square, by lines 
running due north and south and east and 
west, at right angles ; the subdivision of the 
township into lots or sections one mile square, 
containing six hundred and forty acres, by simi- 



lar lines, and the numbering of these sections 
from one to thirty-six in a prescribed order. ^ 
But the provision of the land ordinance that 
gives it present interest is this: "There shall 
be reserved the lot No. 16 of every township 
for the maintenance of public schools within 
the said township." At the time the applica- 
tion of this resolution was very limited, but the 
principle was afterwards progressively applied 
to the whole public domain as that has from 
time to time been acquired and developed. 

Two years later the Ohio Company, a New 
England organization that had already pro- 

' At first the numbers ran from south to north, 1-6, 7-12, 
etc., beginning with the southeastern section in the township; 
but since 1796 they run back and forth, left and right, begin- 
ning in the northeast corner. 



Ch,if. ///] 



HISTORY OF THE UNU'ERSITT 



19 



jected a colony in the western cduntiy, applied 
to Congress for a grant of l.iiul and the institu- 
tion of civil government, and this application 
soon led to two important pieces uf legislation. 
The first, adopted Jul}' 13, 1787, was called 
" An Ordinance for the government of the 
Territory of the United States northwest of 
the River Ohio," and the second, adopted on 
July 23, "Powers to the Board of Treasury to 
Contract for the Sale of the Western Territor)-." 
These two enactments were complementary- 
parts of the same general plan ; neither one 
would hiive passed, or could h.ive ]3assed, with- 
out the other; and without both of them the 
course of western history would, no doubt, 
ha\-e been quite dift'erent from what it actually 
was. Interesting educational provisions are 
found in both these acts of legislation. The 
( )rdinance contains onl_\- the general declara- 
tion : " Religion, morality, and knowledge being 
necessary to good government and the happi- 
ness of mankind, schools and the means of 
education shall forever be encouraged " ; but 
the Powers to the Board of Treasury carried 
these more specific provisions : " The lot No. 
16 in each township, or fractional jxirt of a 
township, to be given perpetual!)- for the pur- 
poses contained in the said Ordinance "[1785). 
And, " Not more than two complete townships 
to be given perpetually for the purposes of a 
University, to be laid off by the purchaser or 
purchasers as near the centre as may be, so 
that the same shall be of good land to be ap- 
plied to the intended object by the Legislature 
of the State." The first of these declarations 
was a reaffirmation of the dedication of land for 
common school purposes made two }'ears be- 
fore ; the second was also new and the one 
that especially concerns us. It will be seen 
that the three provisions were as specific as 
possible; they were closely limited to such 
lands as might be sold in pursuance of the 
enactments, and did not in form promulgate 
a policy. 

Under the legislation of 1787, Congress made 
the same year two extensive land sales within 
the present limits of the State of Ohio ; one 
to the Ohio Company, in the southeastern part 
of the state ; the other to John Cleves Symmes 
and associates in the southwestern part. The 



]5ro\'isions of law notrd ,iho\ c were applied to 
them, and witii such application they lajiscd. 
Here matters restetl until ( )hio, the fiisl of 
the public land states, came into the Union in 
1803. The legislation accompanying her ad- 
mission determined some specific questions 
that remained unanswered, and tended to fix 
future polic)-. 

In the first place this legislation secured to 
the people of the new state, and not merely to 
the people of the two tracts named above, one 
thirt\'-sixth part of the townshi[)s in which they 
li\'ed, or its ecpiivalent, fir the use of common 
schools. Ne.xt it ga\-e the state three town- 
ships of land for Universities, two in the Ohio 
purchase and one in the Symmes Tract. In 
later cases, but two townships have been 
gi\'en. Thirdl)', it \ested the lands given to 
Ohio for the u;e of schools in the Legisla- 
ture in trust for the use aforesaid and for no 
other use, interest, or purpose whate\-er. 

This legislation, with what had gone before 
it, fixed the essential points of the national 
educational land grant polic\-, which is such 
an important feature of our educational his- 
tor\-. The legislation of 1802 and 1S03 was 
in specific terms, as that of 1785 and 1787 
had been ; not a word was said at either 
time about the future ; nor has Congress 
ever, b)- a firmal Act or resolution, declared 
an_\- polic}' in the matter. At the same time 
e\'ery new state car\'ed out of the public 
domain, while still a territory, from Ohio to 
Utah, has confidentl)' expected, on its admis- 
sion to the Union, to receive its due measure 
of common school and Universit)- lands. In 
most cases, the dedication of such lands has 
been made in advance of statehood, but the 
territory has not been put in practical posses- 
sion and enjo)'ment.' 

In I 804 Congress divided Indiana Territory', 
or the whole Northwest excluding Ohio, into 
three land districts, corresponding in general 

^ Of the twenty-seven public land states, nineteen received 
each two townships of land for University purposes ; while 
of the remaining eight, Alabama, Florida, Wisconsin, and 
Minnesota each received four townships ; Mississippi and 
Ohio three townships apiece, Tennessee, 100,000 acres, and 
Utah 200,000 acres for State Universities. — .ya/ioiuil Li/fis- 
Intion Concerning Education, etc. George li. Germann, New 
York, 1899. p. 44. 



20 



UNirERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



[C/v;/.. /// 



to the present States of Indiana, Illinois and 
Michigan, and at the same time reserved lot 
No. i6 in every township for the use of com- 
mon schools within the same, and one town- 
ship in each district for the use of a seminary 
of learning. 

Next, on May 20, 1826, Congress authorized 
the Secretary of the Treasury to set apart 
and reserve from sale out of any of the pub- 
lic lands within the territory of Michigan, to 
which the Indian title had been extinguished, 
a quantit)' of land not exceeding two entire 
townships for the use and support of a Univer- 
sity within the territory and for no other use 
whatever, to be located in tracts corresponding 
with any of the legal divisions into which the 
public lands were authorized to be surveyed, 
not less than one section ; one of which town- 
ships should be in lieu of the township dedi- 
cated to the same purpose by the Act of 1804. 

The convention that framed Michigan's first 
Constitution submitted to Congress certain 
propositions that related to the school and 
University lands, which, however, that body 
did not in their present form accept. Subse- 
quently, however. Congress did, June 23, 1836, 
accept the more material of these propositions, 
and especially the two following: — 

" First, that section numbered 16 in every township 
of the public lands, and where such section has been 
sold or otherwise disposed of, other lands equivalent 
thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted 
to the State for the use of schools.' 

" Second, that the 72 sections of land set apart and 
reserved for the support of a University by an Act of 
Congress approved on the 20th of May, 1826, entitled 
' An Act concerning a seminary of learning in the 
Territory of Michigan, are hereby granted and conveyed 
to the State, to be appropriated solely to tlie use and 
support of such University, in such manner as the 
Legislature may prescribe.' " 

1 Hon. William Woodbridge, when a Senator in Con- 
gress, three times carried through the Senate a bill granting 
to Michigan 1,503,000 acres of school land, additional to the 
sixteenth sections, on the ground that the Ordinance of 1787 
guaranteed to the individual inhabitants of the township 
such sections unreservedly, while the Act admitting the state 
to the Union had exacted a partial compensation in requiring 
the state to surrender the right to tax all public lands sold 
within its limits for a period of five years, and that so Con- 
gress had not kept faith with the people. The bill never 
passed the House. — A System of Public Iiistnidion and 
Primary School Law of Michigan. F. W. Shearman, pp. 
12, 14. 



These provisions of law mark a further 
development of national policy in three 
particulars. 

1. Up to this time the common school lands 
had been vested in the state ; or, w^hat was 
the same thing, granted to the state, one 
section in every township or fractional part of 
a townshij), for the inhabitants of such town- 
ships for the use of schools. This form of 
dedication made in each state as many school 
funds as the state contained Congressional 
tiownships. It worked ver\- unequally ; a good 
section of land well sold made a much larger 
township fund than a poor section badly sold. 
But the new form of dedication — " granted 
to the state for the use of schools " — at once 
corrected all such inequalities and greatly 
simplified administration.- 

2. The language of the earlier dedications 
suggests at least that the school lands were 
to be held in trust, not sold, for the use of 
schools. The language of the new dedication 
implies no such reservation. It is a question, 
an economist would say, betw^een rent and 
interest. Once more, the language of 1785 
and 1787 suggests that the inhabitants of the 
townships themselves were to hold and admin- 
ister their lands; but the Act of 1803 gave 
matters another direction. 

3. The earlier public land States received 
their University lands in solid blocks. The 
Enabling Act for Alabama, March 2, 18 19, 
provided that the entire seventy-two sections 
should be selected in tracts of not less than 
two sections each ; but now Michigan receives 
hers, or may receixe them, in single sections. 
The plan of breaking up the two townships 
into small di\isions was as plainly to the advan- 
tage of the state as the plan of consolidating 
the proceeds of all the common school grants 
into one state fund. 

These important departures from the earlier 
practice of the government have been followed 
as precedents in the cases of all the public 
land states that have entered the Union since 
1837. The idea of distributing the University 

- In Illinois the formula employed in granting the com- 
mon school lands was the following: "That section No. 16 
in every township in the state shall be granted to the states 
for the use of the inhabitants of such township for the use 
of schools." 



Chap. Ill} 



HISTORT OF THE UNirERSITT 



21 



lands appears in the Act of 1826; the idea of 
consolidating the school fund originated in 
the Michigan convention of 1835. 

Pre\-ioiis to 1837 the states that had shared 
the bounty of the government had shown little 
wisdom in its administration. Some of them, 
as the event proved, had done little better than 
to squander both the school lands ami the 
University lands. All these states, in fact, 
had gone a considerable distance in that path ; 
others followed them and Congress was ulti- 
mately compelled to throw around these en- 
dowments additional safeguards.' The onl_\' 
circumstances that in an_\- wa_\' palliated the 
conduct of the legislatures was their inexpe- 
rience in dealing with the subject, the eager 
haste of the people to secure the early benefits 
of the endowments, and the plentifulness and 
consequent cheapness of wild lands. It now 
remained to be seen whether Michigan would 
show more wisdom in administering her endow- 
ment than the border states had shown. The 
present answer will be limited to the University- 
Grant. 

The fact is the downward path had already 
been entered upon, and the real question was 
whether the state would retrace her steps. 
When the Trustees of the Uni\'ersity, in 1821, 
began to take measures to have the semi- 
nary township that had been granted in 1804 
located, unexpected difficulties declared them- 
selves. The Board accordingly sent a memo- 
rial to Congress in 1823, praying for new 
legislation. This prayer led to the Act of 
1826 referred to above, which gave the Terri- 
tory two townships instead of one, with the 
privilege of locating the land in detached sec- 
tions instead of in solid blocks. Next the 
Trustees set to work to secure desirable tracts 
of land under the new legislation. While the 
privilege of locating lands in detached sections 
was a valuable one, it sometimes pro\ed to 
be costly, as the first action of the Board will 
show. 

' It has come to be the rule that Congress fi.ves a mini- 
mum price at which the school lands granted to the States 
shall be sold. For example, the Act of February 22, 1889, 
providing for the admission to the Union of North Dakota, 
South Dakota, Montana, and Washington, fixed the minimum 
price at $10 an acre, and said the lands should be sold only 
at public sale. 



The confluence of Swan Creek and the 
Mauniee River la)- within the Territ<jr)' of 
Michigan in 1827, but now it lies within the 
State of Ohio. The locality was then a waste, 
but it is niiw the heart of the cit\- of Toledo. 
Near this point the Trustees, in the year just 
named, in conjunction with the authorities at 
Washington, located six " ri\er lots," I, 2, 7, 
8, 9, 10, amounting to nine hundred and six- 
teen acres, counting them, however, as tweUe 
hundred and eighty acres. The selections, 
as subsequent events have shown, were very 
fortunate ones. But, most unfortunately, the 
Board, in 1830, exchanged the most valuable 
of these lots, l and 2, for other lands in the 
immediate neighborhood. Nor was this the 
end of the matter; f^mr )-ears later the Board 
sold the lands that it had received in exchange 
to their former owner for the sum of $5,000. 
This transaction was completed in May 1837. 
The remaining lots, containing according to 
the survey six hundred and twenty-one acres, 
were less advantageously situated than those 
that had been thus di.sposed of, but they have 
now been fir man)- )'ears within the limits of 
Toledo. Thej' were sold in 1849, 1850, 1855, 
at an average price of about $19 an acre. "The 
Toledo lands," says an earlier historian, " which 
might have brought the University some mil- 
lions altogether, brought about ^17,000."" 

Progressively, the University lands were all 
located ; they were scattered throughout the 
counties, or most of the counties, of the state, 
that had been organized up to 1844. The loca- 
tions were generallv advantageous, but not so 
much can be said of the sales. 

The law defining the duties of the Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction directed him, 
among other things, to make out an inventor}', 
as perfect as possible, w-ithout previously \'isit- 
ing them, of the lands that had been set apart 
and reserved for the purposes of education 
in the state, w-ith a description of their loca- 
tion and condition. In his first report, Super- 
intendent Pierce made a careful estimate of the 
prospective value of the seventy-two sections. 
At $15 an acre the)' w-ould produce a fund of 
$691,200, with an annual interest of $48,384; 
at $20 an acre, they would yield a fund of 

- American State Universities, etc. Ten Brook, p. 109. 



22 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



{Cbaf.. Ill 



$921,000, with an annual interest of $64,912. 
" It is not apprehended," he said, " that the 
amount can in an\' e\ent fall short of the 
lowest estimate, while it is believed, judging 
from the decisions of the past and the indi- 
cations of the future, that it will exceed the 
highest computation." Whether he had the 
Toledo " decision " in mind or not, does not 
appear. 

In March 1837, the Legislature authorized 
the Superintendent to sell at public auction a 
half million dollars' worth of the Uni\'crsity 
lands, at a minimum price of $20 an acre. 
The terms of payment were to be one-fourth 
of the purchase money to be paid in cash at 
the time of the sale, and the remaining three- 
fourths in annual instalments of five per cent, 
beginning in five years from the date of sale, 
the deferred payments to be on interest at 
seven per cent, payable annually. The money 
received from such sales should be loaned to 
such counties of the state as might apply for 
it, but not more than $15,000 to any one 
county, the counties to repay the loan after 
ten years and in the mean time to pay the 
interest annually. Lands not sold after three 
years, if not already improved or natural mead- 
ows, the Superintendent should lease on such 
terms as he might think expedient. The sales 
made under the Act by the close of the year 
amounted to something more than $150,000 
at an average price of $22.85 ^n acre. So at 
the beginning of 1838 it looked as though the 
Superintendent's largest estimate of the pre- 
ceding year would be realized. Still the plan 
was far from faultless; for one thing, difficul- 
ties sprang up between the purchasers of land 
and the Superintendent, which were not always 
settled to the satisfaction of the Regents of 
the University. Not to anticipate another 
series of parallel facts that will be related in 
their own place, the University of Michigan 
had now been organized, with a Board of 
Regents, under the constitution and laws of 
the state. 

The Legislature soon came upon the scene 
again. In April 1839, it passed a Bill for the 
relief of certain settlers on University and 
other state lands, which at once threw the 
Board of Regents into such consternation that 



it actually proposed to do away with the 
branches that it had established, and to cease 
building at Ann Arbor. The ostensible object 
of the Bill was to secure to certain settlers on 
state lands their just rights under the pre- 
emption law of Congress. The Regents ap- 
pealed to the Governor for his intervention. 
Governor Mason rendered to the State of 
Michigan numerous good services, but per- 
haps no better one than in this instance. He 
promptly vetoed the bill. In his message to 
the Legislature he demanded to know the 
object of this wholesale temptation to fraud 
and perjury. The state had accepted the 
lands as a trust, and the Constitution enjoined 
upon the Legislature their protection and im- 
provement, as well as the provision of means 
for the permanent security of the Universit)' 
funds ; yet here was a legislative proposition 
to put all these lands in the market at a 
merely nominal price, no matter what their 
value when located or how claimed. This 
ringing message prevented the spoliation of 
the University. Had the bill become law, and 
been carried out in its details, it is quite clear 
that the task of the historian of the University 
of Michigan would have been materially light- 
ened. It was an escape equal to the escape 
from the "grand design," to be mentioned here- 
after, and came about the same time. 

The later history shows no other act of 
mingled incompetence and dishonesty on the 
part of the Legislature equal to the Bill of 
1839. Still it is hardl}' an exaggeration to 
say that this bod)% in dealing with the lands, 
never regarded them in the solemn light of 
a sacred trust. The time of deferred pay- 
ments granted to purchasers was lengthened, 
the price of lands reduced. In 1840 lands 
were sold at an average price of $6.21 an 
acre to persons who had settled upon them. 
In 1 84 1 the minimum price was fixed at $12 
an acre, and the Act made retroactive. This 
was paying debts by legislative enactment. 
The Superintendent reported in 1842 that 
$35,651 had either been returned or credited 
to purchasers in pursuance of this provision. 
The Legislature had made a virtual pledge in 
1837 that none of the lands should be sold at 
less than $20 an acre, but it did not stand by 



Ch.,[<. ///] 



HISTOR}- OF THE UNUERSITr 



this pledge. The principal argument adduced 
in favor of reducing the price was that it 
hastened sales ; but it also disturbed contracts 
and introduced into the business great con- 
fusion. As another writer has said : " Con- 
tracts for Uni\'ersity land were not regarded 
as ordinary transactions bearing that name. 
They seemed to settle nothing. Hu)ers neg- 
lected payments in expectation of relief" ' 
With all the rest, the purchasers sometimes 
made pa\-ments in depreciated state paper. 

The spectacle had often been seen before, 
and has often been seen since. On the one 
side was a great public interest with no yivo- 
tector but public spirit; on the other hand 
were clamorous " squatters " and land specu- 
lators of difterent degrees of honest)', witli 
their friends, retainers and potential associ- 
ates ; while between them stood the Legisla- 
ture, more or less competent, more or less 
honest, pushed forward on the one side with 
far more power than it was held back on 
the other. 

But in such matters we must judge, at last, 
according to an historical standai'd. When all 
is said, the State of Michigan handled her Uni- 
versit)' lands far better than any of the older 
states had handled their similar endowments. 
Still more, some of the younger states ha\e 
fallen far below the standard that she set up. It 
is, indeed, not uncommon for state historians 
of education to bewail the short-sightedness or 
corruption of their Legislatures, compared with 
the wisdom and probity of the Michigan Legis- 
lature." In 1885, when all the lands belong- 
ing to the University, except two hundred and 
eighty-seven acres, had been sold, it appeared 
that the average price per acre for the entire 
quantit}- was $11.87, o'' more than twice the 
price received for any other educational lands 
in the Northwest.^ 

1 Ami-rkan Slate Universities. Ten I'.rook. p. 139. 

^ "The successive Legislatures [of Wisconsin], witli but 
one e.\ception, lliat of 1850, continued to sacrifice the educa- 
tional trust fund in order to accelerate the settlement of the 
State and to aid the ambitious schemes of individuals. In 
a few years nearly all the lands had been sold, and from 
the seventy-two sections was secured only $150,000. From 
a similar grant Michigan realized over $500,000 " — Tlie 
Colutnbian History of Ediicatioit in Wiseo'isiii, edited by 
J. W. Stearns, page 34. 

^ History and Management of Land Grants for Eeineation 



One curious feature of early Universit\- his- 
tory remains to be mentioned. Ry a treat}- 
with the United States entered into at Fort 
Meigs, at the rapids of the Maumee River, 
September 29, 1817, the Wyandot and other 
Indian tribes granted to the Rector of the Cath- 
olic Church of St. Anne of Detroit, for the use 
of the church, and to the corporation of the 
College of Detroit, for the use of the College, 
to be retained or sold as the Rector and Cor- 
poration might judge expedient, each one-half 
of six sections of land, to contain six hundred 
and fort}' acres ; three of these sections on 
the ri\er Raisin at a place called Macon, and 
three not \-et located, which tracts had been re- 
ser\ed for the use of the Indians by the Treaty 
of 1807; the Superintendent of Indian Affairs 
in the Territory of Michigan to be authorized 
by the Indians to select these tracts of land.* 

The first College of the Catholepistemiad was 
not announced until a month after this treaty 
had been entered into ; but the Act creating 
that institution had been signed on August 26, 
the President and Professors of the same 
were appointed on September 8, and the first 
statute was promulgated on the 12th of the 
same month ; so there was no difficulty in 
identif\'ing " the corporation of the College of 
Detroit." In 1824, three years after the Cath- 
olepistemiad had been merged into the Uni- 
versit}-, these Indian grants to the College of 
Detroit were located and patented, some of 
the lands l\"ing on the Detroit River below 
Detroit, and some in Oakland count}-. The 
disposition that was made of this land is not 
altogether clear. The histor}- will be given so 
far as it has been traced out. 

When the Board of Trustees created in 1821 
surrendered its charge to the Board of Regents 
created in 1837. 't discriminated sharply be- 
tween two kinds of L^niversity property in its 
possession. It pron-iptl}' delivered over to the 
new Board the avails of the Toledo lands that 
had been sold, but not the avails of the Indian 

in the Nortlnvest Territory. George \V. Knight, New Vorl<, 
18S5. 

' The reason assigned in the treaty for these cessions is 
this: "Some of the Ottawa, Chippewa, and I'ottawatomie 
tribes, being attached to the Catholic religion, and believing 
they may wish some of their children hereafter educated, do 
grant," etc. 



24 



UNIVERSITl^ OF MICHIGAN 



\Chap. Ill 



sections. To some extent, at least, these avails 
had been merged in the educational work in 
the city of Detroit that the President and 
Professors of the Catholcpistemiad had inau- 
gurated, and that the Board of Trustees had 
continued. At this distance of time the three 
sections, as University property, have little tan- 
gible existence outside of the lot and building 
on Bates Street in that city. For a time, this 
property was used by the Regents, rent free, 
for the purposes of a branch, but later it 
passed into the hands of the City Board of 
Education and was used for a public school. 
The action of the Board of Trustees was a 
virtual denial of the identity of the corpora- 
tions of i8 1 7-1 82 1 and 1S37. In 1856 the 
Supreme Court of the state in an action 
brought by the Regents for the recovery of 
this property decided, that the different corpo- 
rations were identical, and that, legally speak- 
ing, the life of the University was continuous 
from 1817. Once put in possession of the lot 
and building, the Regents sold the property to 
the Young Men's Society of Detroit ; but this 
society proved to be unable to make pay- 
ment, and the Regents, after further difficul- 
ties, involving a second case in the Supreme 
Court, cancelled the contract.' When finally 
sold this property brought about $20,000. 
The Regents made an attempt to set the 
money aside as a " reserve fund " for the 
use of the University Library, but it soon 
went for purposes that were considered more 
pressing. 

It comes then to this, that no living man can 
now identify a dollar of the Indians' benefac- 
tion to the College at Detroit. " There is 
something pathetic," said President Angell, 
" in this gift of the Indians, who were even 
then so rapidly fading away. They doubtless 
hoped that some of their descendants might 
attain to the knowledge which the white man 
learned in his schools and which gave him 
such wonderful power and skill. Their hope 
has never been realized so far as I know by 
the education of any pure-blooded Indian at 

' Regents of the University of Michigan -■. The Board of 
Education of the City of Detroit, 4 Michigan Reports, 212; 
Regents of the University of Michigan r'. The Detroit 
Young Men's Society, 12 Michigan Reports, 128. 



the University." " One cannot help wonder- 
ing how it was with the equal gift that the 
Indians made at the same time to the Rector 
of St. Anne's Church in Detroit. 

Another important series of transactions — 
fortunately a much shorter one — falls natur- 
ally into this connection. 

In 1837 the Regents of the University had 
little money, but large expectations. They 
wished at once to establish such branches as 
were needed, and to erect the University build- 
ings at Ann Arbor. The people of the state 
were equally anxious. In order to make this 
possible, the Legislature, in April 1838, di- 
rected the Treasurer of the state to deliver to 
the Board of Regents, for the use of the Uni- 
versity and its branches, special certificates 
of state stock, to be rcimbursible after twenty 
years, and to bear interest at six per cent. 
semi-annuall\- ; but these certificates should 
not be delivered to the Board until its Presi- 
dent had executed to the Treasurer and his 
successors in office a bond pledging all the 
available proceeds of the University fund for 
the payment of the certificates, principal and 
interest ; the Act also required the Board to 
make provision for the payments in a manner 
that would exonerate the treasury from mak- 
ing any advances in money and to pledge the 
disposable income from the University fund to 
such payment. There was no pretence at the 
time, or afterwards, that the state was making 
the Universit)- a gift. It must be said, how- 
ever, that the Regents asked the Legislature 
for this loan, or rather for a still larger one. 
They received a premium of $6,000 on the 
bonds, and expended the whole avails in carry- 
ing on the branches of the University and in 
erecting the buildings at Ann Arbor. 

This loan is one of the mo.st intricate topics 
in the whole University history. Competent 
men who have looked into the matter have 
come to opposite conclusions on the most im- 
portant points, some holding that the Univer- 
sity paid the debt to the state, and some that 
it did not. The history will here be reduced 
to its briefest and simplest terms. 

The Regents probably expected at the time 
the loan was made to be able to repay it out 

- Semi-centennial Oration. 



Chap. Ill] 



fllSrORr OF THE UNIl'ERSllT 



25 



of the income of the Uni\'crsit_\- fuiul. Thcv' 
were disappointed ; for sc\-cral years that in- 
come was almost wholly consumed in paying 
the interest on the loan. Hut in 1S44, when 
the University seemed to be in i'xtnmis, the 
Legislature enacted two measures of relief, 
February 28 and March 1 1 , which applied the 
State Treasury notes and other state scrip 
that had been received in payment for Univer- 
sity lands, and a certain piece of property in 
Detroit called the " F"emale Seminary Lot" at 
a fixed valuation to the liquidation of the debt, 
as far as they went. These Acts also affected a 
corresponding reduction in the annual interest 
charge. There can be no mistaking the effect 
of this legislation : it diminished for the time 
the University debt to the state by the amount 
of the credit upon the loan. So the matter 
was understood at the time.^ Governor Felch 
said the Acts had materially relieved the Uni- 
versity fund from its embarrassments, and the 
Regents accepted them with lively feelings of 
satisfaction. But it is difficult to see that 
the " relief" amounted to more than this 
— that the Legislature accepted depreciated 
paper at its face value in part payment of 
the state claim and so reduced the interest 
charge that the Regents were compelled to 
provide for, thus undoing, to a degree, the 
mischief that it had previously done in deal- 
ing with the L^niversity lands. But this was 
something. 

The state still persisted in exacting from the 
University the sum nominated in the bond. In 
1850 the fund in the possession of the state 
was reduced by $100,000. The conviction now 
went abroad, as Governor Bingham afterwards 
expressed it, that this was " a perversion of the 
fund from its original design ; " and the Legis- 
lature, in 1853, directed the proper officer to 
pay to the University, at stated intervals, " the 
entire amount of interest that may hereafter 
accrue upon the whole amount of University 
lands sold or that may be hereafter sold." 
The effect of this legislation was to undo what 
had been done three years before in the nomi- 
nal reduction of the fund. This Act was limited 
to two years, but it was repeated, with the same 

1 A System 0/ Public Instiitction and Primary Scliool Law. 
F. W. Shearman, pp. 132, 165. 



limitations, in 1855, 1857 and 1859. A similar 
Act that took effect with the beginning of the 
year 1861 was without limitation. Here mat- 
ters stood until 1877, when the Lcgislatuic 
directed that $100,000 should be added to the 
University Fund on the books of the state. 
This Act was formal merely, bringing the state 
book-keeping into conformity with the practice 
of twenty-four years. 

How then does the account stand to-day 
between the University and the state? Has 
the University ever repaid the loan of 1838? 
The writer who has examined the subject with 
more care than any other, answers the question 
emphatically in the negative. "The fund to- 
day," he sa)'s, " represents the actual proceeds 
of all the sales. Evidently the loan has not 
been paid out of the principal of the fund, 
and the records show no such payment from 
the income." ^ This answer is undoubtedl)' 
correct, unless in twn minur points. How did 
the Regents come into possession of the I'^e- 
male Seminary lot that they. transferred to the 
state for $8,095 '" 1844? If they paid for this 
property out of the proceeds of the sevent)'- 
two sections, the fact docs not invalidate the 
above conclusion ; but if it came to them in 
some other way, for example, if it represented 
the three Indian sections, or some part thereof, 
the fact does, to an extent, invalidate that con- 
clusion. The question does not appear to be 
determined. The other point is, whether the 
Regents did not, in effect, pay off a portion of 
the loan under the form of paying interest. 
This is a matter of dates and amounts. There 
is no question that the Legislature looked to 
the Regents for the interest until 1853. Both 
questions, in fact, belong to the pro\'ince of 
the technical accountant. 

The final conclusion is that the loan of 1838, 
with the possible abatement mentioned, was 
eventually made a gift. It was the onl}^ gift 
that the state made to the University until 
thirty years had passed. 

One effect of the Acts directing the state 
officers to pay interest on the mone\'s that 
came into the State Treasury from the sale of 
the Uni\'ersity lands, was to create a credit on 

2 History ami Management of Land Grants for Education 
in the Northwest Territory. G. W. Knight, p. 144. 



26 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



\_Ch,ip. IV 



the one side and a debt on the other. In the interest thereon. On June 30, 1900, this 

other words, the state borrowed the University endowment amounted to $534,283.05, on which 

fund, or permanent endowment, and expended interest is paid, in four instalments annually, 

it for state purposes, pledging itself to pay at seven per cent.^ 



CHAPTER IV 
The Org.wic Act of the Umver.sitv 



THE organization of the University im- 
posed upon the Superintendent of 
Public Instruction and the Legis- 
lature of Michigan a task harder than that 
imposed by the organization of the common 
schools. For one thing, the way before them 
was wholly untrodden. The question was, 
whether a young American State, or any 
American State, could organize, on the basis 
of a large land grant made by the General 
Government, and then carry on successfully, 
an institution of learning that deserved to be 
called a University. Neither the Old World 
nor the New threw much light upon this ques- 
tion. Some of the young states of the West, 
eight in number, had accepted the profifered 
bounty of Congress ; all of these states had 
handled their lands in a reckless manner, and 
one had even diverted them to another pur- 
pose ; some of them had organized feeble 
schools that they called Universities ; but 
not one of them could teach Michigan any 
valuable lessons in founding a State Uni\-er- 
sitv except lessons of warning. The experi- 
ment was now to be tried once more ; and 
it is the main purpose of this history to show 
how it succeeded. 

An Act approved March 18, 1837, provided 
for the organization of the University of Michi- 
gan under that name. Its objects were defined 
to be to provide the inhabitants of the State 
with means of acquiring a thorough knowledge 
of the various branches of literature, science, 
and the arts. The government was vested in 
a Board of Regents to consist of twelve mem- 
bers and a Chancellor, who should be cx-officio 
President, said members to be nominated by 
the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, 
and the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Judges 
of the Supreme Court, and Chancellor of the 



State, ex-officiis members. The first twelve 
members appointed should, at their first meet- 
ing, be divided into four classes of three each, 
who should continue in office one, two, three, 
and four years respectively, and the regular 
term of the later appointments should be four 
years. The Regents should constitute a body 
corporate, with the usual rights and powers 
of such bodies; they should enact laws for the 
government of the University, appoint the pre- 
scribed number of Professors and the requisite 
number of tutors, and determine the limit of 
their several salaries. The heart of the Act is 
section eight, which reads as follows : — 

" Sec. 8. The University shall consist of three depart- 
ments. 

" 1st. The Department of Literature, Science, and 
the Arts. 

" 2nd. The Department of Law. 

"3rd. The Department of Medicine. 

'• In the several departments there shall be established 
the following Professorsliips : 

•' In the Department of Literature, Science and Arts, 
one of Ancient Languages; one of Modern Languages; 

1 Back of the laws directing the payment of the Univer- 
sity interest is Section i, Article XIV.. of the State Consti- 
tution, which pledges the specific state taxes, except those 
on the mining companies of the Upper Peninsula, to the 
payment of this interest and the interest on other trust 
funds in the keeping of the state. The Legislature has 
never, at any time, declared a rate of interest for the fund, 
but the legal rate in the state when the Acts referred to 
above were passed was seven per cent., and this was the 
rule that the Auditor-General followed in making out his 
warrants upon the treasury. In 18S7 the legal rate of in- 
terest was reduced to six per cent., and in 1896 the Auditor- 
General refused to pay more than that rate. The Regents 
applied to the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus com- 
manding him to pay the former rate which the Court granted 
on the ground that when the Act creating the debt to the 
University was passed the Legislature must have intended 
that it should bear interest at seven per cent., and that a 
mere change of the legal rate of interest in the state could 
not nullify the legislative intent. — Regents of the University 
of Michigan v. Auditor-General, 109 Michigan Reports, 124. 



Chap. If] 



HISTORT OF THE UNIVERSITT 



27 



one of Rhetoric and Oratory; one of Philosophy of His- 
tory, Logic and Philosophy of the human mind ; one of 
Moral Philosophy and Natural Theology, including the 
History of all Religions ; one of Political Economy : 
one of Mathematics; one of Natural Philosophy; one 
of Chemistry and Pharmacy; one of (Geology and Min- 
eralogy ; one of Botany and Zoology ; one of Fine Arts ; 
one of Civil Engineering and Architecture : In the De- 
partment of Law, one of Natural, International, and 
Constitutional Law; one of Common and Statute Law 
and Equity; one of Commercial and Maritime Law: 
In the Department of Medicine, one of Anatomy; one 
of Surgery; one of Physiology and Pathology; one of 
Practice of Physic; one of Obstetrics and the Diseases 
of Women and Children ; one of Materia Medica and 
Medical Jurisprudence: provided, that in the first or- 
ganization of the L'niversity tlie Regents shall so arrange 
the Professorships as to appoint such a number only as 
the wants of the institution shall require ; and to in- 
crease them from time to time as the income of the 
fund shall warrant and the public interests demand : 
provided, always, that no new Professorships shall be 
establislied without the consent of the legislature." 

Tlie immediate gincniment of the several de- 
partments should be entrusted to their respec- 
tive Faculiies ; but the Regents should ha\e 
power to regulate the course of instruction and 
prescribe, under the advice of the Professor- 
sliip, the books and authorities to be used in 
the several departments, and also to confer 
such degrees and grant sucli diplomas as are 
usually conferred and granted in other Univer- 
sities-. The Regents should ha\e power to 
remove any Professor, tutor, or otiier officer 
when, in their judgment, the interests of the 
University required it. 

The fee of admission to the University should 
never exceed $10, and the institution should 
be open to all persons resident in the state 
who might wish to avail themselves of its ad- 
vantages without charge of tuition, and to all 
other persons under such restrictions and 
regulations as the Regents should prescribe. 

The books and records of the corporation 
should be placed in the custody of a Secretary, 
the funds in the keeping of a Treasurer, and 
the Library in the charge of a Librarian, all to 
be elected by the Regents. The Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction should appoint annu- 
ally a Board of five Visitors, whose business it 
should be to make a personal examination of 
all departments of the University and report to 
him their observations and recommendations. 



to be duly submitted to the Legislature. To 
this Board of Visitors the Regents should make 
each )'ear a full exhibit of the state of the Uni- 
versitv, with an estimate, of expenses for the 
ensuing year. As soon as the state should 
provide funds for that purpose, the Regents 
should proceed to erect the necessary buildings 
for the University on the ground to be desig- 
nated by the Legislature and in such manner 
as should be prescribed by law. 

It should be the duty of the Board of Regents, 
together with the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, to establish such branches of the 
University in different parts of the state as, 
from time to time, should be authorized by the 
Legislature, and to establish all needful rules 
and regulations for the government of such 
branches : provided that such branches should 
not confer degrees, and that not more than one 
should be established in an\- one organized 
count}'. In cunnectiiin with e\'ery such branch, 
there should be established an institution for 
the education of females in the higher branches 
of knowledge whenever suitable buildings should 
be provided for them, to be under the same 
general direction and management as the 
branch with which it was connected. Further- 
more, there should be in each of these branches 
a Department of Agriculture, with competent 
instructors in the theory of that subject, in- 
cluding vegetable physiology and agricultural 
chemistry, and experimental and practical 
farming and agricultine. And, finally, in e\ery 
such branch the Regents should establish a 
department especially appropriated to the 
education of teachers for the primary schools, 
and such other departments as they might 
judge necessary to promote the public welfare. 
Whenever these branches of the University, or 
anv of them, should be established or provided, 
there should be appropriated to each one in 
proportion to its number of scholars such sums 
for the support of its Professors and teachers 
and such other sums for the purchase of books 
and apparatus as the state of the University 
funds might warrant. 

The first meeting of the Regents should be 
held within three months of the time of their 
appointment, at such time and place as the 
Governor should designate ; subsequent meet- 



28 



UNivERsrrr of Michigan 



{Chap. IF 



ings should be called in such manner as the 
Regents at their first meeting might prescribe, 
and seven of them so assembled should con- 
stitute a quorum for the transaction of business. 
The Board was also required, on or before the 
first Monday of January following, to procure 
the best and most appropriate plan for the 
University building, which should be adopted 
by the Regents on its approval b}' the Governor 
and Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

On June 2i following the preceding Act, the 
Legislature passed a supplementary one, abolish- 
ing the Chancellorship of the Board of Regents 
and making the Governor the President of that 
body, and directing the Board to elect a Chan- 
cellor of the University who should not be a 
member of the Board. The same Act gave the 
Regents power to assign to any Professor 
appointed under the original Act the duties 
pertaining to any vacant Professorship of the 
University, and to establish branches of the 
same without further legislative authority in 
the several comities of the State. The Board 
was also authorized to expend so much of the 
interest arising from the University fund as 
might be necessary for the purchase of philo- 
sophical and other apparatus and a Library 
and Cabinet of Natural Hist(ir\-. 

It is worthy of note that the Act creating 
the common schools said nothing about high 
schools or advanced instruction. This impor- 
tant division of education was to be provided 
by the branches of the University. In other 
words, the idea seems to have been that these 
branches should be affiliated with the Univer- 
sity rather than with the elementary schools. 

The law of 1838, like the laws of 1817 and 
1 82 1, has been criticised as out of proportion 
to both the ability and the needs of the new 
state. Michigan was a frontier communit}', 
counting but 87,278 inhabitants in 1834, and 
212,267 '•'' 1840. What could such a popula- 
tion do with an institution like the one pro- 
jected? It is easy to represent the Act in a 
ludicrous light; but there is another side to 
the question. A large scheme would do no 
harm provided no attempt were made at once 
to realize it, and it might in time be well filled 
out; while a small plan, in case of large 
growth, would require reconstruction from the 



foundation. Superintendent Pierce met pos- 
sible objectors with the argument that the day 
could not be distant when the state would 
require such an institution, and when its re- 
sources would be amply sufficient to sustain it. 
It could not be otherwise. If the state moved 
forward as prosperously as it had been moving, 
one-half of the revenue arising from the Uni- 
versity fund would sustain an institution on a 
scale more magnificent than the one proposed. 
The institution would then present an anomaly 
in the history of learning, a University of the 
first order open to all, tuition free. He argued 
that it was not necessary or desirable to fill all 
the Professorships that the plan provided for. 
In his enthusiasm, he valued the University 
fund at $1,000,000, and its annual income at 
$50,000. " One-half of this sum," he said, 
" will be amply sufficient to give life and 
vigor to the several academies as branches of 
the University, and the remaining half will be 
fully adequate to sustain the parent institution 
on a scale as grand and magnificent as that 
proposed." ' 

It will be seen that the conception of the 
educational state took a strong hold upon Mr. 
Pierce's mind. He seems to have queried 
whether it would not be wise to forbid, in the 
Constitution, private seminaries of learning 
altogether ; but, since that could not be done, 
he wished to make the public schools so much 
better than the private ones that the latter 
could not meet the competition. He and 
other zealous friends of the University strove, 
first to prevent the chartering of private Col- 
leges, and then to deny them the degree-con- 
ferring power. They failed in both efforts. 
In his second report, 1838, Mr. Pierce did 
battle stoutly for a true State University. " If 
one charter was granted others must be, and 
there would be no limit. If one village ob- 
tained a charter for a College, all others must 
have the same favor. In proportion as they 
increased in number, just in that proportion 
would be their decrease of power to be useful." 

While this question was the subject of eager 
interest, the opinions of eminent educators in 

1 A System of l^iiblic Instntition and Prifiiary School Law 
of Michigan. Francis W. Shearman. Lansing, 1S52. pp. 
2S-29. 



Cb^p. /'] 



lUSTORT OF THE UNIVERSITT 



29 



the East relative to it were gathered. Presi- 
dent Francis Wayiand recommended the con- 
centration of the energies of the state on one 
University as incomparably preferable to that 
of granting charters to an indefinite number of 
small institutions. " By a great number of 
small and badly appointed Colleges," he said, 
"you will increase the nominally educated 
men, but you will decrease the powei of edu- 
cation because it will be little else but the 
name." Edward E\'erett and Bishop Mcll- 
vaine held similar views, the latter e.Khorting 
Michigan to resist the temptation to dift'u- 
sion of energy, and to have but one place 
where academical degrees could be conferred. 
The Superintendent accordingly recommended 
charters authorizing the conferring of degrees 
to be granted only to associations that had 
actually received for their prospective institu- 
tions $250,000 each. His views were disre- 
garded. In 1838 the Legislature, in the name 
of freedom and opposition to monopoly, passed 
an Act to incorporate the Trustees of Michigan 
College. Several other similar charters were 



granted previous to 1S50, but they did not 
confer the right to grant degrees. The con- 
stitution of 1850 denied the Legislature the 
power to confer special charters, and author- 
ized it to pass a general law cm the subject. 
The attempt to enact such a law in 1855 was 
resisted in the interests of the University, but 
the bill became a law notwithstanding. This 
Act carried with it the degree-conferring power, 
and from about that time institutions other 
than the University have been authorized to 
confer the usual academical degrees. Not 
long after the enacting (if this law an effort 
was made to secure an appropriation of 
$2000 annually from the State Treasury for 
such Colleges as should establish and maintain, 
subject to certain prescribed conditions, normal 
departments, but the effort failed and was not 
renewed.' Thus the lax policy in regard to 
degrees prevailed, but there is perhaps reason 
to think that the competition of the University 
has tended to keep College degrees in Michigan 
from becoming so cheap as they are in some 
other states. 



CHAPTER V 



The University i\ the First Period 



ON March 20, 1837, two days after 
signing the Act providing for the 
organization and government of the 
University, Governor Mason signed an Act pro- 
viding for its location. This Act provided that 
the University should be located in or near the 
village of Ann Arbor, in the County of Wash- 
tenaw, upon such site or lot of ground as 
should be selected by the Regents, and be 
conveyed to them by the proprietors of such lot 
or lots free from cost, for the use of the state 
and for the purposes of a University ; which 
site or lot should not be less than forty acres, 
and in such form or shape as the Regents 
should prefer. It was made the duty of the Re- 
gents, or at least three of them, of whom the 
President should be one, within three months 
of their appointment, to visit Ann Arbor and 
make the selection of the lot, taking a deed 
and causing it to be duly recorded. 



This legislation suggests another and a com- 
plementary state of facts. The location of the 
various state institutions was the subject of 
much interest throughout the state, and there 
sprang up a lively competition for them among 
the small towns that constituted the principal 
centres of population. This interest e.xtended 
even to the site of the state capital ; and the 
Ann Arbor Land Company, a syndicate of 
men engaged in exploiting a new addition to 
the town plat, in the hope of bringing the 
capital to Ann Arbor, offered the state a site 
for the prospective State House. Failing to 
secure the capital, the company next tendered 
to the state a tract of land as a campus for the 
University. This tender was the immediate 
inducement that led to the legislation which 
has been summarized abo\e. Ann Arbor, the 



1 Historical Sketch of Education 
Smith. Lansing, i8Sl. pp. 83-86. 



Mic/iigaii. W. L. 



3° 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



IChap. V 



county town of Washtenaw count}-, was tlien 
fourteen years old. It is tlescribed by a local 
chronicler as containing at the time a court- 
house, a jail, a bank, two banking associations, 
four churches, two printing offices, which issued 
two weekly newspapers, a book store, two drug- 
gists, a flouring mill with six run of stone, a 
saw mill, a woollen factor)-, a carding machine, 
an iron foundr)-, an extensive plough factory, 
two tanneries, seventeen dry goods stores, 
eleven lawyers, nine physicians, and a flourish- 
ing academy with about seventy pupils. The 
population was 2,000. 

The Board of Regents 
met in Ann Arbor June 
5, 1837, and it has been 
suggested that this day 
might be appropriately 
called the natal day of the 
new organization. As a 
body the members of tin- 
Hoard, while men of ability 
and character, had littl< 
special fitness for the work 
before them.' Most of 
them were actix'e in puli- 
tical life, and few had 
given attention to the 
organization of educa- 
tional institutions. Gen- 
eral Crary was familiar 
with the Prussian system 
of public instruction as 
described by M. Victor 
Cousin, and Mr. School- 
craft had won an enviable 

reputation by his scientific researches and 
publications, especiall_\- concerning the North 
American Indians. Dr. Zina Pitcher, who 
afterwards became Professor Emeritus in the 
Medical Department, may also be mentioned. 

' The ex-officiis members were the Governor, Stevens T. 
Mason, and the Lieutenant-Governor, Edward Mnndy; Jus- 
tices of the .Supreme Court, William A. Fletcher, tJeorge 
Morrell, and Kpaphroditus Ran.som ; and the Chancellor, 
Elon Farnsworth. 

The appointed members were : Isaac E. Crary, Zina 
Pitcher, G. O. Whittemore, Lucius Lyon, John J. Adam, 
Robert McClelland, Samuel i:)enton, John Norvell. Henry 
R. Schoolcraft, Ross \Vilkin.s, Michael Hoffman, John F. 
Porter. Mr. Norvell and Mr. Wilkins had been inemljers of 
the old Board of Trustees. 




SI EVENS i. MASdN 



There was some public criticism because the 
Board contained so many " political men," and 
afterwards several clergymen were appointed 
to redress the balance. Considering the nature 
of the work to be done, the social condition of 
the state, and the character of the Board, it is 
not surprising that mistakes were made, and 
that still others were warded off only by the 
interposition of the Governor and the Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction. 

Three lines of activity lay immediately before 
the Board, the manageinent of the Univer- 

-'^ity fund, so far as this 

function had been com- 
mitted to it; the location 
of the site and the erec- 
tion of bm'Idings, and the 
organization of the Uni- 
versity and its branches. 
For the time the income 
from the land grant was 
small, and the hands of 
the Board would have 
been eft'ectuall)- tied if the 
Legislature had not come 
forward with the loan of 
$100,000, as has been al- 
ready explained. 

The selection of the 
site caused no difficulty, 
but not so much can be 
said of the buildings. 
The Regents were in- 
structed by the law to pro- 
cure the " best and most 
appropriate" plan for 
the building or buildings, which however they 
should not finally adopt until the Governor and 
Superintendent of Public Instruction had given 
it their approval. They employed an architect 
from New Haven to do the work, who accord- 
ing to Mr. Pierce drew a truly "magnificent 
design;" but unfortunately the completion of it 
at that da)' would, as the Superintendent said, 
involve an expenditure of half a million dol- 
lars, or twice the whole sum then realized 
from the land grant. The Board accepted the 
plan, and the Governor gave his approval, but 
the Superintendent, as he afterwards told the 
story, respectfully but decidedly refused his 



Chap, r] 



HISTORY OF THE UIVirERSITr 



31 



assent, urging that the plan would absorb so 
much of the fund as to cripple the University 
for all time to come, and that a University did 
not consist in buildings, but in the number and 
ability of its Professors, and in its other ap- 
pointments, as libraries, cabinets and works 
of art.' Thus checked, the Regents receded 
and adopted a much less ambitious and expen- 
sive plan. But that was the day of great ex- 
pectations as well as of crude ideas in Michigan, 
and the Superintendent called down upon his 
head a storm of denunciation. In Ann Arbor 
a public indignation meet- 
ing was talked about, but 
fortunately not held. The 
action of the Board be- 
comes still more indefen- 
sible when considered in 
connection with some of 
its later legislation. 

The plan finall}- adopted, 
if not altogether wise, was 
comparatively modest and 
inexpensive. It embraced 
si.x buildings, two dormi- 
tories, which were also to 
include class rooms, and 
four houses for Professors, 
all on the campus. The 
Professors' houses did not 
in the least prove to be 
a profitable investment, 
and, with the exception 
of the President's house, 
which has been exten- 
sively altered and rebuilt, were long ago 
devoted to other uses. The dormitories, orig- 
inally called "halls" and "Colleges," were 
afterwards turned into class rooms, chapel, 
etc., and in time became the two wings of 
University Hall. It now seems a little sur- 
prising that four years and more should ha\e 
been necessary to erect these buildings and 
furnish them for use. The reason is found 
in the financial history of the University, as 
related in the third chapter. 

Another matter in which the Board showed 
little financial or practical wisdom was in ex- 
pending some $10,000 for a scientific coUec- 

1 T/ie Michigan Teacher, Vol. IV. p. 169. 




ZIN.A PrrCHER 



tion and a library before it had put up a roof 
under which to shelter them. 

The first instruction furnished under the 
auspices of the University was given in the 
branches that the law directed the Regents 
to establish. These appendages were an in- 
heritance from the Catholepistemiad, and tlie\- 
excited deep interest and large expectations in 
the minds of the Legislature, the Regents and 
the people. Superintendent Pierce's original 
plan embraced a branch for every county, 
which, it was expected, would, in time, grow 
into a College. These 
branches are an inter- 
esting feature of the Uni- 
versit}' history, and a 
somewhat full account of 
them ma}' well be given. 
On June 21, 183S, the 
Board resoh'ed to estab- 
lish eight of these schools, 
as soon as convenient, 
and appropriated $8,000 
to defra\- the expense for 
the first \-ear, $500 of 
which was to be gi\-en to 
each school outright, and 
the rest to be distributed 
among them according to 
the average number of 
pupils in attendance. A 
part of the expense was 
to be paid b\- the commu- 
nities where the schools 
were established. A spe- 
cial agent was sent out to discover the most 
desirable places for planting them and to make 
necessary arrangements. At the end of the 
first )-ear the Regents reported that five 
branches had been established, enrolling 161 
students. " Wherever a branch had been es- 
tablished," they said, " it had not onl)- received 
the decided approbation and support of the 
inhabitants in its immediate vicinity, but it 
had continually gained in number of students 
from time to time." Still they felt the need of 
proceeding with " deliberation and caution." 

The total number of students enrolled in these 
schools, in any one year, does not appear to 
have much exceeded 400. Girls were not ad- 



32 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



{Chap. V 



mitted at first, but they afterwards numbered 
nearly one-half of the total attendance. There 
were two regular lines or courses of instruction, 
one in classics and one in English studies, and, 
as far as possible, the studies were made uni- 
form in the different branches. Two points 
were held steadily in view, one to prepare stu- 
dents for the Freshman class at Ann Arbor, 
and the other to prepare teachers for the com- 
mon schools. The tuition rates ranged from 
$\2 to ^19.50 a year. Much care was taken 
in the choice of Principals, most of them being 
clergymen ; and their salaries which ranged 
from $1,200 to $1,500 a year, were much larger 
than those paid to the Professors in the early 
years of the Universit)'. Nearly all the teachers 
were men, but there were a few women. It 
does not appear that normal instruction was 
given in these schools, or that any attention 
was paid to agriculture, as the law of 1838 
directed. 

In 1840 a select Committee of the Legislature 
reported that the branches afforded the best 
means yet devoted for preparing students for 
College ; they were the greatest excellence 
of the University ; and yet they afforded a 
peculiar point of exposure and attack. As 
soon as they were fully appreciated, every vil- 
lage would desire and feel itself entitled to 
one, and members would come to the Legis- 
lature pledged to use their efforts to get 
branches established in their immediate neigh- 
borhoods. Such universal importunity would 
at first cause perplexity and embarrassment to 
the Regents, and, since they would find it im- 
possible to yield to it in all cases, it would lead 
to efforts to depose or change the Regents, or 
break up the University. There were many 
who would hope to profit by despoiling the 
University of its lands and its funds, and it 
would not be difficult to get up a cry against 
it. To guard against these coming dangers, 
the Committee recommended that the Legisla- 
ture should entrust the management of the 
University more unreservedly to the hands of 
the Regents.' 

Superintendent Pierce, in his last report, 
contended stoutly for the branches. The 

' A System of Public Instruction and Primary School Law 
of Michigan. F. W. Shearman, p. 54. 



parent institution, he said, could not succeed 
without them, while they were equally impor- 
tant to the primary schools as a source for 
educated and competent teachers. Governor 
Barry also said about the same time : " Next to 
the common schools, the branches of the Uni- 
versity are destined to be of the greatest im- 
portance to the people of the state." 

There can be no doubt that, for some years, 
the people were much more interested in the 
branches than they were in the mother institu- 
tion. The branches brought education of the 
kind that many of them wanted near to their 
doors, while the University was slow in starting 
and was then comparatively difficult of access. 
Still the day of the branches was short. They 
were wrecked upon a rock that discerning men 
should have seen in the beginning. The Re- 
gents commanded but small financial resources, 
and they were soon compelled to choose be- 
tween starving the mother and starving the 
daughters. In 1842 they reported that to 
continue the branches on the plan origi- 
nally adopted would be impracticable without 
further resources, and that those at their com- 
mand would not be sufficient to continue them 
for more than a year or eighteen months at 
farthest. They therefore gave notice that they 
should reduce their appropriations. Once the 
doors of the University were set wide open, 
the Regents were compelled to pursue this 
course ; and as the localities where they had 
been planted did not come to their relief, the 
branches about 1846 began to die out, but died 
so gradually that it is not altogether easy to 
fi.x the date of their final disappearance.^ One 
or more attempts were made while they lasted 
to induce the Legislature to create a special 
fund for their support, but without success. 
Before the close of 1846 the Regents had ex- 
pended more than $35,000 on these schools. 

The branches were not cut off a moment too 
soon. Had they been continued according to 
the original plan, they would have bled the 
University to death. At the same time they 
were, while they lasted, a probable benefit to 
the University, and an unquestionable benefit 
to the people of the state. It is hard to see 

- A System of Public Instruction, etc. F. W. Shearman, 
p. 280. 



Chap. /'] 



HISTOIW OF THE UNIVERSITY 



33 



where the University could have recruited its 
early Freshman classes, small as thev were, 
without them. What is more, they prepared 
teachers for the common schools, augmented 
the educational interest of the state, and turned 
the attention of the people to the slowly grow- 
ing institution at Ann Arbor. Strongly as the 
people were at first attached to the branches, 
they )'ielded them without a struggle. They 
had, in fact, done their work, and the time 
had come for them to gi\'e way to more ef- 
ficient institutiiMis. C)n the ver}' page of his- 
tory where \vc last meet 
the branches we first 
meet the Union Schools. 
The public high schools 
were henceforth to be the 
" branches " of the Uni- 
versity. Still more, as 
early as 1850 men were 
beginning to see that the 
branches could not do the 
necessary work in fitting 
teachers for the public 
schools, and that a state 
normal school must be 
established.' 

At first the Regents 
expected to open the Uni- 
versity with commendable 
promptness. Accordingly 
they took steps at their 
early meetings to organize 
the instruction and to find 
Professors. They deter- george p, 

mined to appoint four 

Professors in the Academical Department, who 
should receive salaries of not less than $1,200 
nor more than $2,000 each, and one Professor 
in the Law Department, who should receive 
$2,000. The plans, if not commensurate with 
"the grand design," were still too large for 
their names. On July 17, 1837, the_\- elected 
Dr. Asa Gray Professor of Botany and Zoology, 

1 First and last brandies were organized at Monroe, 
Tecumseh, White Pigeon, Kalamazoo, Romeo, Niles, Pon- 
tiac and Detroit, all but the three last having departments 
for women or girls. Branches were also located to which the 
Regents did not contribute at Mackinaw, Jackson, Utica, 
Ypsilanti and Coldwater. A System of Public Instruction 
in Michigan, etc. Shearman, p. 312. 




and soon commissioned him to make a large 
purchase of books in Europe, which he was 
about to visit. Dr. Gra)' drew a salary from 
the Ireasiu')' a }-car and more, but never be- 
came an instructor at Ann Arbor. At an early 
meeting, too, the Regents elected Rev. Henry 
Colclazer, Librarian, four \-ears before they 
had any work for him to do, but ga\ e him 
no pa}'. But the Regents, soon becoming dis- 
illusioned, were compelled not only to postpone 
the organization of the University but also to 
cut down their first programme. 

At last the murniur- 
ings at their dela\-, which 
began to be heard in the 
state, appear to hax'c 
caused the Regents to 
hasten the time fir open- 
ing the Universit)- doors. 
At all ex'cnts, on Jul)- 22, 
1 84 1, the)' took steps to 
open them the ensuing 
fall, hi August the re- 
quirements for admission 
to the I'^reshman class 
were publishctl, and in 
September the work be- 
gan. Two Professors had 
been appointed, Rev. 
George P. Williams to the 
Chair of Mathematics and 
Natiu'al Philosoph)', and 
Re\'. Joseph Whiting to 
the Chair of Languages. 
WILLIAMS Professor Williams had 

been Principal of the Pon- 
tiac branch, and Professor Whiting of the Niles 
branch. Their salaries were fixed at $500 
annuall)' and a house on the Campus rent 
free. Only a Freshman class was organized, 
and this consisted at the first, not of thirty or 
more students as the Regents had at one time 
anticipated, but of si.x students. Such was 
the modest beginning. 

In 1 841 American Colleges were still rim- 
ning in the old groove. George Ticknor, after 
making a brave struggle to bring Harvard 
College somewhat into line with German Uni- 
versity ideas and practice, had resigned his 
Professorship in 1835, ha\'ing accomplished 



34 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



\_ckap. r 



little in the way of reform. Ex-President Jef- 
ferson had founded the University of Virginia 
on new lines in 1825, but that excellent insti- 
tution was at thi^ time practically unknown in 
the West. President Francis VVayland had not 
yet appeared as a College reformer. Nor was 
it until some years later that the degree of 
Bachelor of Science was given at the Lawrence 
Scientific School, Cambridge, the first instance 
of the kind in America. The Regents and 
Professors at Ann Arbor had therefore no 
choice but to follow the ancient College tra- 
dition. The new higher 
education was still in the 
future. The Regents be- 
gan with ordaining in- 
struction in Mathematics 
and the Latin and Greek 
languages, and then added 
other chairs as they be- 
came imperatively nect ^ 
sar_\'. The course of stuih 
will be given in a futiiu 
chapter. 

In 1839 Dr. Dougla-.s 
Houghton, the distin 
guished geologist, was 
elected ProfessorofChem- 
istry, Mineralogy and 
Geology: he contributed 
to the scientific collec- 
tions of the University, 
but never became a Uni- 
versity teacher. 

Rev. Edward Thomson, 
afterwards President of 

Ohio Wesleyan University, and a Bishop of 
the M. E. Church, was appointed Professor of 
Moral and Intellectual Philosophy in 1843, but 
he resigned in August 1844. This left the way 
open for the Rev. Andrew Ten Brook, after- 
wards both the Librarian and the Historian of 
the University. In 1842 Abram Sagcr, M.D., 
afterwards connected with the Department of 
Medicine and Surgery, was made Professor of 
Zoology and Botany. Two years later Silas 
H. Douglas, M.D., who was afterwards to 
create the Chemical Laboratory of the Uni- 
versity and gi\-e it so much reputation, ap- 
peared as an assistant to the Professor of 




■AXDREW 'JEN UROOK 



Chemistry. The next year Rev. Daniel D. 
Whedon, D.D., who arose to much distinction 
as a theologian and author in the M. E. 
Church, was elected to the Chair of Logic, 
Rhetoric and History ; and about the same 
time Rev. John H. Agnew, A.M., succeeded 
Professor Whiting, who had died, in the Chair 
of the Greek and Latin Languages. In 1846 
Louis Fasquelle, LL.D., who was desti'ned to 
confer much distinction upon the University, 
especially by his text-books, appeared as Pro- 
fessor of Modern Languages. At first only a 
single term of instruction 
was given in French, and 
never during this period 
more than two terms. It 
is significant also that in- 
struction in both the 
Spanish and Italian lan- 
guages was oftercd before 
instruction in the German 
language. At the end of 
the period. Rev. William S. 
Curtis became Professor 
of Moral and Intellectual 
Philosoph}- in the room of 
Mr. Ten Brook. The in- 
crease in the number of 
Professors was due to the 
IM'ogressive appearance 
(if the four regular College 
classes and the natural ex- 
pansion of the work. 

The early practice was 
fi\'e recitations a week, 
save on Saturda}', in lead- 
ing studies; the later practice, three. This is 
not taking account of exercises in translation, 
composition, and oral and written disputations. 
Public examinations were held at the close of 
each term, which were attended by the Board 
of Visitors appointed annually by the Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction and a com- 
mittee of the Regents. The reports of some 
of these committees contain descriptions of 
Commencement day that might well be copied 
as a good example of the good old-fashioned 
Commencement notice. Thus : 

" A gentleman, whose opinion is valuable, remarked 
that lie had rarely heard the exercises surpassed in 



Chap. /'] 



IIISTOR}- OF THE UNll ERSlTr 



35 



point of thought or composition at aii\ of thu t-astcni 
Colleges, although in those the CuninKiiicniciU exer- 
cises are by selected speakers, while in this case they 
were by all the members of the graduating class without 
distinction. This was probably the conviction of all 
present whose opportunity enabled them to make the 
comparison." ' 

Students were required to attend soine one 
of the village chiirclies, to be chosen b\- their 
parents. The character of the discipline is 
well shown by two or three paragraphs that 
appear under the heading "( 'i(>\ ernnieiil" in suc- 
cessive catalogues. In the go\'ci-nnient ol the in- 
stitution the Faculty ever 
keep it in mind that most 
of the students are of an 
age which renders some 
substitute for parental su- 
perintendence absolutely 
necessary. It is believed 
that no College in the 
country can secure public 
confidence without watch- 
ing over the morals of 
its students, and making 
strict propriety of con- 
duct, as well as diligent 
application to study, a 
condition of membership. 
Considering the govern- 
inent of the students as 
a substitute for the regu- 
lations of the home, the 
Faculty endeavor to bring 
it as near to the character 
of parental control as 
possible; the}' do not 

seek to attain this aim wholly or chiefly by- 
constraint and the dread of penalty, but by 
the influence of persuasion and kindness. Re- 
specting the perverse, whom nothing but the 
fear of penalty will influence, the Faculty 
consider themselves bound as standing in the 
place of parents or guardians ; first to see that 
the student is kindly and faithfully advised and 
admonislied, and that the parent is fully in- 
formed of any improper conduct in his son ; 
but secondly, if such correction prove insuffi- 
cient, to remove him, as his own best interests 

1 A System of riibtic Iiistriutioii. etc. V. \V. Shearman. 
p. 107. 




.■M'.RAM SACER 



and the wellaie of olln-r students recjuire, 
from the institution. .Such is the substance 
of these paragraphs. 

The religious atmosphere of the institution 
was the subject of much solicitude to the 
people of the state. As we have seen, nearly- 
all the Proiessors were clergymen. Moreover, 
the reports of the Board of Regents and of 
successive Boards of Visitors point to the pre- 
\alent interest in the subject. For example, 
the report of the Regents for 1842 shows that 
they were trying to steer between religious 
indifference on the one 
side and sectarianism on 
the other. Nothing but a 
Christian institution, they 
say, would satisfy the 
people of thestate. There 
is common ground enough 
now occupied by the 
N'ariotis religious bodies 
to furnish a basis for co- 
operation in an institution 
of learning, and to secure 
the presence of a religious 
influence, devoid of any 
sectarian forms and pecu- 
liarities, so essential, not 
only as an efficient belief, 
but also for the develop- 
ment of the most valuable 
traits of youthful charac- 
ter and the qualifications 
for future usefulness. 
The only- security- in the 
conduct of a collegiate 
institution intended to be the common prop- 
erty of the state, nitist be sought in the char- 
acter and principles of the men who are 
placed over it and held responsible for its 
administration. In all the Christian sects, 
n-ien of expanded views, liberal spirit, and en- 
lightened mind, devoid of the spirit of big- 
otry, could be selected and deputed for such 
a work. The Board itself, while consisting 
of members from almost, if not all, the 
principal Christian sects in the state, had 
never been disturbed in its deliberations or 
debates, or any of its official acts, by- the 
expression or the existence of jealousy- or 



36 



UNJ/'ERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



IChap. V 



suspicion growing out of sectarian prejudice 
and attachments.' 

Tile doors of the mother institution had 
no sooner iaeen set open than there began 
to be signs, fortunately false signs, that they 
must be closed again. In 1843 the Regents 
reported that a deep and thickening gloom 
had settled around the affairs of the Univer- 
sit\' ; thc\- had been more embarrassed and 
perplexed in regard to its moneyed concerns 
than they had contemplatctl ; the\- had felt 
constrained to make known the facts to the 
Professors of the Univer- 
sity and the principals of 
the branches, in order 
that they might seek 
other spheres of useful- 
ness, and had been assured 
by them that they were 
willing to endure priva- 
tions and hardships so 
long as there were hope 
of ultimate success. The 
finances were, indeed, in 
a sad state. The over- 
due interest on lands 
sold amounted to near!}' 
$60,000, and the Legis- 
lature had extended the 
time for its payment ; the 
income from the fund was 
small, and often paid in 
depreciated state scrip ; 
the interest on the state 
loan to the Board con- 
sumed two-thirds of the 

^ A System of Public Iiistniilion, etc 
pp. 86-S7. 

"On the first organization of the Board of Regents, it 
included no clerical members. For this reason the Univer- 
sity, then in futitro, was stigmatized as an ' infidel affair,' 
which it was predicted would fail to perform the fnnctions 
for which it had been endowed. This prediction was uttered 
with much confidence in certain quarters, and an Act for the 
Incorporation of a Sectarian College was urged through the 
Legislature, partly by the force of an appeal to the religious 
feeling of the members, based on this accusation. Partly 
with a view to disarm that kind of opposition, and more 
especially because they believed it to be a duty irrespective 
of it, the Board was careful to introduce the elements of 
religion into the branches, which they did by the appointment 
of clergymen of the different denominations as Principals 
thereof." — Memoir Adopted by the Board of A'egeitts, 1852. 
A System of Public Instruction, etc., p. 313. 



Sn..AS H. DOUGL.AS 



F. W. Shearman. 



total income, and the branches were a con- 
stant drain. The expenses for the ensuing 
year were estimated at $8,700, of which $6,150 
was interest and $2,550 salaries and contingent 
expenses. The Professors' salaries were rated 
at the ludicrous figure of $1,260. The Board 
appealed loudly to the Legislature for help ; 
not indeed for an appropriation from the 
treasur}-, all the\' desired was the necessary 
power to accomplish their trust and measures, 
to render the revenue of the University regu- 
larly available.^ Btit the Legislature did noth- 
ing, and the next year 
the Regents renewed their 
plaint. The unavoidable 
expenses of the Univer- 
sit)' and branches for the 
ensuing year, they esti- 
mated at $2,922.55. The 
funds had suffered se- 
verely from bank failures. 
Still the Regents repelled 
the idea of closing the 
doors. The condition of 
the institution, both as to 
its reputation and num- 
bers, had exceeded the 
expectations of the most 
sanguine, and it was con- 
fidently believed that it 
would afford the means 
of a thorough education 
to the sons of Michigan 
and other states who 
might seek its advantages. 
If once closed, even for the 
shortest period, they said, years must elapse 
before it could regain the confidence and pros- 
perity it now possessed. Rather than close 
the University, they would lop off the branches. 
So they appealed once more to the Legislature 
for help, recommending such changes in the 
organic law as would allow them to assess 
reasonable tuition fees upon the students. To 
increase the gloom, just at this time some 
citizens of Berrien county petitioned the Legis- 
lature to close up the University and transfer 
its property to the state common school fund. 




- A System of Public Instruction, etc. 
p. 109. 



F. W. Sliearman. 



Chap. /'] 



HISTORY OF THE UNJFERSJT2' 



37 



The University, they said, was of little or no 
benefit to the state or the people.' 

The nadi'- had now been reached, and the 
upward movement bet^an. The Les^islature 
passed the relief measures mentionctl in the 
third chapter which eased the financial situation. 
Accordingly the Regents, in 1845, held a more 
cheerful tone than in the two prc\-ious \-cars. 
The fears once entertained ha\e gi\en j^lace to 
sanguine hopes, and they utter the determina- 
tion to make the Unixersity what its ample 
resources are abundantly capable of making 
it, an ornament as well as a blessing to the 
state. The next }-ear their language is simi- 
larl)- congratulator}-. The worst had now been 
passed.^ 

The Act t)f June 21, 1S37, directed the Board 
of Regents to elect a Chancellor of the Univer- 
sity, and to prescribe his duties. This subject 
was often before the Board, but no Chancellor 
was e\-er appointed. For one thing, the Re- 
gents had no money with which to pay him, 
and no very clear ideas concerning his duties. 
George Dufiield, D.D., Chairman of the Board 
of Visitors in 1849, and author of its report, 
went into a learned philological and historical 
argument to show that the University Chan- 
cellors of ()xf(irtl and Cambridge had no 
analogues in American Colleges. It was a 
title whoU}' unsuited to democratic simplicity. 
Such an officer would either be a perfect 
sinecure or excite jealousies and pro\-e a 
cumbrous clog in the operations of the Uni- 
versit}'. "We cordially approve of the polic\' 
and views of the Board, therefore, in abstain- 
ing from the ap[iointment of a Chancellor." ■' 
The method of conducting the University was 
the one empIo_\-ed at the German Universities. 
The Professors regularly engaged in the busi- 
ness of instruction, acted as President or 
Principal for the term of one year, according 
to an established rule of rotation, performing 
all the duties that were commonly discharged 
by the President of a College. This plan 
the visitors commended, and urged that the 
monarchical feature of a Chancellor should be 

' A Systc-m of Public Instruction, etc. F. W. Shearman. 
p. 120. 

- IbiJ. p. 126. 
3 IbiJ. p. 1S7. 



struck out of the Organic Law.' Still this plan 
worked but indifferently well. There was a 
sad want of strong central authorit\-. l-'urther- 
more, the plan that the Regents, owing to 
fear of offending the religious scruples of the 
churches, consistcntl)' followed of putting 
clergymen representing the leading religious 
denominations in the Professors' chairs not 
unnaturally led to some sectarian feeling within 
the Faculty, and to the sharpening of dissen- 
sions tliat originated in other causes. One of 
these causes, it may be observed, was the dis- 
tribution of the e.Ktra work that, in the embar- 
rassed state of the treasur\', the Professors 
were called upon to perform. 

The }-ears 1S37-1S50 disclosed two sources 
of serious weakness in the organization and 
working of the University. One was in the 
Board of Regents; the other in the Faculty. 
Both topics will come before us in the next 
chapter; but it becomes necessar\- here to deal 
briefly with the most serious difficulty that taxed 
the wisdom of the Faculty in this period. 

The following rule appears to ha\'e been in 
force from the time that the Uni\'ersity opened 
her doors, as a part of tlie unwritten law, anil 
was finally printed in 1847. " No student shall 
be or become a member of an}- societ)- con- 
nected with the Universit}' wliich has not first 
submitted its Constitution to the h'acult}- and 
received their approval." Originally this rule 
had reference only to such organizations as 
literary societies, but it was ultimately pressed 
into another ser\-ice. In the spring of 1846 it 
was accidentally discovered that Cha[)ters of 
tw-o Greek Letter fraternities had been estab- 
lished about a year before and were in fiiU 
operation. About the same time some students 
applied to the Faculty for permission to organ- 
ize a third fraternity, and, when the Faculty 
could not give the matter immediate attention, 
proceeded to effect such an organization without 
regard to the views of that bod\-. Such con- 
duct was held to be in derogation of the rule 
in regard to societies. It may well be doubted 
whether the Faculty, left to itself, could have 
successfully managed the resulting controver.s}-, 

* See the memoir prepared by Dr. Zina Pitcher and 
adopted by the Board of Regents in 1851. A System of 
Public Inslniction, etc. F. W. Shearman, pp. 312-326. 



38 



UNIFERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



[Ch„p. r 



or rather have prevented it ; but with the Board 
of Regents, the citizens of Ann Arbor, the 
general pubhc, the Board of Visitors, the secret 
society interest in the country, and the Legis- 
lature to help it, that task was a hopeless one 
from the beginning. 

The Faculty concluded to recognize the 
existing Chapters for the time, but to prevent 
their being recruited in the future, and pro- 
ceeded to exact from students pledges looking 
to the second of these ends. The Faculty con- 
fidently expected that thus the three chapters 
would quietly die out in two or three years and 
that things would go on as before. Vain ex- 
pectation ! The members of the societies went 
on recruiting their numbers, clandestinely as 
before, although considerable time elapsed 
before that fact was definitely known. When 
the disclosure came, the Faculty stood firmly 
b\- its earlier decision, and expelled a number 
of students from the University, of whom some 
obtained admission to other Colleges and some 
abandoned College studies forever. Unfortu- 
nately, but perhaps not unnaturally, the subject 
was brought to the attention of the Legislature ; 
and it was not without difficulty that legislation 
relative to the subject was prevented. Unfor- 
tunately, too, the Regents were unable to render 
the Faculty any real assistance, because they 
were divided among themselves. Nor was the 
Faculty itself firmly united at last, but tended 
to divide into two parties. Finall)- a iiiodus 
vivendi wss reached, in October 1850. It had 
immediate reference to only one fraternity, but 
it was soon made applicable to the others. While 
it was in progress, the Faculty called upon distin- 
guished College Presidents at the East for their 
views relative to the general secret society 
question, and received in reply a chorus of 
adverse opinions. These opinions were duly 
published in a report of the Faculty to the 
Regents, covering, from their point of view, 
the history of the case. For the time, this 
controversy materially weakened the Univer- 
sity, fomenting dissension among students and 
Professors within, and friends of the institution 
without.' It contributed, no doubt, to promote 

1 The foregoing account of the secret society contest is 
drawn from Ten Brook, pp. 191-196, 402-404, and Miss Far- 
rand, pp. 73-82. 



the important reforms that will be considered 
in the next chapter. 

The close of this period had been nearly 
reached before steps were taken to establish 
the second of the three departments that the 
Organic Act contemplated. Instruction in med- 
icine was first given in the autumn term of 
1850-1851. The Department of IVIedicine and 
Surgery will receive treatment in another chap- 
ter, but the fact should be here recognized that 
the department immediately drew to itself a 
large number of students. The enrolment, the 
very first }'ear, exceeded anything that the 
older department had yet seen. 

How small the scale of work in those days 
was, is well shown by the aggregate expendi- 
tures for the different years : 1841-42, $10,142.- 
96; 1842-43, $2,681.76; 1843-44, $3,109.56; 
1844-45, $5,177.77; 1845-46, $7,075.50; 1846- 
47, $18,810.78; 1847-48, $9,816.62; 1848-49, 
$10,693.24; 1849-50, $19,683.85; 1850-51, 
$15,024.22. 

The number of students increased but slowly. 
The following table will show the total number 
in attendance for the years named : 



Year. 


.Seniors. 


Juniors. 


Sopbo- 


Freslnnen, 


■r„t.,i. 


1843-44 . . 




II 


19 


23 


53 


1844-45 • • 


10 


18 


14 


I I 


53 


1S45-46 . . 


19 


14 


17 


20 


70 


1846-47 • • 


12 


18 


3- 


I I 


73 


1S47-48 . . 


17 


30 


'5 


27 


89 


184S-49 ■ • 


24 


14 


23 


16 


77 


1S49-50 . . 


12 


19 


24 


17 


72 


1850-51 . . 


10 


16 


14 


24 


64 


1S5I-52 . . 


10 


12 


-5 


10 


57 



The first graduating class left the University 
in 1845, eleven in number. At the close of the 
period 1852, lOi students had been graduated. 

All things considered, these results were 
gratifying. Michigan counted but 212,267 
inhabitants in 1840, and but 397,654 in 1850. 
It is true that a number of other states sent 
a few students, Ohio leading the way. The 
maximimi number of foreign students was 
reached in 1851, when it was seventeen in 
a total of 64. The above table takes no 
account of the preparatory school, which 
was first taught b\' the University Faculty, 



Chap. /7] 



FIISTORT OF THE UN I VERS ITT 



39 



but afterwards by its own proper teachers, there were no commons. The existence of 
It was discontinued in 1848. Most of the two literary societies is duly announced in 
students roomed in the College buildings, but 1849. 



CHAPTER VI 
The New Coxstitutkix and Second Organic Act of the University 



THE Regents of the University had 
hardly entered upon their work when 
they began to discover that the Or- 
ganic Act from which they derived their powers 
had serious defects. Thc_\- discovered, for ex- 
ample, that it was marked by the one radical 
defect of undul}' limiting their powers, or of 
making them too dependent upon the Legis- 
lature. I'^u'thermore, the Act gave some pow- 
ers to the Superintendent of Public Instruction 
that were at least questionable. One or two 
particulars may be mentioned. The Act did 
nut gi\'e the Regents the management of the 
University fund, but onl}^ of the income from 
it, and it associated the Superintendent with 
them in establishing such branches as the 
Legislature itself from time to time should au- 
thorize. Conviction as to these defects in the 
law deepened as difificulties multiplied. Nor 
was this conviction by any means confined to 
the members of the Board ; for instance, the 
Committee that the Legislature appointed in 
1840 to investigate the affairs of the Univer- 
sity, handled the subject in this vigorous 
fashion: "That the Legislature should at- 
tempt in reference to the University to put 
the whole subject into the hands of com- 
petent men, leaving them with undivided re- 
sponsibility on their shoulders, and then the 
Legislature should not meddle with it again 
except to protect as guardians, not to de- 
stroy as capricious despots. The duties of 
the Regents, in their turn, would be mosth' 
to provide the means and apparatus and the 
like, and fill the various Faculties with able 
men, and throw- the undivided responsibil- 
ity of carrying on the work of education on 
them. The further duties of the Regents 
were onl_\' to watch and defend, and not to 
interfere with the growth of what thc\- had 



planted. A Board of experienced Regents 
could manage the funds and machinery of the 
University better than any Legislature ; and the 
Faculty could manage the business of educa- 
tion — the interior of a College — better than 
any Regents." ' 

The Regents brought the subject to the at- 
tention of the Legislature more than once but 
without securing the desired action. Thus 
in 1 841, responding to a call for its views 
from that quarter, the Board said : " The first 
change in the Organic Law deemed essential 
was the proper restriction of rcsponsibilit)- 
to the Board of Regents, and the second 
change related to the trust and management 
of the funds of the University. Lender the 
existing law it was impossible for the Board to 
adapt their measures to their means, to pro- 
ject or execute such plans as the interests of 
education, the wants of the state, and the 
resources of the University demanded. The 
duties of the Superintendent in connection 
with the LTniversity were unnecessary and 
onerous."" But the Legislature did nothing 
in the premises. 

Time, however, was working a slow cure. 
The opinion was becoming common, if not 
general, throughout the state that the Univer- 
sity would never take its proper place in the 
educational world unless there should be im- 
portant changes made in its constitution. Still 
more, the opinion was getting abroad that 
a firmer administration was needed in the 
University itself. The immediate result was 
that W'hen the second constitutional conven- 
tion convened in 1850, the titne was found 
to be ripe for helpful innovation. Nor 

' A System of Public Instruition, etc. of Michigan. F. \V. 
.Shearman, p. 54. 
- Ibid. p. 66. 



4° 



UNlJ'ERSITr OF MICHIGAN 



\_ch,ip. n 



was this all ; the comniun school system 
was not working satisfactoril}' in all respects 
and there was a disposition to make some 
changes. 

The debates in the convention as reported 
show that the whole subject of educational 
organization, so far as it atiected the State of 
Michigan, was thoroughly discussed. Such 
questions as the proper size of a Board of 
Regents, the mode of selecting its members, 
and its powers, received due attention. When 
the convention had finished its work it was 
found that the new educational article differed 
in important features from the old one. The 
"Prussian ideas" were all retained, and an 
organization was provided for that would make 
them more effective than they had ever been. 
Only the provisions that affected the Univer- 
sity call for attention in this place beyond a 
single remark. 

" Sec. 6. There shall be elected in each judicial cir- 
cuit, at the time of the elecUoii of the Judge of such cir- 
cuit, a Regent of the University, whose term of otKce 
shall be the same as that of such Judge. The Regents 
thus elected shall constitute the Board of Regents of the 
University of Michigan. 

"Sec. 7. The Regents of the University, and tlieir 
successors in office, shall continue to constitute the 
body-corporate known by the name and title of ' The 
Regents of the University of Michigan.' 

" Sec. 8. The Regents of the University shall, at 
their first annual meeting, or as soon thereafter as may 
be, elect a President of the University, who shall be ex- 
officio a member of their Board, with the privilege of 
speaking, but not of voting. He shall preside at the 
meetings of the Regents, and be the principal executive 
officer of the University. The Board of Regents shall 
liave the general supervision of the University, and the 
direction and control of all expenditures from the Uni- 
versity interest-fund." 

The new sections gave the University of 
Michigan a unique standing among State Uni- 
versities. They emancipated the institution 
from legislative control so far as that object 
can be affected. The Regents are not merely 
a body corporate, the creature of municipal 
law, but a constituent part of the state gov- 
ernment, co-ordinate within its sphere with the 
legislative, the executive, and the judiciary of 
the state. It cannot be doubted that the 
independent position of the institution has 
had much to do with its growth and prosper- 



ity. In fact, its larger growth may be dated 
from the time when the new sections began 
to take effect. The Regents have been able 
to ward off legislative interferences that would 
have been injudicious and harmful. In several 
cases that have been brought to a test the 
Supreme Court has firmly maintained the 
jurisdiction of the University. The Legisla- 
ture holds the public purse ; it makes or 
refuses appropriations for the University, as 
it pleases ; but its action carries no mandate 
to the Regents, except that if they receive and 
use the money given, they must use it for the 
purpose specified. The income of the trust 
fund as well as all admission fees and tuition 
charges are within their absolute control. 
What is more, the selection of the Regents 
seems to be as far removed from political 
strife and contention as, in such a case, it is 
possible to place it. 

Particular attention ma}' be drawn to the 
eighth section. No matter how well suited 
the rectorial plan of government might be to 
the Universities of German)-, it was not adapted 
to a western American College. There had 
been at Ann Arbor no real centre of power 
and responsibility. The conviction that a 
change was needed had become so strong 
that the convention was luiwilling to leave the 
appointment of a President to the discretion 
of the Regents, and so made it imperative. 
They should appoint one at their first annual 
meeting, or as soon thereafter as might be, 
who should be ex officio a member of the body 
and its President, as well as the principal 
executive officer of the University. This sec- 
tion gave universal satisfaction. The next 
ensuing Board of Visitors, in its Report, ex- 
pressed much pleasure in thinking that one 
of the important wants of the University was 
at length to be supplied.^ 

It was now necessary for the Legislature to 
adapt the Organic Act of the University to the 
new constitutional provisions. Remodelled, 
the Act, which was approved April 8, 185 1, 
is much less elaborate and far more general 
in its provisions than it had been before. The 
difference is seen to best advantage in the two 

' A System of Public Instruction, etc. F. W. Shearman. 
p. 276. 



Chap. I'll] 



IllSTOlW OF THE UNirERSlTT 



41 



sections that prescribe the internal organiza- " i- A Department of Literature, Science, and the 

tion of the University. Instead of the minute ^'''^• 

., r r, 1 .1 r 11 • "2. A Department of Law. 

detail of 1837, we now have the following gen- .. ^ ^ Department of Medicine. 

oral propositions: u^_ Siit-l^ other departments may be added as the 

"Sec. 8. The L'niversity shall consist of at least Regents shall deem necessary, and the state of the 

three departments. University fund shall allow." 



CHAPTER VII 



President Taitan's Administration 



THF^ new Board of Regents did not 
find the duty of electing a President 
of the Universit}' one altogether easy 
to perform. The most active of the mem- 
bers in advancing that end was Charles H. 
Palmer, the Corresponding Secretary, who not 
only carried on an extensive correspondence 
relative to the matter, but also visited the East, 
calling upon numerous men who, he thought, 
could advance his mission, such as Bishop 
Potter of Pennsylvania, President Nott of Union 
College, George Bancroft, and still others. He 
returned to Michigan to urge the election of Dr. 
H. P. Tappan, whom Mr. Bancroft had strongly 
recommended to him. By a strenuous and wise 
advocacy of the man of his choice, he succeeded 
in the end, but not until Dr. Henry Barnard, of 
Connecticut, who had come into marked promi- 
nence as an educator, had first been elected 
and had declined. The long and, in some re- 
spects, bitter contest ended in Dr. Tappan's 
unanimous election. He at once accepted the 
office. Most fortunately, tho.se members of the 
Board who had been his strongest opponents 
came to be his strongest friends. 

Henry Philip Tappan, born at Rhinebeck, 
on the Hudson, the year that the Territor}' of 
Michigan was established, on his father's side 
was of Huguenot descent, and on his mother's 
side belonged to the Dutch family of De Witt. 
He took his Bachelor's degree at Union Col- 
lege, New York, in 1825. It is said that he 
was one of three students whom Dr. Nott, 
easily the first College President of the country 
in his time, regarded with peculiar affection 
and pride. President Francis Wayland and 
Bishop Potter of Penns}-lvania, being the other 



two ; " three men so marked in character, and 
inheriting so man\' traits in comiiKin from their 
intellectual parent," said Dr. Frieze, " that we 
might liken them to Nestor with his triple 
brood of heroic sons." ^ Young Tappan now 
studied theology three years, and then entered 
the ministry of the Congregational Church at 
the age of twent}'-three. Compelled to gi\e 
up pastoral work b\- an affection of the throat, 
he entered the new University of the City of 
New York as Professor of Moral and Mental 
Philosophy, and from this time on until his final 
retirement from active service, devoted himself 
principally to education, as a practical teacher 
and a serious student of the subject. After 
a few years he resigned his Professorship, and 
then devoted himself to the preparation of his 
philosophical treatises and to the charge of a 
seminar}' for young ladies. His works on the 
Will which appeared in 1840 and 1841, and his 
System of Logic, 1844, made a definite impres- 
sion upon the philosophic mind of Europe.^ 
He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity 
from his alma mater in 1845, and that of 
Doctor of Laws from Columbia College in 
1854, while at a later date he was elected 

' A Memorial Discoursf on the Life and Services of Rev. 
Henry Philip Tappan, DD., LL.D. Professor Henry S. 
Frieze, LL.D. Published by the University, 1SS2. The 
personal sketch of President Tappan given above is drawn 
from this admirable discourse, as well as much other matter 
in this chapter. 

- Dr. Tappan's books : The Doctrine of the Will, deter- 
mined by an Appeal to Consciousness. New York, 1S40. 

The Doctrine of the Will applied to .Moral Airency and Re- 
sponsibility. New York, 1S41. 

Elements of Logic. New York, 1S44; new ed., 1S56. 

University Education. New York, 1S51. 

A Step from the New World to the Old and back again. 2 
vols. New York, 1852. 



42 



UNU'ERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



\_Ch.ip. Ill 



a corrcspuiiding nienibcr ot the Institute of 
France. 

Dr. Tappan earl)- began to form what were 
then considered adv^anced views on the subject 
of education, especially higher education in the 
United States, and these \'ie\vs wider reading 
and reflection tended both to expand and to 
strengthen. They took on a final form during 
an extended x'isit that he made to Europe, and 
were published in 1 85 1 in a book entitled 
" University Educa- 
tion," which was 
mere!}' an exposi- 
tion of the German 
system. Returning 
home in 185 J, he 
was solicited to re- 
sume his old chair 
in the Uni\-ersity of 
the City of New 
York, but accepted 
rather the Presi- 
dency of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, 
as already related. 
He was now fort}-- 
seven years old, in 
the fulness of his 
pow ers ; a man of 
commanding figure 
and personality, of 
great force of charac- 
ter, of wide reading 
and deep reflection, 
of ripe experience, 
and of a noble elo- 



HENRY p. TAPP.AN 



quence. 

It is easy to see why the Regents of the 
University should have desired to obtain such 
a man ftir their first President, when the\' came 
to know him; but why shoukl he have been 
led to accept their appointment? The answer 
to this question is furnished by his ideal of a 
system of public instruction, taken in connec- 
tion with the system that the State of Michigan 
had now for some years been slowly working 
out. " He desired to take part in the creation 
of an American University deserving of the 
name; " and, in his " examination of this sub- 
ject he had become satisfied that certain con- 



ditions were essential which could be best 
fulfilled in a new and rising commonwealth," 
one of these conditions being the conviction 
that "a Universit)-, in the proper sense, could 
be built up onl)' as an inseparable part, and a 
li\'ing member, of a system of public instruc- 
tion." Right or wrong, he saw no prospect of 
his ideal being realized in the Eastern States, 
since there the whole educational development 
pointed in another direction ; right or \\rong, 
he belie\'ed that it 
could be realized in 
Michigan under the 
conditions existing. 
It might be true 
that the primary 
schools that had 
been established 
were none of the 
best, and that the 
secondary schools 
were both few in 
number and unde- 
\-eloped in character, 
as it was certainly 
true that the so- 
called University 
was only an old- 
fashioned College; 
but the Prussian 
ideas that he so 
much admired were 
incorporated in the 
fundamental law of 
the state, and he 
beliex'ed that the 
system could be 
de\'eloped. Dr. Tappan believed in his ideas, 
believed in the state, believed in himself. As 
he said in a public address soon after coming 
to Ann Arbor : 

'■ A young, vigorous, free, enlightened and mag- 
nanimous people had h^iil the foundations of a 
State University: they were aiming to open for them- 
selves one of the great fountains of civilization, of 
culture, of refinement, of true national grandeur and 
prosperity. While levelling the forests and turning 
up the furrows of the virgin soil to the sunlight, they 
would enter upon the race of knowledge, and beau- 
tify and refine their new home with learning and tlie 
liberal arts." 




cb.ip. rii] 



HISTORr OF THE UN I VERS ITT 



43 



" It was tliL charm of tliis liiL;h prcmiisc 
and expectation," lie saitl, that drew liim to 
Michigan. 

This personal sketch of Dr. Tappan will not 
be thought too long, when it is remembered 
that he, more than any other man, was the 
founder of the University of Michigan. Called 
to his high office August 12, 1852, lie came to 
Ann Arbor with his famil}' in October, entered 
at once upon his work, and delivered his in- 
augural address in December following. He 
brought with him a policy that, in its essential 
features, he never found it necessary to change, 
and to which he firm!}' adhered throughout his 
administration. This polic}- can best be de- 
scribed in an historical sketch of what he pro- 
posed, attempted and accomplished. 

The grand object that he held in \ iew 
throughout was the de\elopmeiit of the insti- 
tution in Ann Arbor, with its two departments, 
into a real Uni\-ersit}' ; " a Uni\ersity worth}- of 
the name," he saiti, " with a capacity adecpiate 
to our wants, receiving a de\-elopnieiit com- 
mensurate with the growth of all things around 
us, doing a work which shall be heartil}' ac- 
knowledgetl b\- the present generation, antl 
reaching with increasing power through the 
generations to come." The following para- 
graphs, which reappeared regularl}', with some 
modifications, in the annual catalogues until 
he had left the institution, were indubitably 
from his pen, and they well present his loft)- 
ideal : 

'• liut the Regents .ind Faculty cannot forget that a 
system of public instruction can never be complete 
without the highest form of education, any more than 
without that primary education which is the natural and 
necessary introduction tn the whole. The undergradu- 
ate course, after all that can be done to perfect it, is 
still limited to a certain term of years, and, necessarih-. 
embraces only a limited range of studies. After this 
must come professional studies, and those more ex- 
tended studies in science, literature and the arts, which 
alone can lead to profound and finished scholarship. A 
system of education established on the Prussian princi- 
ples of education cannot discard that which forms tlie 
culinination of the whole. An institution cannot deserve 
the name of a University which does not aim, in all tiie 
material of learning, in the Professorships which it es- 
tablishes, and in the whole scope of its provisions, to 
make it possible for every student to study what he 
pleases and to any extent he pleases. Nor can it be 
regarded as consistent with the spirit of a free country 



to deny to its citizens the possibilities of the liighest 
knowledge. 

•■ It is proposed, therefore, at as early a day as jirai ii- 
cable, to open courses of lectures for those who have 
graduated at this or otiier institutions, and for those 
who in other ways have made such preparation as may 
enable them to attend upon them with advantage. 
These lectures, in accordance with the educational 
systems of Germany and France, will form the proper 
development of the University, in distinction from the 
College or Gymnasium now in operation. 

•' Such a scheme will require the erection of an ob- 
servatory, a large increase of our library and our philo- 
sophical apparatus, and additional Professors. A great 
work, it will require great means ; but when once accom- 
plished, it will constitute the glory of our state and give 
us an indisputalilu pre-eminence." 

These paragraphs show how powerfulh- Dr. 
Tappan's imagination had been impressed b\- 
the German educational system, and by the 
possibilit}- of reproducing it in its essential 
features in Michigan. He e\'en saw a Prussian 
Minister of Kducation in the State Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, antl inci[)ient 
g_\'mnasia in the nascent imion schools. 

In accordance with the promise, cmu'ses of 
graduate lectiux'S were at once annotmced, 
and were repeated from year to )'ear. The 
wcTrd " lecture," however, was far more co.m- 
111011 in the catalogue than the lecture itself 
was in the class room. In fact, little came of 
this attempt to anticipate the futinx- ; neither 
the Uni\-ersity nor its constituenc)' was _\-et 
read}' for real University work. Still the 
histor}' of graduate studies dates from the 
earl}' }'ears of this administration. 

Previous to Dr. Tappan's arriwil on the 
scene, the Department of Literature, .Science 
and the Arts had been simph' a College of the 
traditionary pattern. His Universit}- ideal in- 
\ol\-cd the transference of the teaching done 
in this College to secondary or gymnasial 
schools, scattered throughout the state. But 
this could not be done at once ; to attempt 
it would be to destro}^ the institution ; so, for 
the time at least, it was an undeniable necessit}', 
not only to retain this department, but also 
to expand and strengthen it. He said in his 
inaugural address : 

■' We are a University Faculty giving instruction in 
a College or gymnasium. Our first object will be to 
perfect this gymnasium. To this end we propose a 



44 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



{_Chap. Vll 



scientific course parallel to the classical course. There 
will be comprised in it, besides other branches, Civil 
Engineering, Astronomy with the use of an Observatory, 
and the application of Chemistry and other sciences 
to agriculture and the industrial arts generally. The 
entire course will run through four years, in which the 
students will be distributed into four classes, similarly 
to the classical course. Students who pursue the full 
scientific course we shall graduate as Bachelors of 
Science. In addition to this we sliall allow students to 
select special courses, and give them at their departure 
certificates of their proficiency." 

Accordingly, the next catalogue annoitnced 
such a course. President Tappan's policy in 
this matter, it has been pointed out, differed 
in one important particular from that pursued 
at some older seats of learning.' At Cam- 
bridge and New Haven, the new scientific 
course was organized in a separate school, 
detached from the College of Arts and parallel 
with it; at Ann Arbor, it was introduced into 
the College and made an integral part of it. 
The advantages claimed for the Michigan plan 
are that it binds the courses together in har- 
monious relation, and prevents the unnecessary 
duplication of books, apparatus, professors, 
and other agencies of instruction. 

The fact is the Legislature had taken one 
step in the direction of freedom of study be- 
fore Dr. Tappan's arrival. In the Reorgani- 
zation Act of 1 85 1 it directed the Regents to 
provide a course or courses of study in the 
University for students who did not wish to 
pursue the usual Collegiate Course embracing 
the Ancient Languages, permitting their ad- 
mission without examination in such languages, 
and granting to them such certificates on the 
completion of their course or courses as might 
be deemed appropriate. This provision may 
be considered as a sort of prelude to the Scien- 
tific Course, but its chief significance is that it 
opened the doors of the University to si)ecial 
students, a class that has played a not imim- 
portant part in the University life. Since that 
time the classes have been opened to such 
persons as might choose to enter them, not 
candidates for degrees, provided they had 
what were deemed suitable qualifications of 
age and preparation. The intervention of the 

' Historical Sketch of the University of Michigan. Charles 
Kendall Adams. Published by the University, 1S76. 



Legislature in the matter shows how the mod- 
ern spirit was b^iginning to work among men. 

But more was done than simply to institute 
a scientific course of study and to provide 
scientific teaching. Means were taken at once 
to provide other necessary facilities. The Ob- 
servatory and Chemical Laboratory were built 
and dedicated to their appropriate uses. The 
history of both these invaluable contributions 
to the resources of the University will be pre- 
sented in another chapter. 

Elective courses led e\'entually to elective 
studies within the course. Such studies were 
first announced in the year 1855-1856, but 
were strictly limited to the Senior year. There 
were still other innovations in the old regime, 
which will be described in the chapter on 
Stutlics and Degrees. Among other things, 
it was announced that the degree of Master 
of Arts would no longer be given in course ; 
but this change was not finally effected till 
1878. 

In 1855 a course in Civil Engineering was 
organized in connection with Physics, to be 
crowned with the degree of Civil Engineer, 
and in 1861 a Chair in Military Engineering 
was established. In fact, under the influence 
of the spirit generated b\- the Ci\il War the 
question of founding a full fledged military 
school was considered, and seems to have 
been answered in the negative only because 
the Regents were not in the possession of 
funds with which to accomplish such an 
undertaking. 

The President ahvays held that, in the end, 
there must be one standard of qualifications 
for admission to all the departments, academi- 
cal and professional ; until this was accom- 
plished, inferior education must be expected in 
the professional schools, while the complete 
unity of the University would not be attained, 
and a high standard in the Collegiate Depart- 
ment would be menaced. But under the 
conditions existing in Michigan, and, indeed, 
throughout the country, this rtile was at the 
time incapable of enforcement, and no effort 
was made to enforce it. 

Again, the cardinal fact that the University 
was an integral part of the state school system 
of public instruction was kept steadily in view. 



Chap, ril^ 



IIISTORT OF THE UNIFERSITT 



45 



The reciprocal relation of the [primary scIkhiIs, 
the secondary schools, and the Uni\crsity, their 
common dependence upon the state, and the 
dependence of the state upon them, were 
profoundl)' appreciated. " I propose then, 
generall)' that _\-ou follow out the pi'inciples 
you ha\'e adopted, and perfect ni.uifully ymu' 
S)-stem of education, according to these prin- 
ciples," are words that the President once 
addressed to the Board of Regents. His own 
instruction at the University, and his freiptent 
public addresses in different parts of the state, 
ga\'e to the " Prussi.in 
ideas" a new strength 
and solidity. 

The accomplishment of 
the great ends now set 
forth demanded wistlom 
and courage in the choice 
of Professors. Hitherto 
the policy of the Board 
of Regents had been to 
appoint to the four lead- 
ing chairs an ecpial num- 
ber of Presb)'terian, 
Baptist, Methodist and 
Episcopal ministers, but 
this policy was hence- 
forth abandoned. The 
new President laid down 
the rule that he estab- 
lished, not only for him- 
self but his successors, 
viz., "There is no safe 
guide in the appointment 
of Professors save in the qualifications of the 
candidate." On leaving the University, Dr. 
Tappan declared that, during his term, no ap- 
pointment had been made with any reference 
to denominational connections. 

In one particular the new President was 
fortunate in respect to his Facult)-. The old 
Board of Regents just before retiring from 
office, adopted a resolution declaring that, 
since the election of a President of the Uni\er- 
sity and the consequent reorganization of the 
Faculty of Arts were duties to devolve upon 
the Regents-elect, therefore the terms of the 
Professors of Natural Philosophy and Mathe- 
matics, of Logic, Rhetoric and History, and 




ANr}RE\v ii. wurrE 



of the Greek and Latin languages, should ter- 
minate with the close of the current academic 
\-ear. This action was the more necessary 
b)' reason of the internal dissensions of the 
Faculty that ha\-e already been mentioned. 
Thus the way was left open for the new Board 
to re-elect the old I'rofessors, or an_\- of them, 
as it saw fit. /\.s a matter of fact onl}' one of 
the three men who resigned was re-elected, 
Re\'. George P. Williams, whose name con- 
tinued to staiul cm the P'aculty page of the 
catalogue until he died at an advanced age. 
Professors Fasquelle and 
Douglas were not dis- 
turbed b}' the action of 
the retiring Board. 

In no feature of his 
administration was Presi- 
dent Tappan more for- 
tunate than in finding 
incumbents for the Uni- 
versity chairs. He pro- 
gressively drew around 
him a group of Professors 
who, owing to the com- 
paratively small size of 
the classes, and the close 
limitation of studies, 
which together brought a 
large majorit)- of the stu- 
dents into the classroom 
of every leading Profes- 
sor, as well as to their 
abilit}- as scholars and 
teachers and their per- 
sonal character, together with the long period 
that some of them served, made an impression 
upon the Lhiiversity that their successors in 
office have hardh' been able to equal. 

In the reorganization, the President himself 
took the Chair of Philosophy, which he con- 
tinued to hold to the close of his term. The old 
Department of Ancient Languages was soon 
divided : James R. Boise, who made a strong 
impression upon the scholarship of the country 
both as a teacher and an author, was called to 
the Chair of Greek ; Erastus O. Haven, who 
became Dr. Tappan's successor, to the Chair of 
Latin. Alvah Bradish was made Professor of 
P'ine Arts; but several catalogues carried the 



46 



uNiFERsrrr of Michigan 



[Cb„p. rii 



significant note that he was not on duty and 
then lie disappeared. The next year Alexan- 
der W'inchell was elected Professor of Physics 
and Civil Engineering, which relieved Professor 
Williams of one of his old subjects, and Rev. 
Charles Fox Lecturer on Practical Agriculture. 
In 1854 three men appeared on the Campus 
who were destined to shed lustre upon the 
University, one for a few years, the other two 
to the end of their days : Francis Briinnow, 
Professor of Astronomy and Director of the 
Observatory; Corydon L. Ford, Professor of 
Anatomy and Physiology, 
and Henry S. Frieze, Pro- 
fessor of the Latin Lan- 
guage and Literature. 

Dr. Haven was now trans- ^ 

ferred to the Chair of 
Histor_\- and English Lit- 
erature, which he con- 
tinued to hold until he 
left the Uni\-crsity two 
years later. The next 
year Professor Winchell 
w'as transferred to the 
new Chair of Geology, 
Zoology and Botan}', 
while William G. Peck 
became Professor of 
Physics and Civil En- 
gineering. For the year 
1856-1857, William I', 
Trowbridge, afterwards a 
distinguished Professor in 
the School of Mines, Co- 
lumbia College, served as 
Professor of Mathematics 
Andrew D. White, afterwards so well known 
in higher educational spheres, and in the 
diplomatic service of the country, was made 
Professor of History and English Litera- 
ture ; DeVolson Wood was called to the 
Chair of Physics and Civil Engineering, and 
Cleveland Abbe, the distinguished meteorolo- 
gist of later years, served as an instructor 
in Professor Wood's department. In 1862 
Charles Kendall Adams, afterwards Professor 
in the L^niversity, and the President of two 
Universities in succession, served as Instruc- 
tor in Histor\-, and Edward P. E\-ans, who 




One year later 



became a well-known author, in Modern Lan- 
guages and Literatures. 

It is not necessary to go into further partic- 
ulars to show that Dr. Tappan preferred young 
men for his Professors' chairs; no doubt in 
part because, at the middle of the century, the 
new scholarship of the country was mainly the 
possession of young men, but in part, perhaps, 
for other reasons. 

The resolution which vacated the three aca- ' 
demical chairs did not touch the College of Med- 
icine and Surger\-, which continued steadily to 
develop throughout the 
administration. 

The Department of 
Law, the third of the de- 
partments provided for 
in the Organic Act, was 
opened in the autumn 
of 1859, with James V. 
Campbell, Charles I. 
Walker, and Thomas M. 
Cooley as Professors. 
The success of the new 
department was assured 
at once, if attendance be 
taken as a test of success ; 
ninety students being en- 
rolled the first year. The 
Law- Building, however, 
was nut ready for occupa- 
tion until late in 1863. It 
contained, besides the 
rooms set apart for the 
L- I'uKD department, the General 

Library of the University. 
As quickly as he could. Dr. Tappan caused 
the dormitory s\'stem, which had e.xisted from 
the beginning, to be abandoned. He believed 
that whatever the convenience and the charm 
of the dormitory mode of life might be, they 
were more than balanced by even so much 
of home as a student could find in a lodg- 
ing or boarding house; while the abolition 
of the system would at once set free space 
in the College buildings that was much needed 
for other purposes, and relieve the treasury 
of a large expenditure of money, and the 
Faculty of a great deal of care and annoy- 
ance in the way of super\'ision. F"rom 1857 



Chap. I'll] 



HISTORT OF THE UNIFERSJIT 



47 



to the coming of the Societ}' House, the stu- 
dents lived, as most of them still live, in 
boarding houses and in the homes of citizens 
of Ann Arbor. 

Such were President Tappan's master ideas 
in action. He understood perfectl}' well that 
these ideas could not be realized in a da\' 
or a year, but that many years would rather 
be necessary; he understood, too, that, in 
the meantime, existing conditions and neces- 
sities must be accepted and be made in 
the end to promote such realization. He 
did not sink practical achievement in philo- 



tution into a real University. But the best 
thing of all he had done; he had drawn the 
sailing directions for the voyage and put the 
ship upon her course. " Not even yet," said 
Dr. Angell in 1887, " have wc filled in the 
sketch which he drew of the ideal University 
for Michigan." 

It would be unjust to the memory of Dr. 
Tappan, and unjust to the University of Mich- 
igan, not t(i mark the relation of what was 
done at Ann /\rbor in the years 1852- 1863 to 
the general movement in higher education in 
the countrw 




THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IN 1855 (FROM THE EAST) 



sophical ideas. In particular, he insisted that 
the unity of the University must be main- 
tained, in order that books and apparatus 
might not be scattered, and that the influence 
of learned men might be focused. Nor was 
he led by his enthusiasm to exaggerate the 
progress that was actually made under his 
leadership towards realizing them ; he was 
appreciative of the work of students and 
Professors, Regents and people, and alwa\-s 
spoke in large terms of hope of the future ; 
but he knew well when he laid down the 
Presidency that little more than a good begin- 
ning had been made in developing the insti- 



Reference has been made on a previous 
page to Professor Ticknor's effort to reform 
Har\'ard College, to the new ideas incorpo- 
rated in the University of Virginia, and to Dr. 
Wayland's work at Brown University. Pre- 
vious to 1852 neither these influences, nor the 
larger ones back of them, had made an appre- 
ciable impression upon the higher education 
of the count!'}-. \Va}'land's " new sj'stem," 
embracing, among other things, a scientific 
course to be crowned by the degree of Bach- 
elor of Philosophy, went into operation at 
Brown University only two years before Tap- 
pan reached Michigan, and continued in full 



48 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



{Chip, rii 



operation only five years. The Lawrence Sci- 
entific School, founded at Cambridge in 1847, 
conferred the degree of Bachelor of Science in 

185 1, for the first time in the United States.^ 
The " Report to the Board of Trustees of the 
University of Rochester on the plan of instruc- 
tion to be pursued by the collegiate depart- 
ment," presented 

September 16, 
1850, recom- 
mended a scien- 
tific course that 
should lead to the 
degree of Bach- 
elor of Science. 
This report was 
duly adopted, but 
the degree was 
not conferred un- 
til 1856. The 
movement at Ann 
Arbor was made 
more q u i c k 1 )' 
than the move- 
ment at Roch- 
ester: t h e n e w 
degree was not 
announced b)'the 
U n i V e r s i t }■ of 
Michigan until 

1852, but it was 
conferred in 1855, 
Michigan being 
the second insti- 
tution in the coun- 
try to confer it. 

For the time 
the practical re- 
forms that Dr. 
Tappan effected 

in the Department of Literature, Science, and 
the Arts were tenfold more valuable than the 

1 Professor N. S. Shaler, who first became connected with 
the Lawrence Scientific School in 1858, and is now its head, 
writes in a private letter that he has always understood that 
" the degree of Bachelor of Science came to be introduced 
into our system through the influence of Louis Agassiz, who 
had much to do in shaping the plans of this School." He 
says he " recalls conversations with the elder Agassiz, which 
implied that he was responsible for the innovation, and that 
he hoped, through the education which should lead to the 
degree, to break up the old collegiate routine." 




THE T.APPAN O.'iK 



lofty LTniversity ideal that he held up to the 
people in the annual catalogues and in his 
public addresses. 

Means were taken to beautify the University 
grounds. The forty acres of land given to the 
state, in 1837, formed part of a farm, then 
under cultivation. Ten Brook, who was in 
Ann Arbor in the 
early da\'s, writes 
that in 1841 the 
remains of a 
peach orchard 
were on the tract, 
and years after- 
ward, he sa\-s, 
" some profess- 
ors' families were 
supplied withfruit 
from these trees; 
while the whole 
ground around 
the buildings, 
as late as 1 846, 
\\a\cd with gold- 
en harvests of 
wheat, which the 
janitor had been 
allowed to grow 
for the purpose 
of putting the 
groimd in a prop- 
er conditionto 
be left as a cam- 
pus."^ Unfor- 
tunately, little 
taste or judgment 
was shown in 
dealing with the 
matter. The 
Board of Visitors 
for 1848 urged that measures be taken to plant 
suitable trees, but its exhortations were not 
then heeded.^ Previous to that time, some 
trees had been planted, but they were unfortu- 
nately chosen, and they hastened into the sear 
and yellow leaf. In 1854 a vigorous effort 
was made to supply the lack of trees for 

- American Universities. Ten Brook, p. 145. 
^ A System of Public Instruction and Primary School Laiv 
0/ Michigan. F. W. Shearman, p. 169. 



6V-.//.. /■//] 



lilS'iORr OF THE UNIIERSITT 



49 



sliadc aiu! oniamciUal purposes. l)r. I'.dnuind 
Andrews, \\h(j was SupcriiitciidciU nl Huild- 
ings and Gi'ouiuls, as well as IJcnuinslratcir nf 
Anatomy, laid out the grounds accordinj^ to a 
new plan, and with tile assistance of citizens, 
pi'ofessors ami slutlents, caused them to be 
surroundeel with two rows of parallel trees on 
the opposite sides of the adjacent streets, citi- 
zens supplying those without and Professors 
and students those within the CcUiipus. At 
the same time a large number of trees were 
planted within the grounds, h'our _\'ears later, 
man)- of these trees, having died, " a more 
successful attempt at ornamentation was made. 
In the spring of the _\-ear the citizens took 
measures for planting trees along the streets 
around the Campus; about sixty trees were 
received as a gift from Messrs. Ellwanger & 
Barry, nurser_\-men of Rochester, New York, 
and were set out in what was called the 
' Ellwanger and Harry groii|),' a little north of 
the central jjart of the grounds, back of the 
present [old] hospital buiklings. The Seniors 
of 1858 set out fifty maples in concentric cir- 
cles around a nati\'e oak, east of the south 
wing. Many of the maples are dead, but the 
' Tappan Oak ' surxives. The Juniors set out 
another group still farther to the cast. In 1S59 
Professor F'asquelle set out a gr(.iup of ever- 
greens east of the north wing, and Professor 
White another east of the south wing. Pro- 
fessor White also presented the row of maples 
which borders the walk outside of the west 
fence, and the Faculty of the Literary Depart- 
ment gave fort}'-two elms to form a corre- 
sponding line inside of the fence." ' 

In the mean time the sixth section of the 
educational article of 185 1 was not working 
satisfactorily, and in 1861 the following amend- 
ment was adopted in its room. It is the last 
change made in the State Constitution that 
affects the Universit)'. 

"Sec. 6. There shall be elected in tlic year 1S63. 
and at the time of the election of a Justice of the 
Supreme Court, eight Regents of the University, two of 
whom shall hold their office for two years, two for four 
years, two for six years, and two for eight years. Thev 
shall enter upon the duties of their office on the first of 

' Ilistoiy of tlie Uiiiversily of Michigan. Elizabeth M. 
Fairand. pp. 137-138. 
4 



January ne.xt succeeding their election. .\t every regu- 
lar election of a Justice of tlie Supreme Court thereafter 
lliere shall be elected two Regents, whose term of office 
■sliall be eight years. When a vacancy shall occur in 
the office of Regent, it shall be filled by appointment of 
tlie Governor. The Regents thus elected shall constitute 
tlie Hoard of Regents of the Universitv of Michigan." 

In due coin'se of time, but not at once, 
Michigan and other states began to respond 
to Dr. Tappan's efforts to make the University 
a modern institution of higher learning. The 
year before he came there were but two hun- 
dred and twelve students registered. 

The attendance of the students b\' \-cars 



Year. 


Literary. 


Medical. 


L,.i«. 


Tplal. 


.852-53 . . 


60 


162 




222 


1S53-54 . . 


93 


151 




244 


1854-55 . . 


'55 


133 




288 


1855-56 . . 


^3' 


152 




f'l 


iS 56-57 . . 


297 


167 




464 


1857-5S . . 


-S- 


173 




460 


1S5S-59 . . 


287 


143 




43° 


1S59-60 . . 


267 


167 


9- 


5-^6 


1S60-61 . . 


-73 


242 


■59 


674 


1S61-62 . . 


270 


216 


1-9 


6,5 


1862-63 . . 


266 


-5- 


'34 


652 



The ninnher of foreign stmlents had greatly 
increaseil in numbers and in territorial range. 
In 1852 eleven states were represented at the 
Universit}-; in 1863 nineteen states, counting 
Canada. Perhaps this increase cannot be called 
extraordinary, but it was certainly very gratify- 
ing. To a considerable extent it was due to 
the ad\'ancement of the Northwestern States in 
population and wealth; but this advancement 
coidd never have caused the new growth had 
the old regime continued. The distribution of 
the students in respect to studies is also signifi- 
cant. In 1852 the students in the Literary 
Department all followed precisel}' the same 
course; in 1863 the students were distributed 
as follows : Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of 
Science, Civil Engineer, Master of Arts, Mas- 
ter of Science, Select Courses and Higher 
Chemistry. 

For the last two years of this administration, 
and especially for 1 862-1 863, the attendance 
upon the University was materially affected 
by the Civil War. The abounding patriotism 



5° 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



[Chap. I'll 



of the state was reflected in its Uiiivcrsit}'. 
Students in considerable numbers left their 
books and classes to take up arms, while many 
young men who would have become students 
in times of peace rather found their places in 
the ranks of war. The number of the second 
class is wholly unknown, nor can the number 
of the first one be ascertained more than ap- 
proximately. The Catalogue for 1 862-1 863 
contains the names of sixty-five persons from 
the Literary Department who had entered the 
classes of that and the two succeeding years 
who were either in the army of the Union or 
who had lost their lives there.^ 

The scale of expenditure increased from 
$20,362 in 1852-1853 to $62,951 in 1862-1863. 

Whether a man of Dr. Tappan's type in such 
an office as the one he held gets on pleasantly 
with his Board of Regents or not, depends 
almost wholl)' upon who those Regents are. 
He was a constitutional officer, placed at the 
centre of the University work ; he had the 
courage of his convictions, and he proceeded 
upon the theory that while it was the Board's 
business to legislate, it was his business to ad- 
minister, which was indeed the language of the 
constitution. His relations with his first Board 
were as pleasant as possible, no root of bitter- 
ness ever springing up between them. But, 
unfortunately, the State Constitution provided 
that the Regents should all be elected at one 
time, thus breaking the continuity of the Board 
every six years. Unfortunately, too, the lead- 
ing spirits of the new Board that came into 
office in 1858, had ideas, temper and character 
which incapacitated them for working harmo- 
niously with the President, and it soon became 
manifest that there was friction between them. 
Only two of the Board, even after some changes 
had taken place, had enjoyed a College educa- 
tion, and none of the others had any spe- 
cial familiarity with educational matters. The 

1 " The Class of 1861, famous as the War Class, grad- 
uated a little more than sixty days after the firing on 
Fort Sumter. Of its fifty-three members who graduated, 
twenty-four entered the service, besides eight non-graduates, 
making thirty-two in all. Many of these were soon pro- 
moted from the ranks, the commissions ranging by the close 
of the war from Lieutenancies to Brigade Commanderships. 
Three of these men attained to the grade of Brigadier-Gen- 
eral by brevet." — B. M. Cutcheon, The Michigan Alumnus, 
November 1S99. 



Board, as Dr. Tappan thought, invaded his 
province, and he repelled with dignity their 
invasion. The particular points of conflict 
need not be recounted ; it was not at bottom 
a question of ideas or of policy, but of per- 
sonal antipathies and antagonisms. One or 
two members were positi\ely insulting in their 
intercourse with the President. The Univer- 
sity Senate made an effort to compose the 
difficulty, but with little success ; on the other 
hand, the tension became more and more taut. 

The state of affairs was intensified by some 
hostility to the President within the Faculty of 
Arts, and by an external opposition that had 
grown out of one root and another. P"or one 
thing the President, conformably to the custom 
of the society in which he had lived, kept wine 
in his cellar, and sometimes put it on his dinner 
table ; which scandalized the radical temperance 
people of the state. So at the June meeting 
of the Board in 1863, the Regents adopted a 
resolution declaring that the interests of the 
University demanded certain changes in the 
officers and corps of instructors, and that Dr. 
Henry P. Tappan be removed from the office 
and duties of President of the University of 
Michigan and Professor of Philosophy. 

This action was a clap of thunder out of a 
clear sky. Nobody, or at least few, had anti- 
cipated it. The action of the Regents was the 
more inexcusable because their successors had 
already been elected and would take their seats 
at the beginning of the new year. The stu- 
dents, the alumni, and the citizens of Ann 
Arbor and of many other towns and cities were 
deeply stirred. Indignation meetings were 
held, resolutions adopted, speeches made, and 
articles written all aglow with indignation. The 
students and alumni regarded the President 
with the greatest respect and afi"ection ; they 
looked upon him with both pride and love, 
and they could not reconcile themselves to the 
thought of his removal, much less such a re- 
moval. A committee of the alumni appointed 
at a special meeting held in Ann Arbor issued 
a strong " address to the people of the State 
of Michigan," reviewing the whole ground, in 
which they denounced the removal of Dr. 
Tappan and demanded his recall. Dr. Henry 
Barnard, the veteran Editor of "The Amer- 



Chap, rill^ 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY 



5^ 



ican Journal of Education," voiced the larger 
thought of the country when he said he could 
bear personal testimony to the magnitude of the 
work that Dr. Tappan had done in ten }'ears 
— work "without a precedent in the educa- 
tional history of the country," and pronounced 
his removal under the circumstances, an " act 
of savage, unmitigated barbarism." ^ President 
Tappan retired from the office that he had not 
only honored but in effect created, followed by 
the devotion of the students and alumni of the 
University, a majority of the Professors, and 
many others ; while his successor was left to 
confront the dangerous situation that the Re- 
gents had created. 

In taking leave of the Board pending the 
passage of the resolution of removal Dr. Tap- 
pan said: "This matter belongs to history; 
the pen of history is held by Almighty Justice, 
and I fear not the record it will make of my 
conduct, whether public or ]Drivate, in relation 
to the affairs of the Universit}'." Within a few 



years the Regents virtually expressed regret 
at the action of their predecessors in remov- 
ing him. In June 1875, they passed resolutions 
recognizing the distinguished ability and the 
valuable services which he had rendered to the 
interests of the University in its early histor\', 
and to the cause of education in the state, and 
expressing regret that any such action should 
ever have been taken as would indicate a want 
of gratitude for his eminent services. The 
verdict of Time has vindicated him and con- 
demned his accusers. At this day his general 
policy and specific views are often invoked by 
Professors in the discussion of University ques- 
tions. The story of his removal teaches two 
lessons : the unwisdom of an\- arrangement 
which breaks the continuity of College and 
University Boards at frequent intervals, or, in- 
deed, at any interval, save for grave reasons ; 
and the unwisdom of a College or University 
Board's acting in serious matters with unneces- 
sary' and unbecoming haste. 



CHAPTER VIII 



President H.wen's Administration 



THE Regents who dismissed President 
Tappan so summarily burned the 
bridges behind them. Whether or 
not they anticipated that an effort would be 
made to bring about his recall to the Univer- 
sity, they took steps which made such recall 
practically impossible. At the very meeting 
when Dr. Tappan was declared removed, Rev. 
Dr. E. O. Haven was elected Professor of 
Rhetoric and English Literature and President 
of the University. Dr. Haven had previously 
told some friends who claimed to be in touch 
with the Regents that if the office of President 
were vacant and offered to him, " with the 
substantial approval of the different Faculties," 
he would accept it; but he referred to a 
vacancy produced by other means than those 
used at Ann Arbor, and was in no way privy 
to the action that the Regents took. On the 
one side, he was now beset to decline, on the 
other, to accept, the Presidency. At once the 
1 Vol. XIII. p. 641. 



situation tended to complication. The Pro- 
fessors who had been hostile to Dr. Tappan 
now became pronounced in their opposition 
to his return ; while members of the various 
Faculties held a meeting and passed resolutions 
accepting the new situation and deprecating 
any attempt to restore the old one. Changes 
and new appointments were also made in the 
Faculty of Arts, depending somewhat upon 
the change in the Presidency. The newly 
elected President met the Board at Ann Arbor 
in August, and entered upon the duties of his 
office at the opening of the new University 
year. 

Still the affair was not over. A memorial 
signed by some of Dr. Tappan's ardent friends 
praying for his reinstatement came before the 
new Board in February 1864. Dr. Haven, at 
the same meeting, made an address, placing 
his resignation in the Board's hands. In the 
mean time Dr. Tappan had injured his cause, 
if the cause were really his, by publishing an 



52 



UNIVERSllT OF MICHIGAN 



\Ckaf. nil 



injudicious " statement ; " while the new I'lesi- tVuni WesleN'an L'ui\ersit\- in 1842. Imniedi- 
dent was ah'eady showing abiht_\- and tact ,is atel)- on his gradua-tion he jjegan teaching as 
an adniinisti-ati\'e officer. So the iMiai'd d> the Principal of a prixate academ_\- at Sudbur}-, 
cided, after much deliberation, not to grant Massachusetts, and the next year became I'ro- 
the prayer of the memorialists and to ask Ur. fessor of Natural Science in Amenia Seminary, 
Haven to continue. This action was un- in the State of New York, succeeding to the 
doubtedly wise under the circumstances. The I'rincipalship three }-ears later. He was a 
question had wholly changed since that fateful Pastor in connection w ith the New York con- 
meeting in June 1863. It was not now whether ference of the M. li. Church for several years 
President Tappan slumld be continued, but previous to his first arrival in Michigan in 



whether President 
Haven should be dis- 
missed and President 
Tappan recalled. 
Tiie old charm had 
been rudely broken ; 
man\- of Dr. Tap- 
]ian'sw arniest friends, 
seeing that his return 
could not be effected 
without serious inter- 
nal troubles .it the 
L'ni\'ersit\', were 
axerse to the propo- 
sition to re-elect him. 
It was as it always 
is in s\ich cases: a 
wrong h,nl been iloiie, 
but it ctnild not now 
be undone by doing 
.1 new wrong; and 
the indi\idu.il must 
be sacriticetl to the 
institution in the 
name of peace.' 

Erastus Otis Haxen, 
the son of a Methodist 

clergyman, was born in Boston, November i, 
1820. He was prepared for College in the 
best secondary schools and was graduated 

' The Coiiiinittee to which the various papers were re- 
ferred, in its report, declared its belief that in the posture 
which affairs had assumed it would be injurious to the real 
welfare of the University to recall Dr. Tappan to the Presi- 
dency. But it still sincerely joined with the memorialists in 
the regret that the University and state had been deprived 
of the services of one whose superior ability and att.aiuments 
liad won efficiency and success in the sphere filled by him 
with most rare distinction, and had for some years past been 
an honor to the state. The Committee recognized also the 
almost nne.xampled prosperity of the University during the 
Presidency of Dr. Tappan. 




F.R.ASrUS O. H.-\VF.N' 



1852. I Iereheser\-cd 
as Professor in two 
ilifferent chairs, as 
stated in the last 
chapter. He resigned 
his Professorship in 
the University to be- 
come the Editor of 
Zion's Herald, a 
Methodist newspaper 
published in Boston, 
in 1856. He h.ul not 
onl_\' shown iniusiial 
gifts as a preacher 
and ])latform speaker, 
but had made some 
contributions to lit- 
eiatiu-e. He left be- 
hind him a name anil 
an influence when he 
left the L'nivcrsity, 
,ini_l \\ hen he leturned 
to it was in no sense 
an luiknown man at 
Ann Arbor. He had 
shown that he po.s- 
scssed many of the 
qualities of mind and character that must enter 
into the composition of a successful College 
I'lesident; but it will hardly be claimed that 
in 1863 he was the peer of Dr. Tappan 
in 1852. He was now fort_\--three jears of 
age, and had his larger reptitation }et to 
make. 

The new President had three conquests to 
make, if he succeeded in his office: one of 
the students, one of the alinnni, and one of 
the townspeople of Ann Arbor and of the 
citizens of the state. His administration de- 
pended upon these conquests, the conquests 



ch„p. riii^ 



IIISTOK)' OF TIIK i'NII'KRSI'll' 



53 



upon his administrati(.)n, 'V\\c stiuk-iits as a 
body received him in aiivlhiiiL; i)ut a s^racious 
manner; citizens of the luwii, even those wlio 
knew liim personal!}', reiusetl to greet him ; 
while tile alumni were simply inconsolable, 
and some of them disposed to belie\e that 
the new President hatl been in the councils 
of the Regents before his electicm. l'L\'er)-- 
thing now depended upon the m.ui. To the 
students, he eulogized their late President and 
appealed to them to share with him the re- 
sponsibility of saving the Universit\- from dis- 
aster. To citizens of Ann Arbor, he shrewdly 
hinted that, if they wished U> see their city 
prosper, it woukl be well for them tci work 
for harmon)' anil peace. Hut such appeals 
would have availed nothing had the)- not been 
re-enforced by the cpialities and coniliict of 
the President. B\' his freedom from small 
ideas and interests, his fairness and kindly 
manner, his discretion and straightforwardness, 
his facult}' of conciliation and toleration, and 
especially his gift of persuasive speech, he 
rapidl)- won his ground. Time innowiteth 
greatly. Old students went antl new ones 
came; old regrets died out and new inter- 
ests sprang into life. (Iradu.dly the Presi- 
dent reached the larger constituency of the 
University ; and still it must be said that 
some of the alumni could never again feel 
toward the Uni\'ersity as they had felt before 
the remoxal of Ijr. Tappan. 

The dreadful predictions of disaster that 
some of Ur. Tappan's ardent, if not discreet, 
friends sounded out were not fulfilleil. (3n 
the other hand, the opening of the new \X'ar 
saw a larger number of students in attendance 
than ever before. In four years time the 
registration stood at 1,-55, "'' '^"'o more years 
at 1,114. The increase was due, somewhat dis- 
proportionately, to the growth of the profes- 
sional schools. In 1866-1867, the ma.ximum 
year of the administration, the students regis- 
tered were distributed as follows among the 
departments : 



Literature, science, and the arts 
Medicine and surgery ... 
Law 



335 
525 
395 



Total 1,255 



In the lirst )'ears of this adminisli-ati(in, as 
in the last years of the precetling one, the 
attentlaiice suffered on account of the Ci\il 
War. The cit.ilogue for 1 864-1865 contains 
the names of more than two hundred soldicM's, 
li\ing or dead, who had alread\- been enrolled 
in die classes belonging to the \'ears 1865- 
186S, iiiclusi\e, and a t<it.il army list of si.\ 
hunilred a\\i.\ lilty-niiu; nu-n, who had at some 
time been enrolled in the Uni\'ersity. 

In 1864 the Regents directed that a Roll <if 
llo.ior conLiiniiig the names, rank, and regi- 
ment of the alumni and sUidents of the Uni- 
versity who weie, or h.id been, in the army 
or na\'\- of the United .States be made out 
as fai' as iir.icticable and be appended to the 
annual repoit to the .State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, but no such list can now 
be found. A year later, a Committee of the 
.Societ}' of the .\lumni, appointed at its last 
meeting to mature plans and inaugurate means 
to erect a Memorial Building in memorx- of 
the graduates of the Unix'ersity and otheis 
connected with it who li.id fallen in the war, 
presented to the j-ioartl a communication rela- 
tive to that subject, but no action was t.iken 
in the affirmative. This proposition was held 
before the alimini and the public for man\' 
years, especially as it furnished a good theme 
for orator)' at the annual alumni meeting and 
the Commencement ilinner table and on other 
similar occasions ; but the oratory never led 
to any practical result. 

Again, the Minutes for the June meeting, 
1867, show that J. H. Burleson, Secretar)' of 
the Boartl, had nearl)' ready for the printer 
a Roll of Honor; but it was not completed, 
apparentl)', or at least not jjublishetl. The 
Secretar)' re|3ortetl, however, the results of 
his inquiry up to that time. He had been 
able, he said, to identif)' i,Jo6 soldiers who 
had at some time been connected with tiie 
University, namely, 302 in the Literary De- 
partment, 537 in the Medical Department, and 
16] in the Law School. The}' were classified 
as follows : 

Privates, 405 ; Hospital Stewards, 95 ; Assis- 
tant Surgeons, 85 ; Surgeons, 151 ; Lieutenants, 
187; Captains, 177; Majors, 53; Lieutenant- 
Colonels, 18; Colonels, 20; Chaplains, 4; 



54 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



IChap. VIII 



Brigadier-Generals, lo; Major-Gcneral, i. The 
rank of about two hundred additional persons 
he had not been able to ascertain. While 
these statistics are not to be implicitly ac- 
cepted, they still have a considerable interest 
and value. 

At the close ol the war there was a large 
influx of students, as there was at most Col- 
leges. Some old students laid down their 
arms to take up their books again, while nian\- 
young men who had been serving the countr\' 



to move on much the same lines as before. 
There was progress in all directions. 

In 1864-1S65 a School of Mines was an- 
nounced to meet the growing demand for men 
of scientific training to conduct mining opera- 
tions. This school, which never became very- 
vigorous, was absorbed two or three years later 
in the Department of Mining Engineering. In 
1867-1868 the Scientific Course was divided 
into a "first" and "second" course, differing 
onl\- in the amount of Mathematics and Science 







UNivERsrrv of jmichig.-\n ix 1S64 (law building in the foregrounu) 

From an old engraving 



in the ami)- now came to the University for 
the first time in quest of general or special 
training. In the present case, howe\cr, a 
still more important fact is to be taken into 
the account. By 1863 the Universit}- had 
acquired a momentum of its own, and its 
success was largely independent of an\- indi- 
vidual man, no matter who he might be. 

Much less was said about the " Prussian 
ideas " in President Haven's administration 
than had been said in President Tappan's ; 
in fact, the glowing paragraphs that set forth 
the Universit}' ideal soon disappeared from the 
catalogue; but the University itself continued 



required in the third and fourth )'ears. A much 
more important innovation than this was the 
establishment at the same time of a Latin and 
Scientific Course,, the cardinal feature of which 
was the substitution of the Modern Languages 
for Greek as culture and disciplinary studies. 
This soon came to be a popular course, and 
was imitated at other institutions, sometimes 
under another name. In 1868- 1869, a course 
in Pharmacy was provided for druggists and 
pharmaceutical chemists, but it was not until 
1 876 that the School of Pharmac}' was organ- 
ized as a separate department. After 1863, 
on the suggestion of the President, the re- 



Chap, rill^ 



HISTOK)' OF THE UNIIERSHT 



55 



quiremcnts for admission U^ the optimial cmirse 
were made equal to those for the classical ami 
scicntinc courses. Once more, from 1852 U> 
1866 the Uni\ersit_\- had not conferred hono- 
rary degrees ; Udw the ReLients passed a reso- 
lution declaring that there was no suflicient 
reason for persistence in this course, which at 
once changed the earlier practice. 

The library grew rapidl}' as compared with 
previous years : in 1865 the number of\'ohmies 
was 13,000, in 1869 it had increased to 17,000. 
The Fletcher Law Library, 800 volumes, was 
presented by Hon. Richard 
Fletcher of Boston, a gift 
that the Regents recog- 
nized by creating the 
Metchcr Professorship of 
Law. Mr. ]-^letcher in 
one of his letters ex- 
pressed his gratification 
that the books which he 
had collected in the course 
of a long pn.ifessional life 
would not be scattered 
but would remain together 
for the use of the students 
in the Law Department 
of the great Universitx" of 
the West. Se\-eral \-alu- 
able collections were 
added to the scientific 
resources of the institu- 
tion; — the Houghton 
herbarium, the Sager bo- 
tanical and anatomical 

collections, the Ames collection of plants, the 
Rominger collection of fossils, the Ford ana- 
tomical collection, and the Winchell collections 
of mineralogical and geological specimens. 

Many important changes were made in the 
Faculties in the course of this administration. 
Immediatel}' following the remoxal of Presi- 
dent Tappan, Dr. Briinnow tendered his resig- 
nation, which was accepted, and James C. Wat- 
son, his most distinguished pupil, was elected 
Professor of Astronomy and Director of the 
Observatory. Professor Williams was trans- 
ferred to the Chair of Physics, vacated b\- the 
promotion of Watson, and Pxlward 01ne\', 
destined to exercise large influence in the 




EDWARD OLNEY 



Uni\ersit}' in the succeeding twent>'-five j-ears, 
was cleetetl Professor of Mathematics. He im- 
mediately signalized his election by causing the 
requirements in Mathematics for admission to 
the Unix'ersity to be strengthened. Rev. Lucius 
D. C]ia])in, Pastor of the Presbyterian Church at 
yXuu Arbor, was made Professor of Philosophy 
in the room of Dr. Tappan. Rev. Andi'cw Ten 
Brook succeeded Mr. Joiin Tappan, who had 
been remo\'ed, as Librarian. In 1867 Profes- 
sor Andrew D. White resigned the Chair of His- 
tory, to be succeeded after a short interval b_\- 
Charles K. Adams, who 
hail previous!}- reached 
the rank of Assist, uit- 
Professor in the same 
department. Albert Pi. 
Prescott, now the veteran 
chemist and teacher of 
Chemistr)', appeared as 
an assistant in his chosen 
line of stud}- and teach- 
ing in 1863-1864, then 
retired for a }-ear and re- 
appeared as an Assistant- 
Professor in 1865. In 
1867 Moses Coit T}-lcr, 
the brilliant author and 
lecturer, was elected to 
the Chair of Rhetoric 
and Lnglish Literature. 
His coming marked a 
change in the Elnglish De- 
partment; henceforth at- 
tention was paid to tlie 
study of literature as well as to the stud}- of 
its accessories. The next }-car Dr. Chapin 
retired and the President, who had been teach- 
ing Logic and Political P^cononi}-, took up 
the Alental and Moral Philosoph}-. I'rofessor 
Boise resigned to go to Chicago in 1868, and 
was succeeded b}' Martin L. D'Ooge, who had 
already served one year as Assistant-Professor 
of Ancient Languages, first as Acting- Professor, 
and then as Professor of the Greek Language 
and Literature. Edward L. Walter, whose 
tragic death will be noticed on a future page, 
became Assistant-Professor of the Ancient 
Languages the same year. Still other names 
destined to prominence in future years, first 



56 



UNIFEKSITT OF MICHIGJISI 



IChip. I 111 



appcu'cd on the I'^acultj' Jjat^c of the catalogue 
in this administration, cjuncrally in humble 
capacities. 

The more important changes made in the 
other Faculties \\\\\ be noticed in the chapter 
on the Dep.u'tments. 



do with general University interests, to ad\-ise 
the ]k)ard of Regents on certain subjects, and 
to conduct certain ceremonial arrangements 
that affect the whole L'niversity. 

The increase in the number of students 
and the increasing differentiation of the courses 



The Uni\'ersit_\- Senate api)ears to have been of instruction caused the Board and Facult}- 

formall}' org.mi/.ed in President Haven's ad- much embarrassment. There was great need 

ministration. The early meetings of this bod)', of new buildings and facilities and of more 

as described by a leading participant in them,' Professors, and these needs coidd not be 

bore what would now be considered a very met until the resources of the University had 

novel character. The\- were social rather than been augmented. The medical buildinrr was 



business gatherings, and 
some literary production 
was a leading feature of 
each meeting. The pa- 
pers might or might not 
relate to the Uni\'ersity 
or to educational work', 
and after their presenta- 
tion were thrown open 
to general discussion. 
These meetings were 
called " Senate Socials," 
and the)' were attended 
1))- the \\i\es and families 
of the members and b)' 
invited guests, as well 
as b\' members of the 
I'^aculties. The Secretar)- 
prepared a brief state- 
ment of each meeting for 
the [iress. When it came 
to voting, onl)' the proper 
members participated in 
the action. The Senate 
meetings changed their character but slowl 




.MOSES con IVLEK 



extended at a cost of 
$20,000, the Cit)' of Ann 
.Arbor gi\ing one-half the 
sum, which was raised b)' 
general taxation. The 
Observator)' was enlarged 
and i'cn(.i\ated, citizens 
of Detroit conti'ibuting 
$3,000, and the citizens 
of Ann Arbor an equal 
amount toward the cost 
ot these impro\'ements. 
A much needed addition 
was made to the Labora- 
tor)' at a cost of $4,000, 
and one of the dwelling 
houses on the Campus 
was refitted and made a 
general hospital. These 
slender extensions and 
improvements, so great 
u as the congestion, hardly 
sufficed to render the 
situation endurable. 
The great need of the Universitj- was money. 



Thus we find Acting- President Frieze sa)'ing. With the exception of the loan made in 1838, 

in his report for 1869-1870, that the regular on which interest was regularly paid for years, 

meetings of the University Senate composed the state had so far done nothing financially 

of the three Faculties for the reading of scien- for the University. It gladly arra)'ed itself in 

tific and literary papers, for discussion, and for the reputation that the institution made for the 

the occasional transaction of business, had a state, but did not contribute to its cost. The 

tendency to promote unity and harmony. But University lived on its endowments and the 

with the passage of time the University Senate fees that were paid by students. Up to 1865 
has undergone important changes. Attend- 
ance upon its meetings is strictl)' confined to 
its proper members. Its princijKil functions 
are to appoint a few committees that ha\e to 

' Professor .\ndrew Ten Brook. 



ever)' student, without regard to residence, 
paid a matriculation fee of $10 and an annual 
fee of $5. The Regents now found it neces- 
sar)' to increase these fees. The\- advanced 
the matriculation fee of non-resident students, 



C/v/. fill'] 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITT 



S7 



first to $20, and then to $25 ; they also tluiiblcd 
the annual fee paid by all stiulcnts. 

For the )-ear 1867 1868 the interest received 
from the State Treasur)- was $39,415; stu- 
dents' fees, including tliplonia fees, annuiiUeel 
to $20,086; the total receipts feir the )ear, 
deductini; the balance bi'dught o\'er, were 
$59,983, the total expenditures, $58,847. 

It was as impossible for the Regents to pay 
the Professors adequate salaries as it was to 
erect needed buildings The Ci\"il War was 
attended and followed b)- a great increase of 
prices throughi>ut the countr_\-, and, at the same 
time, by a considerable ele\'alion of the stand- 
ard of living; and Universit)' men were no 
longer able to live decently on their old salaries. 
The salary of a full Professor was $1,500, 
although at the last fifteen per cent, was annu- 
ally added to this amount. After some experi- 
menting, a new schedule of salaries was adopted 
for 1869-1870, as follows: the President, $3,000 
and a house; full Professors in the Literary 
r^epartiuent, and the Librarian, $2,000; As- 
sistant-Professors, $1,300; Acting-Professors, 
$1,500; Medical and Law- Professors, $1,300. 
Even these salaries, meagre as they now seem, 
could not have been paid if the Legislature had 
not come tci the relief of the Lhiiversity. It is 
ver\- plain that the institution had outgrown its 
resources, and that something must be done to 
redress the balance or the most serious conse- 
quences would follow . The Regents brought 
the subject to the attention of the Legislature 
at the session of 1867, with the result that a law- 
was passed granting a tax of one-twentieth of a 
mill on the dollar un the tax duplicate of the 
state, amounting to about $16,000 annuall)- for 
two years ; provided at least one Professor of 
Homoeopathy should be appointed in the De- 
partment of Medicine and Surger\-. Instead 
of relieving the embarrassments of the Board, 
this Act rather increased them. The Regents 
needed the money badly enough, but the\' 
could have it only on a condition that the}- 
deemed impossible. Intense excitement was 
caused by the Act in the department that was 
most affected b)- the contemplated action ; 
several Professors sent in their resignations, 
and the rest were ready to do so ; the Medical 
Department was a very large and important 



one. and the Kegei-its were reluctant to see it 
thrown inio confusion. I^'oi'tunatel)-, they were 
not compelled to take the mone\' and establish 
the new chair; they could decline to do both. 
They voted to postpone the subject for a \'ear, 
— a \-ear of much embarrassment and excite- 
ment it proved to be ; and then they undertook 
to thul a solution i.if the difficult)' in a School of 
Honiujopathy to be established under Univer- 
sit\- auspices outside of Ann Arbor, but were 
unsuccessfid. The hom<eopathic stor)- will be 
told in another chapter; here it suffices to state 
that, at the end of two years, the Regents again 
resorted to Lansing for relief and with a more 
favorable result. The Legislature now enacted 
a new law granting the Lhiiversity the sum that 
had accumulated in the treasury under the Act 
of 1867, and an annual subsidy for the tw-o 
ensuing \-ears of $15,500, without the homoeo- 
pathic rider. These appr<ipriations brought 
much needed relief, enabling the Board, for 
one thing, to raise the Professors' salaries, as 
already e.^iilained. 

The principal significance of this legislation, 
howexer, iliil not consist in the a[)])ropriations 
as specific sums of mone_\-. It was the begin- 
ning of a new- line of policy that the Legislature 
has never since reinidiated but alwa_\-s observed. 
It was the first legislatixc aid that the L^niver- 
sity receixed. It was a dc-cisi\-e acknowledg- 
ment, on the part of the law--making authority, 
that the institutioii at Ann i\rbor was in fact, 
as in name, the L'niversit)' of Michigan. The 
liapp)' escape from the difficulties of 1867- 
1869 was largely due, as all adnutted, to the 
wise course pursued by President Haven and 
his persuasive presentation of the Uni\-ersit\''s 
needs to the Legislature. 

The question of admitting women to the 
L^nivcrsit}-, which had come up long before, 
was much discussed, but not settled, in the 
closing years of Presidciit Haven's administra- 
tion. It is a subject that calls for fuller consid- 
eration than can be gi\-en it in this chapter, 
and must, therefore, be set aside for separate 
treatnient. 

The end of this administration was very dif- 
ferent from that of the preceding one. Presi- 
dent Haven, after six years of service, presented 
his resignation, which the Regents accepted 



5f 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



{Chap. IX 



with regret, declaring that the continued pros- sity history. A still more striking testimony to 

perity and enlarged usefulness and fame of the the success of Dr. Haven's administration, is 

University, in all its branches, during the pre- the fact that, in the course of the interregnum 

ceding six years had been, to a large extent, that followed, the Regents, without formally 

due to his learning, skill, a-siduit_\', and emi- electing him, invited him to return as the Presi- 

nent virtues. This expression of honest opinion dent of the Univcrsit)-, which, much to their 

is a fair summing up of this period of Univer- regret, he declined to do. 



CHAPTER IX 

AcTT^•G-PRF,SII)K^'T Frikzk's Administr.'^tion 



THE Regents took prompt measures 
to fill the office of President va- 
cated by Dr. Haven. At the same 
meeting at which the\- 
accepted his resigna- 
tion, they appointed 
a Committee to nom- 
inate his successor. 
But, as considerable 
time might elapse be- 
fore the proper man 
could be found, while 
the executive duties 
of the office were 
constant, the Board, 
on August 1 8, unani- 
mously elected Pro- 
fessor Frieze, the heail 
of the Latin Depart- 
ment, President pro 
tempore'. 

The committee ex- 
ercised diligence in 
regard to its impor- 
tant trust, visiting the 
East for that purpose, 
but was not at the 
time successful in 
finding a President 
for the Uni\-ersity. 

The office would have been formally tendered 
to President Anderson, of Rochester Univer- 
sity, onl)' he gave no encouragement that 
he would accept it. It was oft"ered suc- 
cessively to Professor Julius H. Seelye, of 
Amherst College, and President James B. 




HENRY S. FRIEZE 



Angell, of the Universit}' of Vermont, both 
of whom visited Ann Arbor, and both of 
whom declined finally the election. Some- 
what later the Board 
in\ited Dr. Haven to 
return to his old 
post, but he declined 
the invitation. When 
finally the Committee 
made a nomination 
with an assurance that 
the nominee would 
accept, it said it had 
been far from dilatory 
in the search for a 
pr(_}per person for the 
Presidency, but that 
search had revealed 
the fact that there 
were few men well 
fitted for the position, 
and most of those 
were already so per- 
manently fixed in 
desirable positions 
that no inducements 
which the University 
could oft'er were suffi- 
cient to move them. 
The pecuniary in- 
ducements offered were an annual salary of 
$3,000 and a house. 

It was fortunate that, during the interreg- 
num, the University was in such competent 
hands as those of Dr. Frieze. This distin- 
guished scholar and teacher had graduated 



Chap. /A'] 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY 



59 



from Hrown Uiii\orsil_\- in 1S41, li.ul tluii 
spent a term of \'cars in tcichini; in that in- 
stitution and in the L;rammar scliool cimnccted 
with it, and hail come U> Ann y\rbur in 1S54 
as Professor of tlie Latin LanLju.iLje and T.itei- 
ature. He was in tlie full ni,itnrit_\- of liis 
powers, and in complete sympathy with the 
ideas that Dr. Tappan had represented. With 
all the rest, he was a man ni unusual ele\ation 
of character, and of high personal cultivation. 
The fitness of his appointment was universally 
recognized. Dr. Frieze served as Acting-Presi- 
dent for two }-ears. For 
one so short, his admin- 
istration was singularly 
eventful. In particular, 
two steps in the line of 
progress were taken that 
were followed by the 
happiest consequences, 
— the admission of women 
to the University and the 
establishment of organic 
relations with the high 
schools of the state. Full 
treatment of the first of 
these interesting subjects 
will be reserved for a 
future chapter, but a few- 
words are called for in 
this place. 

The decision reached 
by the Regents to admit 
women brought to an cnil 
an old controversy that 
had come to be trouble- 
some. The question was no sooner settled 
than the tension upon the Universit}- was eased 
at two or three points, as we shall sec here- 
after. Dismal forebodings of the results to fol- 
low were, at the time, heard in many quarters. 
The Medical Faculty promptly informed the 
Regents that it would be necessary to dupli- 
cate the courses of instruction in all branches ; 
however, in view of the state of the funds and 
the anticipated small attendance of women for 
a number of years, the Professors would do 
the e.Ktra work involved at a reduced compen- 
sation. The duplicate plan was accordingly 
adopted, and persisted in for a number of 




nKXJA^^N f. cockf.r 



\ears: when at last it was abandoned the 
scrupulous Professors found that the\- luul 
nuich exaggerated the difficulties of unitary 
courses. 

The feeling in the Literar)- P'aculty, which 
was destined to be much more powerfully 
affected in the end, while strong in some quar- 
ters, was much less intense than in the Medi- 
cal Facultw Nothing was" there heard about 
the duplication of classes. On P'ebruary 2, 
1S70, one lad_\- entered that department, the 
solitary representati\-e of her se.K that year. 
The next }'ear there were 
14 in the Literary De- 
partment, 18 in the Med- 
ical Department, and 2 in 
the Law Department, 34 
in all, with four graduates 
at the next Commence- 
ment. I'our years later 
the total number passed 
the one luuulred line. 
Such was the compara- 
tively feeble beginning of 
co-education at the L^ni- 
versity of Michigan. 

To exi^lain what the 
other step was, we must 
for a moment retrace our 
stej^s. 

The University of Mich- 
igan is a State University, 
not a private corporation. 
It is the summit and 
crown of the state system 
of public instruction. But 
this idea was so new to the American people 
that it could not at once be made \ital. Lentil 
the appropriations of money made for its sup- 
port in 1 867- 1 869, the state had never given 
any conclusive proof that the University was a 
state institution ; it was, in fact, far more the 
creation of the United States than of the State 
of Michigan. With the lopping off" of the 
branches, even the appearance of organic con- 
nection between the University and the secon- 
dary schools ceased, and such influence as it 
exerted over those schools, which was perhaps 
considerable, was wholly indirect and incidental. 
Graduates from these schools, like all other 



6o 



UNIFERSIIT OF MICHIGAN 



\^Chap. IX 



Students who entered the Universit}-, must be 
examined in the studies required for admis- 
sion, — such was the rule from the phuiting 
of the branches to 1871. The practical adop- 
tion of the Universit}- b_\- the state in 1867- 
1869, as explained at the close of the last 
chapter, invited a closer connection between 
the University and the schools. 

In 1870 Acting-President Frieze discussed 
this subject, or, rather, the broader subject of 
the relation of higher institutions to secondary 
schools, in the light of well-known facts. He 
stated that most of the 
instruction given in even 
the best Colleges and 
Uni\ersities of the land, 
including Michigan, was 
merely gymnasial instruc- 
tion. He said he saw in 
the High Schools of the 
state the potenc\- of real 
G)'mnasia, and the possi- 
bility of raising the stan- 
dard of the work done in 
the Unixersit}-. He urged 
the importance of co-or- 
dinating the Universit)- 
and the schools. Some 
of the best educators of 
the state, he said, both 
within and without the 
Uni\ersit_\', had proposed 
that a commission of ex- 
aminers from the Aca- 
demical Faculty should 
visit annually such schools 

as might desire it, and give certificates to 
those pupils who might be successful in their 
examination entitling them to direct admission 
to the University. 

In his next annual report the Acting-Presi- 
dent announced that, in a small way, the plan 
had been set in motion ; and expressed, at 
the same time, the opinion that this plan would 
stimulate the schools to attain a higher rank, 
would bring them to a more perfect uniform- 
it}' of preparation, would elex'ate Uni\-ersit}' 
scholarship, and, in particular, would create a 
reciprocal interest between the schools and the 
Universit\-, winning for schndls and Uni\-ersitv 




GEORGE S. MORRIS 



alike a livelier interest on tb.e part of citizens 
who should thus see the two grades of educa- 
tion in the state closely co-ordinated. This 
was the beginning of the so-called " Diploma" 
connection between secondary schools and the 
University. It is thus described in the original 
announcement ; 

■• Whenever the Faculty sliall be satisfied that the 
preparatory course in any school is conducted by a 
sufficient number of competent instructors, and has 
been brought up fully to the foregoing recjuirements, 
the diploma of such school, certifying that the holder 
has completed the preparatory course and sustained 
the examination in the same, 
shall entitle the candidate to 
be admitted to the University 
without further e.vamination." '■ 

The Faculty should sat- 
isfy itself as to the quality 
of the school by sending 
a Committee of its own 
number to examine it at 
recurring interx'als. It 
will be seen that the plan 
finalh' adopted difters in 
one respect from the plan 
that Dr. h'rieze recom- 
mended. The Faculty 
examines and approves 
schools, including courses 
of study, text-books, and 
teachers ; he had urged 
that it should examine 
and certificate students 
at the schools. At the 
time, and afterwards, the 
scheme was severely 
criticised by high educational authorities, on 
the ground that it would endanger sound 
scholarship. It has, however, withstood criti- 
cism and commended itself to an increasing 
number of educators. It has been widely 
copied, sometimes with modifications that the 
mother of the plan would be the last to ap- 
prove. In some form, it is probabl\- destined 
to still wider acceptance. How far it may be 
carried to advantage, is an abstract question ; 
but that those who originated it at Ann Arbor 
thought less of inventing a con\'enient mode 
of getting students into College than they did of 

1 Catalogue for iiS6y-70, p. 49. 



Chap. /.V] 



HISTORY OF THE UNU'ERSITV 



6i 



co-ordinating and vitalizing the \'arious brandies 
of the state system of public instruction, is a 
concrete fact. In [)racticc, the visitations were 
made b\' committees apixiintetl by the Presi- 
dent until iSyQ-iyoo, when a Junior Professor 
of the Science antl the Art of leaching and 
Inspector of High Schools was electetl b\' the 
Board, on the recommendation of the P'acultv, 
who has since done most but not all of the 
work of inspection. 

As we have seen, the 
appropriations voted to 
the LIni\ersit_\- by tin 
Legislature in 1867 wen 
afterwards freed from tin 
homoeopathic restriction. 
For five successive years, 
$15,500 annuall}' was aii- 
propriated by the Legishi- 
ture for general Universit}' 
purposes. Still more, 
}'ielding to the urgent 
need of an audience room 
that would acconmiotlati' 
the Universit}', and of 
new recitation and lectuii 
rooms, the Legislature, in 
1S71, \-oted $75,000 with 
which to furnish those 
improvements. 

Some names afterwards 
ver_\' prominent in the 
Unix'ersity were added to 

the Facult}- pages of the Catalogue in this 
period. Particular mention may be made of 
three, Dr. Benjamin F. Cocker, who was elected 
Professor of Mental and Moral Philosoph}-, 
George S. Morris, Professor of the Modern 
Languages, and Elisha Jones, Acting-Professor 
of the Greek Language and Literature, in the 
room of Professor D'Ooge, who was granted 
leave of absence for stud\- in luirope. 




ELiWARD I,. WALTER 



Private liberality made several valuable ad- 
ditions to the resources of the Universit}', 
the most \-alual)le [)erha]3S being the Parsons 
Librar}', which will be describeil in another 
place. The attendance of students remaiiietl 
practicall}- stationar}', neither advancing nor 
receding. The Homoeopathic question con- 
tinued a disturbing element, and was handed 
on to the next administi'ation. 

In its Report nominat- 
ing the next permanent 
President, the Commit- 
tee of the lioard boic 
5tiong testimon}' to the 
abilit}- and success of 
Dr. I-'i'ieze's incumbency 
of the Presidential office. 
He deserved the grati- 
tude and thanks of the 
Regents, the L'niversity, 
and all its friends, and 
a]s(j deserved some more 
substantial remuneration 
for his services. The 
Committee stated, far- 
ther, that the Board 
had inl'ormall}- tendered 
him the Presidency, and 
that he had declined it, 
expressing at the same 
time the opinion that 
Dr. Angell could ulti- 
niatel}- be obt. lined as 
President. The tribute that the Committee 
paid to Dr. P'rieze expressed the universal 
judgment. At the ensuing September meet- 
ing, the Board granted him a year's leave of 
absence to visit Europe, with salar}-, on the 
condition that he furnish a satisfactory in- 
structor in his department. This leave of 
absence was afterwards lengthened to two 
years. 



62 



UNIJ'ERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



\_Chap. X 



CHAPTER X 

President Angell's Administration 



THE first call of President Angell to 
the University, with its immediate 
result, was narrated in the last chap- 
ter. At the time his declination was supposed 
to be final; but early in the year 1871 Dr. 
Frieze intimated to the Board that, owing to 
changed conditions in 
Vermont, the tender of 
the Presidency, if re- 
newed, would probably 
be accepted. The ten- 
der was accordingly 
made, with the result 
that the Acting-President 
anticipated. President 
Angell was elected Feb- 
ruary 7, 1 87 1. Owing to 
the improved financial 
condition of the Univer- 
sity, the Regents were 
now able to make the 
office pecuniarily more 
attractive than before. 
The salary was fixed at 
$4,500 and the use of 
the President's house. 
The Board also paid the 
e.xpenses of the new 
President's removal from 
Vermont to Michigan. 

He entered upon his duties at the opening 
of the ensuing academical year. 

James Burrill Angell was born in Scituate, 
Rhode Island, in 1829. He was fitted for 
Brown University at Smithville Academy and 
University Grammar School, Providence, and 
graduated with the highest honors, in a class 
of twenty-seven at the age of twcnt}-. After 
four years spent in teaching and in study and 
travel, at home and abroad, he was called by 
his Alma Mater to her Chair of Modern Lan- 
guages and Literatures. In i860 he resigned 
this chair to become the Editor of a leading 
daily journal, and served in that capacity si.x; 




JAMES D. .^XGELL 



Aears. He was next called to the Presidency 
of the University of Vermont, and continued 
to hold that office until he came to Michigan 
in 1 87 1. He was now forty-two years of age; 
he had filled the several positions just mentioned 
with distinguished ability, and he brought to 
his new and responsible 
post extended scholar- 
ship, familiar acquaint- 
ance with society and the 
world, administrative ex- 
perience, a persuasive 
eloquence, and a culti- 
\ ated personality. Count- 
ing time from the day 
that it opened its doors, 
the University was just 
thirty years of age when 
he reached Ann Arbor ; 
since then twenty-nine 
\-ears have passed ; so 
that his administration 
covers nearly one-half of 
the whole period of the 
University's life. Before 
going on to portray 
the remarkable growth 
that the institution has 
made, during this long 
administration, it will be 
desirable to take a general view of what had 
already been accomplished. 

When he reached Ann Arbor, President 
Angell found on the Campus the two origi- 
nal halls or " colleges," emptied, however, of 
roomers and devoted to strict University pur- 
poses ; the old Law Building, its lecture room 
being also used for a Chapel ; the Medical Build- 
ing, presenting the same external appearance 
that it has to-day ; a small Chemical Labora- 
tory, and the four houses for Professors, which 
were still occupied by members of the Faculty. 
The united Faculties counted thirty-five 
men, who were thus distributed among the 



Chaf. A-] HISTORY OF 1 

three departments : Literature, Science, and 
the Arts, 23 ; Medicine and Surgery, 7 ; Law, 4. 
Twenty-three of the thirty-five men bore the 
title of Professor, one of Professor-Emeritus, 
one of Acting-Professor, four of Assistant- 
Professor, three of Instructor, one of Assistant, 
one of Demonstrator and Lecturer, one of 
Librarian, and one of Assistant-Librarian. 

How many students, first and last, had been 
received within the several departments, or 
even been graduated, could not now be ascer- 
tained without much labor ; the number of 
degrees that had been conferred, however, is 
easily ascertained, and will furnish a general 
criterion of the educational work which had 
been done. 

Literary Department — 

Bachelor's Degrees 88 1 

Advanced Degrees in Course . . . 313 

Advanced Degrees on Examination . 14 

I,20S 

Doctor of Medicine 1,000 

Bachelor of Laws i ,084 

Pliarmaceutical Chemist 72 

Total 3-364 

As two or more degrees had sometimes been 
conferred upon the same student, the number 
of degrees is of necessity larger than the num- 
ber of students graduating. 

The enrolment of students in the different 
departments for the year 1870-1871 was as 
follows : — 

Literature, .Science, and the .-^rts includ- 
ing Pharmacy 4S8 

Medicine and Surgery 315 

Law 307 

I.I 10 

The Legislature had but just entered upon 
the policy of making regular appropriations 
for the LTni\'ersity. For the years 1 867-1 871 
it had voted about $62,000 to the general fiind, 
and in the last named year, $75,000 for the 
erection of University Hall. While small, these 
appropriations were still sufficient to meet im- 
mediate purposes, and to show that the state, 
after waiting so long, had finalK- adopted its 
University as its own child. The total receipts 
of the treasury for the year ending June 30, 
1871, were $104,096.44, and the principal 



7/£ UNlVERSirr 



63 



items of expenditure were, salaries, $60,776.67, 
contingent expenses, $15,927.49. 

In his inaugural address, delivered on Com- 
mencement Day, 1 87 1, the new President re- 
viewed the later movements of educational 
thought, spoke of the Michigan ideal and what 
the University had accomplished, and offered 
some observations relative to the future. The 
drift of intelligent opinion, he said, had for 
twenty years been towards some of the posi- 
tions early adoptetl b_\- the Universit}', as elec- 
tive studies and larger opportunities for the 
stud)' of history, the modern languages and 
the natural sciences. Academical circles were 
watching to see what light Michigan might 
furnish on the results, in the long run, of 
University dependence on the state, and on 
the consequences of the admission of women. 
On these points he held the hopeful view. 
The relation of the University to other institu- 
tions had ne\-er before been so important as 
now. The Uiii\'ersit\- must enlarge and im- 
prove its work. It would be advantageous to 
secure higher ciualifications in those entering 
the professional schools; it was to be hoped 
that students might be induced to remain for 
graduate work ; the establishment of fellow- 
ships was to be considered; the friends of the 
Universit)-, and especially alumni, should come 
to its help, since the Legislature would never 
become so generous in its appropriations as 
to make private gifts undesirable or unneces- 
sar)- ; while the reciprocal relations of the 
Universit)- and the state should be carefully 
studied. The address was received with great 
fa\-or, and regarded as a happy augury of the 
coming administration. It is now our duty to 
show how time has kc[)t the promise. 

The first dut)- that the new President per- . 
formed in Ann Arbor was to lay the corner 
stone of Uni\'ersit)- Hall, the new structure that 
united the two old " Colleges " or wings and 
completed what has since been the most im- 
posing building on the Campus. The lecture 
rooms and the Chapel were read)- for use in 
October 1872, but the Auditorium was not 
furnished until the following year. On the 
evening of October 8, 1873, it was dedicated 
with appropriate ceremonies in the presence 
of a large audience, containing many prominent 



64 



UNirEiisirr of Michigan 



{_Chap. X 



men from distant parts of the state. The new 
accommodations gave tlie University immedi- 
ate and great relief When \vc remember that, 
as measured by class rooms, there had been 
a surfeit of students for \'ears, that the Uni\er- 
sity had never possessed an audience-room that 
would contain the Faculties and students, and 
that the annual Commencements had always 
been held in some one of the city churches, — 



was fitted up for the accommodation of the 
College of Dental Surgery in 1879. The same 
year steam heating, which had previously been 
used on a small scale, was generally introduced 
into the buildings, and the ancient plan of 
heating by stoves and hot air furnaces was 
finally abandoned. After undergoing some 
changes at different times, the heating plant 
was whoUv reconstructed and much extended 




UNIVHRSlrV MUSEUM 



we may imagine how great the sense of relief 
must have been. The first appropriation not 
sufficing to complete the building, the Legis- 
lature voted an additional one of $25,000 for 
that purpose. 

Little more than a bare chronicle of the 
buildings that have been built, and other 
material improvements that have been made, 
in the course of this administration can be 
gi\'en. 

The house on the south side of the Campus 
that Dr. Frieze had occupied as- a residence 



in the summer of 1895. Now it was that the 
conduit system was definitively introduced. 

The Museum was built and thrown open to 
the public in the year 1 880-1881. 

The Anatomical Laboratory and the Physi- 
cal Laboratory were constructed, and the Me- 
chanical Engineering Building, first built some 
years before, was much enlarged and improved, 
in 1886-1887. The Chemical Laboratory, 
which had been several times enlarged and 
renovated, underwent its last reconstruction 
in 1889. The Mechanical Engineering Build- 



66 UNU'ERSITT OF MICHIGAN 

\n" also recei\-cd a considerable enlargement 



\_Chap. X 



in 1900. 

The General Librar\- was built and occupied 
in 1883, the Legislature making a special appro- 
priation of $100,000 for that object. Again, 
the book stack was extended in i898-i<S99. 

The first Uni\-ersit_\' Hospital was established 
in one of the old Professors' houses on the 
north side of the 
Campus. Here 
the Homoeopath- 
ic Faculty for a 
time had charge 
of a single ward, 
but this arrange- 
ment not proving 
to be satisfactory, 
an independent 
Homceopathic 
Hospital was or- 
ganized in the 
other of the 
two Professors' 
houses. These 
hospital facilities 
proving to be 
insufficient, new- 
hospitals were 
erected on Cath- 
erine Street, on 
the brow of the 
hill ON'erlooking 
the river, in 1890- 
1891. The Col- 
lege of Dental 
Surger_\- now 
moved into the 
building that the 
University Hos- 
pital had occupied, but the Homceopathic 
Faculty continued to use its former quarters 
for purposes of instruction. So matters stood 
until the year 1 899-1900, when, the demands 
upon the hospital having again outgrown the 
accommodations, the Homceopathic Hospital 
on Catherine Street \vas handed over to the 
Department of Medicine and Surgery, and a 
new and commodious Homoeopathic Hospital 
was erected on the north side of Washtenaw 
Avenue. 



The Law Building stood as originallv built 
until 1893-1894, when, becoming too small for 
the accommodation of the school, it was con- 
siderably enlarged and impro\cd. Again the 
school outgrew its quarters, and the building 
was wholl)- rebuilt and greatly extended in 
the summer of 1898. 

The Columbian Organ, which did service in 
Festival Hall at 
the Chicago Ex- 
position of 1893, 
was purchased 
the _\ear follow- 
ing by the Uni- 
\ersit\' Musical 
Society, and pre- 
sented to the 
l'ni\ersit\'. Set 
up in the rear of 
the platform in 
the Auditorium 
of Uni\-ersit\^ 
Hall, it is a fitting 
memorial of Dr. 
H. S. iM'ieze, to 
whom it is dedi- 
cated. 

Tappan Hall, 
exchisivel}- de- 
voted to the 
purposes of in- 
struction, was 
first occupied at 
the opening of 
the year 1894- 
1895. 

From a time 
soon following 
the introduction 
of gas into Ann Arbor, which occurred in 
1857, until 1898, the University buildings were 
lighted from the City Gas Works. The state 
now made a special appropriation of $20,000, 
to defray the cost of a L^niversity Electric 
Light Plant, which was constructed in the year 
just named. 

One of the needs that was before the Board 
of Regents early and often was that of a L^ni- 
\ersity Gymnasium. An elaborate report on 
the subject was presented to that body b}- a 




FRO.M THE XORIH 



Ch.ip. X ] 



IILSTOIW OF THE UNiyERSITT 



67 



committee of the Senate in 1S70, and was 
printed for outside circulation, iiut then, as 
before and afterward, the iioard could not 
command the necessar\' fluids with which to 
put up and equip such a building, while tlie 
Legislature refused all appeals for a special 
appropriation for that purfKise. Finall\- a 
liberal gift by a generous citizen of Detroit 
opened the way to supplying the long felt 
need. Joshua W. Waterman, in 1891, offered 



\ idcd for, save as the days of the week or 
hours of the day should be divided between the 
two sexes. This was an unsatisfactory arrange- 
ment ; and friends of the University, especially 
those interested in the education of women, 
were appealed to to furnish the Regents means 
with which to erect a companion woman's build- 
ing. Hon. Levi L. Barbour, an alumnus and 
Regent of the University, gave the movement a 
practical start, by presenting the institution 




PHYSICAL L.AHOR.VrclRV 



to gi\'e the LTni\'ersit}- $20,000 for a g\-mna- 
sium, on condition that other donors should 
contribute an equal amount for the same pur- 
pose. The Regents now appealed to the friends 
of the Universit}' for aid, with the result that 
more than enough money was pledged to meet 
the condition coupled with Mr. Waterman's offer. 
The W'aterman Gymnasium was opened in the 
autumn of 1894. The total cost of the building 
when opened was $61,876.49 to which prixate 
donors contributed $49,524.34. 

The construction of the new Gx'mnasium 
left the women of the L^niversity wholly unpro- 



propcrty in Detroit valued at $25,000 as a 
contribution to this end. The total cost of 
the Barbour Gymnasium was $41,341.76, and 
the new building was first comfortably occu- 
pietl in 1 896-1897. The Regents, responding 
to the*request of the Woman's League, named 
the assembly room of the Woman's Building 
"Sarah Caswell Angell Hall," in honor of the 
wife of the President of the Universit}-. 

No sooner was University Hall completed 
and paid for than the Legislature began to 
extend more liberal aid for both, general and 
specific purposes. Its appropriations have 



68 UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN ICb^p- -V 

sometimes assumed the form of specific grants Receipts — brought forward $461 

r ■ ^ 1 1- ii r From miscellaneous sources (includinjr ro- 
tor specific purposes, and sometimes the form , u •. 1 .■ j .1 

' II' ceipts from nosiJital patients and the 

of a mill tax, or a certain rate of tax on the ^jg^t^i operating room; ...... 44,192.59 

assessed valuation of propert}- in the state. 4 

The first mill ta.x, one-twentieth of a mill on the Disbursements. 

dollar, voted in 1867, never became available Salaries ......... $308 

. Current expenses (including cost of hos- 

m that form owing to the homoeopathic restnc- ^-^^^^^ laboratory supplies, ordinary re- 

tion that is dealt with in another place. It was pairs, and miscellaneous items) ... 125 

renewed, ho\\c\-er, without that restriction in New Buildings and Extraordinary repairs 81^ 

1873, and continued in force twent}' }-ears. $514, 



,493.28 



,685.87 
,551-56 



062.77 
188.05 

t,So2.38 




TAPPAN nAI.I. 



Statement of Receipts and Disbursements for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1899, compiled from the 
Treasurer's Annual Report. 

Receipts. 
From .State Treasurer : 

On account of mill tax > . $235,71 1.07 
On account of special legis- 
lative appr 9,000.00 * 

On account of interest on 

University fund 38,529.91 ."■ 33,240.98 

From Students' fees (including laboratory 

charges) net 178,252.30 

Carried forward #461,493.28 

1 The annual income from the ^-mill tax was, for the later 
years, $iS4,iS3.';3 ; the "^-mill tax yields, on present valu.ition of 
taxable property in the state, $276,275.00. 



The evidences of growth so far presented are 
external and material in their character, related 
to the husk of the University rather than to the 
kernel. When we look within the shell we find 
the proper standards of measurement to be the 
number, size and character of the departments 
and their Faculties, the field of instruction, the 
students and the degrees conferred. 

The three departments of 1871 have become 
seven departments in 1900. This is the order 
of the additional departments : The Homceo- 
pathic Medical College and the College of 
Dental Surgery. 1 875-1 876; the School of 
Pharmacy, 1876-1877; the Department of En- 



Ch,^p. .V] 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSm' 



69 



gineering, 1 895-1 896. The professional de- 
partments will be more full_\- dealt with in a 
special chapter. P'urthermore, the aborti\e 
attempt to establish a permanent School of 
Mines will receive attention in the chapter on 
Studies and Degrees. 

Not only ha\-e new Faculties been organ- 
ized, but all the Faculty rolls have lengthened. 
Instead of thirty-five names as in 1871, they 
carried two hundred and thirt\' names in 1899. 



( )nn'tting the unclassified courses, and cer- 
tain courses that are practically equivalent, 
we ha\e here 1,350 hours of instruction ; or 
enough to last a student, at the common rate 
of progress, 42 \'ears. 

Relatively speaking, equal progress has been 
made in the departments of medicine and law, 
but it will be more convenient to exhibit the 
facts in another place. 

The Summer School of the University grew 




MECH.4NIC.AL ENGINEERING BUILDING 



The synchronistic table of class exercises and 
lectures for 1 870-1 871 showed five courses, the 
Classical, Scientific, Latin and Scientific, Civil 
Engineering, and Mining Engineering. Every 
one of these courses carried four full years of 
study, and the first two offered electives in the 
Senior year equivalent to one-third of the work. 

In the year 1899 the following courses of 
instruction were oftered in the department: 



hour courses . 


S 


3 liour courses . 


. 122 


S hour courses . 


2 


2 hour courses . 


. 204 


7 hour courses . 


5 


1 hour courses . 


• 42 


6 hour cour.ses . 


3 


Unclassified . 


• ^5 


5 hour courses . 


50 






4 hour courses . 


35 


Total . . . 


• 49^ 



out of certain independent and private courses 
in science, given by certain members of the 
Faculty, without any official recognition. In 
1894 a Committee of the Faculty of Literature, 
Science, and the Arts, with the authorization of 
that Faculty and of the Regents, prepared and 
published the first formal programme of sum- 
mer courses of instruction. However, the 
Regents assumed no real responsibility in 
connection with the school until some \-ears 
later. In 1900 the}- took full control of the 
school, and changed its name from the Sum- 
mer School to the Summer Session of the 
University of Michigan. In the last named 



7° UNiyEiisirr of Michigan \ch.,p. x 

year the attendance had reached a point some- In 1S98-1899 the attendance of students was 

what higher than 350. The School of the Law iis follows, by departments: 

Department, organized about the same time, Literature, Science, and the Arts 1,285 

while successful, has not had an equal growth .Medicine and Surgery 445 

with that of the Literar}' Department. Law 765 

The Gallery of Art and Archc-eology, for- Sclwol of Pharmacy 81 

1 11 1 ti TT • -i. i\/r ' r A i. Homoeopathic 68 

rnerh' called the L'niversity Museum of Art ^ ,, , 

, 'it- ^ 1 u fii -1 1 ColL'ge of Dental Surgery 234 

and History, has been lulh' organized and t.-„ ■„ .,,.;,, 

•^ , ^ l^ngnieeuni^ 24s 

much extended since 1871. Since the com- 

pletion of the General Librar)-, it has been i^'-3 

establisheil in the upper story of that building. Deducting the students counted twice, 64, 

there to remain, probabl}-, until tlie long wished aiul adding the attendants upon the Summer 

for Art Building has been School not contained 

provided. This \aluable above, 133, we have a 

collection owes its tjrigin grand total of 3,192; or 

to Dr. H. S. iMMeze, who ^^^^^^^ about three times the at- 

was the first and onl)' ^^^^^^^^^B^^ tendance of 1870- 1 87 1, 

curator luitil his decease ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Ihe degrees conferred in 

in 1889. 1 lis successor in ^^^^^^^^^^^^^B 1899 were 723. 

the office is Professor M. ij^^ __ ^Hl In another place atten- 

L. D'Ooge. The collec- ***** ^*«^ a^» ''"'^ ''''^ '^'-''^" drawn to 

tion had its origin in the ' .m the crisis in respect to 

purchase, by the Regent-. ^b|jj||^^^ salaries that occurred 

of some casts, statuettes, ,^ S^^^^H^ soon after the Civil War. 

and engravings in 185;; ; ^jj^^^H This subject has fre- 

but has been built up ,il ^^^^| qucntly engaged the at- 

most wholl)' by the gifts ;^^ ^1 tention of the Hoard since 

of friends and the pa- " that time. While the 

tronsofart. Among the ,^ V;,- ;.,, 'V movement has not always 

more valuable gifts are the \, '-.x^ been upward, still, on the 

following: The Horace ' \ ' whole, owing to causes 

White collection of gems ;■ too well known to require 

and medallions, presented formal statement, salaries 

by Hon. A. D. White have been considerably 

when he was Professor of Randolph koohks increased in the course 

History in the University, of this administration, 

and named in honor of his father; the Nydia In 1 871-1872 the salary of a full Professor in 

of Randolph Rogers, a marble statue pre- the Literary Department was fixed at $2,500, 

sented by the Ann Arbor Art Association, and a little later the salary of an Assistant- 

1860; a cast of a group of the Laocoon, pre- Professor at ^1,800. In a few }'ears the Board 

sented by the Class of 1859; a collection of foinid itself embarrassed to meet its obligations, 

American medallions in silver and bronze, its liabilities having outrun its resources. The 

presented by Hon. John J. I^agle)-, at one time Legislature called upon the Regents and the 

Governor of the state ; the Rogers collection State Board of Education to reduce salaries 

of casts, sculptures, and reliefs, presented by in the University and in the State Normal 

Randolph Rogers, sculptor, who at one time School. So in 1878 the Professor's salary was 

resided in Ann Arbor; the Henry C. Lewis reduced to $2,200 and the Assistant-Professor's 

collection of paintings and statuary; and casts to $1,600. Here matters stood for ten years, 

of sculptures from the Arch of Benevento, In 1888 $2,500 was made the maximum salary 

presented in part by the Class of 1896. of a full Professor, and four years later this was 



Chap. A'] 



HISTORY OF THE VNirERSI'lT 



71 



increased to $3,000. Junior Professors have 
received $2,000 since the creation of that rank 
of instructor. The salaries of the Professors 
in the professional schools have also under- 
gone changes. For some )-cars past, the reg- 
ular salar)' of a Professor in the Law and 
Medical School, who is not engaged in active 
practice, has been $2,500; if engaged in such 
practice, then only $2,000. 

The early practice in the University was for 
every graduate, unless formall)' excused, to ap- 
pear with an oration on the Commencement 
platform. The growth of 
the classes, in course of 
time, compelled the selec- 
tion of a limited number 
of orators, who repre- 
sented the class. Again, 
the further growth of the 
classes, the unsatisfactory 
results following the rep- 
resentative plan, and tlir 
springing up of the fci 1 
ing that the old-fashiom d 
Commencement was ,1 
boyish affair at a Uni\ er- 
sity, led in 1878 to the 
substitution for gradu- 
ating orations of a stated 
address by a speaker of 
distinction, chosen b\' 
the University author- 
ities. Hon. G. V. N. 
Lothrop gave the first 
address of the new series 
in that year, a noble tlis- 
course on the tint}' of the state to education. 

Methods of instruction have undergone im- 
portant changes. In the first period of the Uni- 
versity history teaching followed the customary 
text-book lines ; with the coming of Dr. Tappan 
there was some talk about, but little practice of, 
the German methods, and it was not until near 
the close of the ne.Kt administration that the 
lecture became firnih- established as a means 
of teaching. Once more, that the teachers of 
the academical youth should be investigators 
and discoverers of truth is the first of the twin 
ideas relating to instruction that Germany has 
done so much to propagate ; the other is that 




JAMES MlJULLAN 



Students also should engage in investigation. 
From the two ideas taken together with the 
teacher's function a third one natvn-all\' follows; 
namely, that teachers should teach their pupils 
to conduct research work. This is the origin 
ot the well-known German invention, The Semi- 
nar. This mode of teaching was first intro- 
duced into the University by Professor Charles 
K. Adams, then the head of the Department 
of }listor_\-. He was led to take this step by his 
stud)', on its nati\e grt)und, of the Historischc 
Gcscllscliaft. That was in the )'ear 1871-1872. 
A little later, I'rofcssor 
Moses Coit Tyler, of the 
Fnglish Department, fol- 
lowed the example. In 
time other Professors fell 
into line, and for the last 
fifteen or twenty )-ears 
the seminar)', so called, 
has formed an important 
part of the machincr)' of 
teaching. " Seminar)'," 
howe\er, was slow in 
finding its way into the 
catalogue, perhaps be- 
cause the authorities were 
afraid of the word in such 
a connection. There is 
good reason to think that 
the Uni\'ersit)' was the 
first American institution 
to naturalize this product 
of the German soil. But 
however this ma)' be, 
the introduction of semi- 
nary methods in humanistic studies, and the 
great extension of laboratory methods in the 
sciences, has been followed b)' the happiest 
results. 

In so long an administration it would be 
strange indeed if many prominent Professors 
had not died in the serxice. Particular men- 
tion sh(juld be made of Professor Williams 
1881, Cocker 1883, Olney 1887, Palmer 1887, 
Dunster 1888, Jones 1888, Morris 1889, Frieze 
1889, Winchell 1891, and Ford 1894. Most of 
these men were advanced in years and had 
been long in connection with the institution, 
but some of them were stricken down in the 



72 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



IChap. X 



prime of life. Two important chairs in the tlie poh'cy of tlie Univcrsit}- and to insure 

Literary Department were vacated by lament- its success." 

able tragedies. Edward L. Walter, the accom- Some of the man\- contributions that have 
plished head of the Department of Romance been made to the Universit}- since 1871 are 
Languages, was lost at sea in the sinking of mentioned in other parts of this history, but 
the French steamer Zrt Boitrgogiicm i\\Q ?.wxx\- a few fall naturall)' into this place. In iScSij 
mer of 1S98, and George A. Ilench, the \'oung Mrs. Catherine \\. Jones, of Ann Arbor, 
scholarly occupant of the twin Chair of Ger- founded the I-Llisha Jones Classical Fellow- 
manic Languages, died in consequence of a fall ship in memor)' of her husband, Professor 




GALLERY OF ART 



from his bicycle in the White Mountains in the 
summer following. Few Law Professors have 
died in the service. Mention may be made of 
Professor Wells, who passed away in 1891, and 
of Judge Cooley, who still retained a nominal 
connection with the School, in 1898. In his 
annual report following the death of Professor 
Frieze, President Angell, recognizing the great 
service which that distuiguished teacher and 
scholar had rendered to the University, said : 
" No man since the days of Dr. Tappan has 
done more, perhaps none so much, to shape 



P^lisha Jones, an alumnus of the University 
and for many years a member of the Lit- 
erar\' Faculty. Valuable scholarships that 
bear the name "Harrison Scholarships" and 
" Phillips Scholarships " have also been 
founded. It has also become somewhat 
common for classes in the Literarj- Depart- 
ment to found scholarships on their leaving 
the Unisersit)'. A still more interesting fea- 
ture of this branch of the history is the 
scholarship founded in connection with the 
various high schools of the State for the pur- 



Chap. A'] 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY 



73 



pose of assisting deserving graduates of such Among the numerous gifts to the University 

schools to pursue studies in the University. tlie Lewis Collection of Paintings and Statu- 

Miss Elizabeth Bates, M.D., of Port Ches- ary holds a high place. It came iiitd the pos- 



ter, New York, who died in April 1898, be- 
queathed to the Univcrsit}- the bulk of her 
considerable fortune " for the use of the Med- 
ical Department, to found a Professorship to 
be known and called The Bates Professor- 
ship of the Diseases of Women and Chil- 



session of the institution on the death of Henry 
C. Lewis, of Coldwater, Michigan, in 1895, in 
consequence of the terms of his will. Con- 
sisting (if about six hundred paintings and 
one huntiretl pieces of st,ituar_\-, the collec- 
tion cost the donor o\'er $200,000. Some 




uxivERsrrv hall, wrrn ivy — from southeast 



dren." The bequest was accepted and the 
Bates Chair accordingly established. The 
estate realized to the University something 
more than $130,000. This bequest was the 
more gratif)'ing because there was no evi- 
dence to show that Miss Bates had ever 
visited Ann Arbor ; she was moved to make 
her generous gift, apparently, solely by her 
appreciation of the fact that the Univer- 
sity was one of the first in tlie country ti) 
offer medical education of a high grade to 
women. 



noted artists are represented b_\' works of a 
high order of merit. Besides originals, there 
are also copies of many of the most noted 
works of the great Italian masters. The col- 
lection contains many portraits of men and 
women distinguished in history. The acqui- 
sition of this valuable collection raised again 
in a \-ery practical form a much older ques- 
tion ; namely, the need of an Art Hall as 
an adjunct to the Lhiiversity. " Had we a 
proper building," the President said at the 
time, " we could now with little expense 



74 



UN J VERS ITT OF MICHIGAN 



\_Ch,ip. X 



establish a School of Art as a department 
of the Universit}'." 

Late in the \-ear 1S75 serious irregnlarities 
in the accounts of the Chemical Laborator}', 
with an attendcUit shortage of funds, were dis- 
coveretl. A full account of this celebrated 
case would not suit the times or the charac- 
ter of the present work. Two single remarks 
relative to the matter will suffice. One is 
that for five years the external history of the 
University was greatly influenced by the con- 
troversy that grew out of the defalcation; the 
Board of Regents, the 
Legislature of the state, 
and the courts of law, 
not to speak of the pub- 
lic, all took a hand in 
the contention. And the 
other, that, with all this 
outside Confusion and 
excitement, the internal 
life (if the institution was 
not materiall)- ruffled, its 
work interfered with, or its 
growth impeded. What 
is more, the Legislature 
was not led by public ex- 
citement or private man- 
agement to de\'iate from 
its later policv in the 
matter of making appro- 
priations. The incident 
furnished a new and sig- 
nal proof of the strength 
of the institution. 

In 1894 the Regents 
made an important change in their method of 
appropriating money for the various Univer- 
sity interests. Instead of longer dealing with 
the ordinary objects of expenditure from time 
to time as suited convenience or emergency, 
they now adopted the "budget" plan. Each 
Professor who is head of a department is 
asked, some months in advance, to submit an 
estimate of what his department will require 
for the coming year ; these estimates are then 
considered by the Finance Committee, which 
reports to the Board the annual appropriation 
bill ; the understanding being that no addition 
will be made to the appropriations thus voted 



ei.izai;etu b.vies 



except in unforeseen or extraordinary emer- 
gencies. The new plan is found to consult 
economy of expenditure, a wiser distribution 
of money, and convenience of administration. 

This administration has witnessed two in- 
teresting commemorations, the semi-centen- 
nial of the founding of the University,' and 
the quarter-centennial of President Angell's 
inauguration. 

In June 1885, the University Senate and the 
Board of Regents took the initial step lead- 
ing to the first of these celebrations. It was 
agreed to consider the lo- 
cation of the institution 
at Ann Arbor as its real 
beginning. The celebra- 
tion proper occurred on 
Wednesday and Thursday 
of Commencement week, 
June 29-30, 1887, but all 
the exercises of the week 
\\ ere marked by the spirit 
' if the occasion. The ex- 
I icises of commemoration 
(lay proper were a social 
Conference in the Law 
Library; the commemo- 
ration oration by Presi- 
dent Angell, addresses by 
delegates from other Uni- 
\ersities and Colleges, the 
conferring of degrees in 
L'niversity Hall, and the 
banquet held in the pa- 
vilion that had been pre- 
pared for the occasion. 
The attendance was large, including many dis- 
tinguished guests and visitors from different 
parts of the state and from other states ; and 
when the exercises were completed all felt 
that the fiftieth anniversary of the founding 
of the Uni\ersity had been appropriately cele- 
brated. Besides the commemoration exercises 
proper, attention may be drawn to the address 
delivered by Justice Samuel F. Miller, on the 
Supreme Court of the United States, and the 

1 T/u- Univc-rsity of Michigan, 1S37-18S7. The Semi- 
centennial of the Organization of the University of Michigan, 
June 26-30, 1887. Ann Arbor. Published by the University, 




Chap. A'] 



HISTORY OF THE UNUERSriT 



75 



baccalaureate of the )x-ai-, delivered b_\- I'ro- 
fessor Henry S. Frieze, on the Relatinns of 
the State University to Religion. 

The second celebration was equally successful. 
Early in 1895 the Regents and the University 
Senate took action looking to the celebration 
of Dr. Angell's quarter-centennial service as 
President of the University.' The celebration 
was held in University Hall on Wednesday, 
June 24, 1896, the day before the annual Com- 
mencement, Regent R. W. Butterfield presid- 
ing. An address on behalf of the Regents was 
made by Regent W. J. 
Cocker, of the Class of 
i86g; an address on the 
part of the University 
Senate was presented b.\' 
the Chairman of the Sen- 
ate Committee, Professor 
Martin L. D'Ooge, Class 
of ] 86j ; and resolutions 
of the State Teachers' 
Association were read by 
Professor V. A. Barbour, 
Class of 1878. President 
Angell then followed with 
a response. Next came 
the commemoration ode 
written by Professor Ga>-- 
ley of the Universit)' of 
California, and greetings 
by chosen representa- 
tives of Brown and Prince- 
ton Universities, Harvard 
University, Yale Uni- 
versity, the State Univer- 
sities, and the National Bureau of Education. 
In the afternoon a dinner was served in the 
Watermann Gymnasium, which was largely 
attended by invited guests and others, mostly 
alumni of the Uni\'ersit)', accomixmicd with 
toasts and responses. 

President Angell's large knowledge of affairs, 
his practical skill in administration, and, abo\e 
all, his well-known attainments in public law, 
as well as his high character, have led, not 
unnaturally, to his being repeatedl)' called, for 

' Uiiivei-sity of Michigan, 1871-1S96 The Quarlei-Ceii- 
tennial of the Presidency of fames Biirnll Aiigell, LL.D.,fiiitc 
34,1896. Ann Arbor. Published by the Uni-'crsily. 




HENRY C. LEWIS 



a time, away from the University into the 
public service. In the spring of 1880 he ac- 
cepted from the Government the appointment 
of iMU'oy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- 
potentiary and Special Commissioner to the 
Chinese Empire, with a \iew especially of 
securing a modification of existing treaties 
between that Empire and the United States^ 
in which he was entirely successful. His ab- 
sence from his post extended to the second 
semester of the following year. Again in 1887- 
1888, by appointment of the President and 
the permission of the 
Regents, he served as one 
of the representatives of 
our gON'ernment in nego- 
tiating a treaty at Wash- 
ington, ne\'er confirmed, 
howcNcr, by the Senate, 
with the Commissioners 
of Great Britain for the 
settlement of certain con- 
tro\'ersies relating to the 
fisheries on the coasts of 
British North America. 
And finall)-, the academi- 
cal year 1897- 1 898, by 
the same appointment 
and permission, he spent 
at Constantinople as the 
Minister of the United 
States to the Sublime 
Porte. These several 
leaves of absence the 
Board of Regents granted 
in the belief that the sta- 
bility of the University was now so well 
established that it would suffer no serious 
detriment during the President's absence, that 
the several appointments were honorable to the 
President, to the institution, and to the state, 
and that the interest of the countr}- would 
be promoted. Experience demonstrated the 
soundness of these views. 

During the first two of these absences Dr. 
Frieze, by appointment of the Board, served 
as Acting- President ; during the second one, 
Professor H. B. Hutchins, Dean of the Law 
School. Both discharged the duties of the 
office with ability and fidelity. Dr. Frieze sig- 



76 



UNirERSirr of michigjn 



[C/v/.. A7 



ii.ilizcil the j'car 1881-18SJ b\- incorporating 
in his Annual Report an admirable discussion 
of the whole subject of L'ni\'ersity degrees. 

Taken by itself, this chapter is a meagre and 
unsatisfactory picture of Dr. Angell's adminis- 
tration. It is, in fact, but an outline sketch. 
]\Iuch important matter that would belong 
here, if the view were intended to be a com- 
plete one, will be found in later chapters. But 
general as the chapter is in treatment, it is still 
full enough to disclose the remarkable growth 
of the University since 1871. It has been said 
that Dr. Angell came to the L'nixersity at a 
critical time, when it stood at the parting of the 
wa_\s. Fortunately, the right wa\- became the 
line of mo\ement under his leadership. This 
is abundantl}- shown by the creation of new 
departments of instruction and the expansion 
of old ones, the increase in the number of 
teachers, the erection of new buildings and the 
enlargement and renoxation of old buildings, 
the growth of laboratories, apparatus, and 
libraries, the extraordinary increase in the 
number of students, the augmentation of 
financial resources, the broader and deeper 



culti\ation of the field of knowledge, the closer 
aftiliation of the Uni\-ersit)" with the educa- 
tional SNstem of the state, and with the state 
itself, the elevation of the standard of morals 
and personal cultivation, the higher plane of 
University life, the improvement of order and 
decorum among the students, the happ}- rela- 
tions between pupils and teachers, and the 
general wholesomeness of the intellectual and 
inoral atmosphere. Interesting in itself, this 
l^eriod of thirty years is in some sense even 
more interesting wlien it is considered as the 
outcome or fruiting of the equal period that 
preceded it. 

As stated in the opening of the chapter, this 
administration practically covers one-half of 
the entire life of the Universit}-. Thirt}' years 
is a long College Presidencv in an_\- institution, 
anil particularl}-, perha]is, in a state institu- 
tion. The length of this one, together with 
its demonstrated success, tends to refute the 
not uncommon opinion that the administra- 
tion of such institutions is almost necessarily 
marked b}^ friction, instability, and frequent 
chance. 



CHAPTER XI 

Studies and Dec;rees ix the Liter.\rv Department 



PI-.RHAPS it will be said that thus far 
this histoi-\- has dealt more with the 
external than w ith the internal features 
of the Universit}- ; more with the house than 
with its occupants and their employments. 
Certainly the time has come for a more search- 
ing examination of the real work that has been 
done. 

President Angell remarks in one of his Re- 
ports that the Governing Board has been dis- 
tinguished for the boldness and originality of 
its policy, making frequent changes in the tra- 
ditional College usages, some of which were 
freely criticised at the time by those who after- 
wards approved and even adopted them. With 
the exception of the first period, this charac- 
terization is in accord with the facts. It must 
be said once more that from 1841 to 1852 the 



institution mo\ed along the straight and narrow 
wa\' of the old-fashioned College, no departures 
being made from the single traditional course 
of stud}- or the customary College method of 
instruction. The table on the opposite page 
shows a transcript of this course as it stands in 
the catalogue for the year 1843-1844. 

Candidates for admission to the Freshman 
class were examined in English Grammar, 
Geograph}-, Arithmetic, Algebra through sim- 
ple equations, Virgil, Cicero's Select Orations, 
Jacob's or Felton's Greek Reader, Andrews and 
Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and Sophocles's 
Greek Grammar. The Faculty explained that 
it regarded mental discipline as the primary 
object to be sought in College study, and men- 
tal furniture only a secondarj' and later one. 
Not a w'ord was said about optional or elective 



Ch,ip. A'/] 



niS'rORT OF TIIK U Nil- KRS I'll- 



77 



studies; Uic only yliinincr of llic future lii^hl 
and liberty that illumines the i)eriod is the 
remark fouiul in one uf the Reports of the 
P'aculty, to the effect that tiie text-books named 



weekly readings in the New Testament, and, 
most imijortant of all, of two terms of German 
and two of French. The requirements in Latin 
and Greek for admission were somewhat in- 



in the languages for the first two years should creased. Throughout this period the degree 

be regarded as indicating the amount of read- of l^acheior of Arts was conferred upon stu- 

ing to be done rather than the precise authors dents who completed the studies of the course 

to be read, and that there was no sufficient and passed their examinations. 



YEAR 


TERM 


LANGUAGE AND 
LITERATURE 


MATHEMATICS AND 
PHYSICS 


INTELLECTUAL AND 
MORAL SCIENCE 


First . . . 


I 
II 


Folsom's Livy, Xenophon's 
Cyropsdia and Anabasis. 

Livy finished, Horace, Tlui- 
cydides, Herodotus, Ko- 
inan Antiquities. 


liourdon's Algebra. 

Algebra, Legendre's Geom- 
etry, Botany. 






III 


Horace finished. Homer's 
Odyssey. 


Geometry, Mensuration, ap- 
plication of Algebra to 
Geometry. 




Skcond . . 


I 


Cicero de Senectute and de 
Aniicitia, Lysias, Isocrates, 
Demosthenes. 


Plane and .Spherical Trigo- 
nometry. 


Logic. 




II 


Cicero de Oratore, Greek 
Tragedy, Grecian Antiqui- 
ties, Newman's Rhetoric. 


Davies' Descriptive and An- 
alytical Geometry. 






III 


Tacitus' Vita Agricola; and 
Germania, Greel< Tragedy. 


Analytical Geometry, 
Bridge's Conic Sections. 




Third . . . 


I 
II 


Cicero de Officiis, Greek 
Poetry. 

Terence, Cireek Poetry, Gen- 
eral Grammar. 


Olmsted's Natural Philos- 
ophy, Zoology. 

Natural Philosophy, Chem- 
istry. 


Abercrombie's Intellectual 

Powers. 
Paley's Natural Theology. 




III 


Whately's Rhetoric. 


Olmsted's Astronomy, Chem- 
istry, Mineralogy. 




Fourth . . 


I 
II 

III 


Lectures on Greek and Latin 
Languages and Literature. 


Geology, Calculus. 


Stuart's Intellectual Philoso- 
phy, Cousin's Psychology. 

Whately's Logic, Wayland's 
Moral Science, Political 
Grammar. 

Story on the Constitution, 
Wayland's Political Econ- 
omy. Butler's Analogy. 



reason for requiring the successive classes to 
read precisely the same authors, but the con- 
trary, since variety might promote a taste for 
classical learning. 

In the eight years following some changes 
were made in the curriculum. Old studies 
were somewhat re-arranged, the amount of work 
in familiar lines was increased or reduced, and 
new text-books were sometimes employed. 
The most important changes, however, were 
the additions of an increment of science, of 



A comparison of curricula shows that in the 
years 1851-1852 the University of Michigan 
stood on the common level of the recognized 
Colleges of the country. Moreover, this level 
is a proper base-line from which to measure 
the advances of the ensuing period. 

It would seem that the policy which the Uni- 
versity authorities had pursued was not alto- 
gether satisfactory to the people of the state. 
The action of the Legislature in 1851, which 
has been recited in a previous chapter, was in 



-8 



UNivERsrrr of Michigan 



[Ch„p. XI 



line witli the new educational ideas that were the graduates the degree of Ci\-il Engineer, but 

beginning to stir in the countr\-, and in full the course never attracted many students, 

accord with the \ie\vs of President Tappan. It was announced that the examinations for 

Accordingly, a new course was promptl)- an- admission to the new scientific course would 

nounced for the year 1852-1853. The parallel be "particularly rigid" in English Grammar, 

courses now ran as follows : Geography, Arithmetic, and Algebra through 



COURSE OF INSTRUCTION 




TERM 


CLASSICAL COURSE 


TERM 


SCIENTIFIC COURSE 


FiRsi' Year . . . 


I 


Latin, Greek, Algebra. 


I 


English Language and Literature, 
History, Algebra. 




II 


Algebra and Geometry, Latin, 
Greek. 


II 


Algebra and Geometry, History, 
English Language and Literature. 




III 


Geometry, Greek, Latin. 


III 


Geometry, French, History. • 


Second Vi-AR . . . 


I 


Rhetoric, Trigonometry and Conic 
Sections, Latin or Greek. 


I 


Rhetoric, Trigonometry and Conic 
Sections, French. 




II 


Latin, Rhetoric, Greek. 


II 


German, French, Mensuration, Nav- 
igation, etc. 




III 


Latin or Greek, French, Natural 
Philosophy. 


III 


German, Descriptive and Analytical 
Geometry, Natural Philosophy. 


Third Veak . . . 


I 


Political Economy, Natural Philos- 
ophy, French. 


I 


Political Economy. Natural Philos- 
ojjhy, German. 




II 


German, Latin or Greek, French. 


II 


Drawing (Perspective and .Architec- 
ture), Calculus, Rhetoric. 




III 


German, Astronomy, Latin or 
Greek. 


III 


Civil Engineering, Mental Philoso- 
phy, Chemistry. 


FouRiit Year . . . 


I 


German, Mental Philosophy, Chem- 
istry. 


I 


Civil Engineering, Mental Philoso- 
phy, Chemistry. 




II 


Moral Science, Mental Philosophy 
and Logic, Chemistry. 


11 


Moral Science, Mental Philosophy 
and Logic, Chemistry. 




III 


Moral Science, .\nimal and Yege- 
table Physiology, Geology. 


III 


Moral Science, Animal and Vege- 
table Physiology, Geology. 



Lectures through the }'ear, once each week, 
on Natural Theology and Evidences of Chris- 
tianity, to all classes. 

Exercises in declamation and English Com- 
position, for each class, weekly, through both 
courses. Original declamations through the 
last two years. 

About the same time a course in Phx'sics 
and Civil Engineering was announced, which 
soon developed into a School of Engineering. 
The studies in this school, for the first three 
years, were identical with those of the Scien- 
tific Course and were pursued in the same 
classes ; the remaining portion of the course 
was made up of Philosophy and Engineering 
studies proper. The school conferred upon 



equations of the first degree ; but, with this 
proviso, it can hardly be claimed that the new 
course was the full equivalent in disciplinary 
power of the old one. The students of all 
departments and courses, when engaged in the 
same study, recited together to the same 
professor. The degree of Bachelor of Arts 
was still to be conferred upon graduates in 
the classical course as before ; while the de- 
gree of Bachelor of Science would be given 
to the graduates in the new course. " This 
title, borrowed from the French Colleges," 
the catalogue ran, " has already been intro- 
duced into the Lawrence Scientific School, 
of Harvard, and into the Universitj- of Roch- 
ester, to mark the graduation of a similar 



Chap. A7] 



HISTORY OF THE UNiyERSlTT 



79 



class of students." No mention was made of 
electives. 

Another iiino\ation ])ermitted students who 
did not desire to beeonie candidates for a 
degree to take an)- part of the chissical or 
scientific course for sucli length of time as 
they might choose, in case they exhibited 
satisfactory evidence of such proficiency as 
would enable them to proceed advantageously 
with the studies of the class of which they pro- 
posed to become members. As time showed, 
this was an important step in the direction of 
freedom. The next year fourteen students out 
of one hundred and fift_\-fi\e were registered 
in what was called the " Partial Course," and 
from that time such students are registered in 
the catalogue, but generally under some other 
designation, as " students in Select Courses," 
or " students not candidates for degrees." 

This legislation enabled a large number of 
special students to enter the Uni\ersit>- who 
came seeking the excellent opportunities to 
study Astronomy and Chemistry which were 
provided after the construction of the Observa- 
tory and the Laboratory. 

Elective studies appeared on a small scale 
in 1 85 5-1 856, the student's option being con- 
fined to one-third of tlie work in the Senior 
}'ear. The gates were now ajar; they were 
not, however, opened more wideK' until 1871, 
when all the studies of the Senior \-ear e.xcejjt 
Philosophy were thrown open to election. 

Dr. Tappan also made an heroic but not 
very successful attempt to introduce genuine 
University courses ; but the account of this 
attempt will be deferred until we come to deal 
with the Graduate School. 

The whole subject of an Agricultural College 
was thoroughly discussed in the Constitutional 
Convention of 1850, and the proN'ision placed 
in the Constitution that the Legislature should 
encourage by all suitable means the promotion 
of agricultural improvement. In the confident 
expectation that the Legislature would make 
provision to carry out this mandate at the 
University, the Regents and Faculty in 1852- 
1853 organized an agricultural course embrac- 
ing agriculture proper and the related sciences. 
In the spring of that year. Rev. Charles Fox 
gove a course of gratuitous lectures in the 



subject, and the year following was appointed 
Professor of Agriculture. Mr. Fo.x died soon 
after, and with him the department died also, 
lea\'ing nothing beliiiid but some agricultural 
works that he had contributed to the General 
Library. In 1855 the Legislatvn-e pro\-idcd for 
the establishment of an Agricultural College 
"within ten miles of the state caijital," which 
was an eftecti\c bar to an Agricultural Dejjart- 
ment at Ann Arbor. Still the Regents be- 
tween 1858 and 1863 in\ited both Ann Arbor 
and Vpsilanti to present the Uni\'ersit\' with a 
farm fir agricultural purposes, which in\itation 
neither of them ever heeded. 

Numerous changes in matters of instruction 
were made in President Haven's term, but 
none so important as those that have just been 
described. As has been already stated, the 
requirements for admission in Mathematics 
were raised. Students were now denied admis- 
sion unless they could pass an examination in 
quadratic equations and in three books of 
Davies' " Legendrc." Conformably to a sug- 
gestion made by the President, admission to 
the select or partial courses, after 1863, was 
limited to those persons who passed the en- 
trance examination to one of the Freshman 
classes. The departments generall\- were more 
or less expanded, while modes of instruction 
began to difterentiate. Rclativel}-, the lecture 
became more prominent, the te.xt-book less 
prominent. Besides, two new courses of study 
were introduced. 

The first of the new courses ran parallel with 
the Classical and Scientific courses, and was 
called the Latin and Scientific Course. It 
diftered from the classical course only in this, 
the modern languages took the place of the 
Greek. The degree of Bachelor of Philosophy 
crowned the course, and was conferred for the 
first time upon si.x students in 1870. 

In 1865 the announcement was made that, 
in response to a long-felt demand, a thorough 
course of study which should qualify men for 
mining operations according to strictly scientific 
principles would be given. The student who 
was prepared to enter the Scientific Course 
could complete this new course in four years 
and would be entitled to graduate as a Mining 
Engineer. Certificates were also promised to 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



\_Cbap. XI 



students who pursued exclusively the Mining 
Engineering studies. All the instruction that 
this course provided, except what pertained 
especially to mining operations, was already 
given in other departments, so that the new 
demand was met by giving additional assist- 
ance to the Professor of Chemistry and by 
imposing some new labors upon the Profes- 
sors of Geology and Civil Engineering. 

Touching the connection of professional and 
industrial schools with the University, Presi- 
dent Haven said a better School of Mines 
could be there supported with $3,000 a year, 
than for $10,000 elsewhere, while $5,000 would 
maintain a better Agricultural School in Ann 
Arbor than could be sustained elsewhere in 
the state for $15,000 or $20,ooo a year. 

While the School of Mines organized in 
1865 was never vigorous, owing to lack of 
adequate support, it continued to keep its 
place in the catalogue. A course in Mechani- 
cal Engineering was offered three years later, 
but it attracted few students. Somewhat in 
disregard of chronology, we may here follow 
the fortunes of the School of Mines to the end. 
The rapid development of mining in the 
Upper Peninsula ltd to a strong demand for a 
school in which this subject should be thor- 
oughly taught. A joint committee of the two 
houses of the Legislature visited Ann Arbor in 
1875 and reported that, by utilizing such Pro- 
fessorships as already existed that bore on 
the subject, a School of Mines could be organ- 
ized more economically and efficiently there 
than elsewhere. This report led the Legis- 
lature to pass an Act appropriating $10,500 
a year for two years for the establishment and 
maintenance of such a school which was also 
to include instruction in Architecture. The 
organization of the new school was attended 
by some difficulties, but it was set in motion 
at the opening of the academic year, 1 875-1 876. 
Unfortunately, the Legislature neglected to 
continue the necessary appropriation at the 
expiration of the biennial period. Members 
of the Legislature from the Upper Peninsula 
had made up their minds to effect, if possible, 
the removal of the school from Ann Arbor 
to some place in the mining district of the 
state, and in the end they were able to ac- 



complish their purpose. The great argument 
in favor of removal was the advantages that 
proximity to mines actually operated on a 
large scale would bring to the students in at- 
tendance ; the great argument in favor of 
retaining it in Ann Arbor was the advantages 
to accrue to the students from a University 
connection and to the state through the econ- 
omizing of instruction. The final decision was 
no doubt influenced by non-educational con- 
siderations, such as the distribution of the 
state institutions. Still, the School of Mines 
did not die at once. Some of the Professors 
in the Literary Department, in the hope that 
the Legislature would two years later, renew 
its appropriation, volunteered to do the work 
that was essential to keep it alive ; but the 
hope was disappointed, and the school was 
finally merged into the Department of Engi- 
neering. 

This review brings us to 1 877-1 878, when 
the happy results that had so far followed the 
adoption of liberal ideas and practices led 
the authorities to carry them much farther, 
involving important changes in the scheme 
of studies in the Literary Department. These 
changes ran in several different directions. 

First, may be mentioned the establishment 
of an English course of study leading to the 
degree of Bachelor of Letters. The required 
work within the course consisted largely of 
the English, French and German Languages 
and Literatures and of History. The reason 
for this action was the fact that while the 
leading courses in the prominent high schools 
were co-ordinated with courses in the Uni- 
versity, the so-called English Course, which 
in many schools covered the same period of 
time as the others, was wholly disconnected 
from the University, which forced the question 
whether, as long as this was the case, the Uni- 
versity was discharging its full duty as an 
integral part of the state system of public 
education. The requirements for admission 
to the English course were in History, Mathe- 
matics, Science, and the English Language and 
Literature. 

In the next place the Classical, the Scientific, 
and the Latin and Scientific courses were par- 
tially revised and rearranged, and the name 



Ch,ip. A7] 



HISTORY OF THE U NITERS ITT 



8i 



of the last one changed io the Latin Course. 
The Scientific Course was so modified as to 
make it more conformable to the name it 
bore ; one year of Latin was also added to 
the requirement for admission. The Engineer- 
ing Course was left substantially unchanged. 

Next we ma_\- notice the large number of 
studies that were nnw thrown open to elec- 
tion. Avoiding details, it suffices to say that, 
on the whole, a little more than one-half of 
all the studies required for a Bachelor's degree 
were prescribed, and a little less than one-half 
were made electi\x'. The first circular that 
was sent out promised one hundred and twent}' 
subjects or studies, each to be taught through 
a semester, some daily, some four times a week, 
and others less frequently. 

The time clement was now relegated to a 
much lunnbler function in measuring require- 
ments for graduation. This was done to adapt 
the courses of study to the varying abilities of 
students, and was in full accord with one of the 
most important educational tendencies of recent 
times. Henceforth a certain amount of work 
rather than a fixed time should be the condition 
of graduation. The large number of studies 
thrown open to election greatly facilitated this 
process. As was foreseen, two results followed : 
some students shortened the time employed in 
earning their degrees, while others impro\'ed 
the opportunity to strengthen and enrich their 
courses of study. 

Again, when the field of elective study was 
thus enlarged, and the time restrictions were 
thus relaxed, the opportunity was improved to 
redistribute the work in the several courses for 
the better accommodation of both students and 
teachers. The time for taking required studies 
was made less rigid, so that the range of elec- 
tives extended over the whole course ; that is, 
it now became possible for any student, unless 
he was pursuing Engineering, to elect at least 
one study every semester. Finally, the doors 
were opened still wider to special students, or 
students not candidates for a degree. The 
entrance examination imposed in 1863 was dis- 
pensed with, in the case of students who were 
twenty-one years of age. Such persons were 
henceforth required to do no more than satisfy 
Professors, on such inquiry as Professors saw 



fit to make, of their ability to do the work, in 
order to obtain admission tc the class room and 
to demonstrate their ability in a practical waj'. 
Here it may be observed that this class of 
students have played a not unimportant part in 
University history. Many of them have been 
school teachers of more than ordinary intellec- 
tual training, who desired to pursue certain 
special studies which they were well able to do 
with credit to themselves and to the University. 
.Some of these students, after spending one or 
more semesters at the University, have gone 
directly to the work of life, but a large number 
have become candidates for degrees. In fact, 
many of them entered as special students only 
as a preliminary step to entering for degrees, 
while still others changed their plans after 
coming to Ann Arbor. 

The legislation that we have been considering 
resulted in the establishment of what came to 
be called the "credit s\-stem." Original!}' it 
embraced the following features : five exercises 
a week during a semester, whether in recitation, 
laboratory work, or lecture, should constitute a 
full course of study. The completion of twenty- 
four such courses should be required to obtain 
the recommendation of the Faculty for the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts, or of Civil Engi- 
neering, or of Mining Engineering ; but the 
completion of twenty-si.x full courses should be 
required to obtain the recommendation for the 
degree of Bachelor of Philosophy or Bachelor 
of Letters. To a great extent, however, these 
twenty-four or twenty-si.x full courses could be 
made up of courses embracing less than five 
hours ; thus a three hour course plus a two 
hour course would count the same as a five hour 
course. In 1894 the requirement of courses 
for the two degrees last named was reduced 
from twent)--six to twent_\'-four courses, thus 
making the requirement for the several 
Bachelors' degrees equivalent in point of time. 

When announced, the changes of curricula 
made in 1877- 1878 were received with great en- 
thusiasm by the students, and called out man)' 
expressions of approval, both within and with- 
out the state. The number of students in the 
Literary Department increased twenty per cent 
the next year. The President stated in his 
next report that the " new departure," as it was 



82 



UNI VERS ITT OF MICHIGAN 



[_Chap. XI 



called, had been begun under serious disad- 
vantages; that one year's experience was too 
brief to justify him in the use of unqualified 
statements of opinion on the subject, but that 
no reason had appeared to weaken the cxjiec- 
lations of the authors of the plan. " We ha\ e 
seen no disposition in our students, under an 
elective system, to choose studies," he said, 
" because they are easy, or to avoid those 
which are usually thought difficult. The fears 
of those who had supposed that Greek might 
be dropped were allayed in observing that the 
number of persons studying Greek was never 
before so great." Scarcely any inclination to 
take too little work had appeared ; the mis- 
takes, as anticipated, were quite on the other 
side ; many students had desired to take more 
studies than they could pursue with profit, and 
the Faculty had found it necessary to exercise 
a reasonable restraint. Dr. Frieze welcomed 
the " new departure " because, as he believed, 
it facilitated the transformation of the institu- 
tion from a College to a Universitj'. These 
tentative judgments, based on the observation 
of a single year, have been confirmed in every 
essential particular b)' subsequent experience. 
Time quickly proved the necessity of fixing 
the amount of work that students might elect 
by definite rules, which, as time has gone on, 
have been more or less modified. 

All in all, 1 877-1 878 is the most important 
year in respect to internal changes in the Uni- 
versity that has been seen since President Tap- 
pan's arrival in 1852. 

In 1882 the "University system" was es- 
tablished. Under the rules constituting this 
system, students who had completed the re- 
quired work of the first two years were no 
longer held to complete a fixed number of 
courses, but were permitted to select, subject 
to approval, three lines of study to be pursued 
under the direction of a Committee composed of 
the Professors having these studies in charge, 
and to graduate at the end of the course, re- 
ceiving the appropriate degree, provided they 
passed the prescribed examinations in a satis- 
factory manner. The object of this system 
was to secure the advantages of such special- 
ization as can be given to students at this stage 
of advancement, to students who should elect 



them, subject to approval. It looked to a still 
greater degree of liberty than the new rules of 
1 877-1 878 afforded. In a sense, the University 
system was intended to be the counterpart of 
the credit system. The rules of 1882, more or 
less modified, are still in force, but the s\'stem, 
for reasons that are not perhaps altogether 
plain, has never met the expectations of its 
founders; the vast majority of students have 
always preferred to take their work on the 
credit system. These rules, it may be added, 
constituted for a time the constitutional basis 
of the Graduate School, in so far as that School 
had any real existence. 

Another innovation, one not less important 
and more novel than those made in 1 877-1 878, 
came the next year, namely, the establishment 
of a Professorship of the Science and the Art 
of Teaching. The duty of the University to 
provide society with teachers is one of its main 
functions, and it naturally attracted the atten- 
tion of Dr. Tappan. In his report to the 
Board of Regents for 1856 President Tappan 
said the highest institutions were necessary to 
supply the proper standard of education, to 
raise up instructors of the jjroper qualification, 
to define the principles and methods of edu- 
cation, to furnish cultivated men to the pro- 
fession, to civil life, and to the private walks 
of societ)', and to diffuse everywhere the edu- 
cational spirit. 

In 1858-1859, probably owing to Dr. Tap- 
pan's initiative, an advanced class in the ancient 
languages was announced for teachers in the 
union and high schools, and the next year 
Frieze's Virgil was named as the particular 
text-book to be used. Nor was this all ; Dr. 
J. AI. Gregory, then State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, about the year i860 gave 
a course of lectures occupying several weeks, 
two lectures a week, to the Senior class and 
such others as saw fit to attend on the prin- 
ciples and philosophy of education, and the 
organization, management and instruction of 
schools. The announcement relative to the 
class in Frieze's Virgil was repeated year by 
year until 1874-1875, when any member of the 
Senior class who pursued courses of study with 
reference to preparation for teaching, and who, 
by special examination, showed such marked 



Chap. AV] 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY 



'3 



proficiency as qualified him to give instruction, 
was promised a diploma signed by the Pres- 
ident and Professors who had charge of the 
studies he had taken, with this object in view. 
The next year notice was given that a special 
examination in the Ancient and Modern Lan- 
guages and Mathematics would be held before 
the spring vacation, and that those who passed 
such examinations would receive a diploma 
designed to be a certificate of qualification, 
which would be the only form of recommen- 
dation that would be given b)- the Professors 
in charge of these studies. The teachers' 
course in Latin was now expanded so as to in- 
clude exercises in exegesis and Latin prose 
composition. A teachers' class in Greek was 
also offered, embracing prose composition and 
exercises in syntax. No other teachers' courses 
are named in those years. 

It had long been the custom in the Lfniver- 
sities of Germany for Professors of Philosophy 
to lecture on Pedagogy, to use a word of their 
own invention. The Bell Chairs of the Theory, 
History and Art of Education had been estab- 
lished in the University of Edinburgh and St. 
Andrews in 1876. Systematic instruction in 
the Science and the Art of Teaching was one 
of the features of the New System which Pres- 
ident Wayland introduced into Brown L^niver- 
sity in 1850, but which, unfortunately, did not 
prove to be permanentl)' successful ; while 
Horace Mann made the same subject an elec- 
tive study in Antioch College, organized in 
1853. The subject was agitated, too, in con- 
nection with Columbia College, once in 1858, 
and again in 1881 and 1882; while some ten- 
tative efforts had been made to teach education 
in the Universities of Missouri and Iowa before 
1870. These facts show conclusively that the 
idea of gi\'ing instruction in the subject of 
education, or teaching, in Colleges and LTniver- 
sities had begun to stir men's minds in various 
parts of the country. In fact, brief courses of 
lectures on the Theor_\' and Practice of Teach- 
ing, in the Colleges, at least of the West, was 
in no way uncommon. 

When Dr. Angell came to Ann Arbor, he 
found himself called upon to certify to the 
competency of students to teach in the union 
and high schools, and he felt the need of some 



source of information that was more definite 
and positive than any that was then open to 
him. He reflected, also, upon the value of 
instruction in the subject of teaching to the 
.students who were intending teachers. He 
therefore brought the matter to the attention 
of the Board in his report for 1874. 

"It cannot be doubted that some instruction in Peda- 
gogics would be very helpful to our Senior class. 
.Many of them are called directly from the University 
to the management of large schools, some of them to 
the superhitendency of the schools of a town. The whole 
work of organizing schools, the management of pri- 
mary and grammar schools, the art of teaching and 
governing a school, — of all this it is desirable that they 
know something before they go to their new duties. 
Experience alone can thoroughly train them. But some 
familiar lectures on these topics would be of essential 
service to them." 

Four years later he again brought the subject 
forward, urging that the new system that had 
been inaugurated in 1877- 1878 would easily 
yield a place for such instruction. " Perhaps 
for a time, at least, a non-resident lecturer 
occupying a part of the year might meet the 
wants of our students," he said, " and might 
afford us an opportunity to test the value of 
such a course as is here suggested." In June 
1879, the Faculty adding its recommendation 
to that of the President, the Regents took the 
desired action, creating and filling at the same 
time the Chair of the Science and the Art of 
Teaching. The objects of this chair, as stated 
in the official circular sent out in August fol- 
lowing, were these: (i) To fit University 
students for the higher positions in the public 
school service; (2) To promote the study of 
educational science ; (3) To teach the history 
of education and of educational systems and 
doctrines ; (4) To secure to teaching the rights, 
prerogatives, and advantages of a profession ; 
(5) To give a more perfect unity to our state 
educational system by bringing the secondary 
schools into closer relations with the Univer- 
sit)'. Referring to the subject in his next an- 
nual report, the President said he was not aware 
that there was at the time a chair exclusively 
for this work in any other American College. 

The Board of Regents made a happy choice 
in selecting its first Professor of Education. 



84 



UNIVERSITI' OF MICHIGAN 



[67v/.. A7 



William H. Payne, who was called to the new 
chair, was recommended for the position by 
his studies of the general subject, his contri- 
butions to educational literature, his experi- 
ence as Editor of an educational journal, and 
his varied and successful work as a prac- 
tical teacher and Superintendent of schools. 
Neither too radical nor too conservative, he 
pursued a course that steadily and surely 
commanded the confidence of teachers, edu- 
cators and enlightened citizens of the state. 
He began with a modest programme of but 
two courses for the year, " one practical, 
embracing school supervision, grading, courses 
of study, examinations, the art of instructing 
and governing, school architecture school 
hygiene, school law," etc., two lectures each 
week ; and " one historical, philosophical and 
critical," also two hours a week. The work 
expanded as time went on, and at the time 
of Professor Payne's withdrawal from the 
University in February 1888, he offered seven 
distinct courscis embracing twenty-one hours 
of instruction. Not onl}' b)' his instruction 
and the administration of the department, but 
also by his writings he established the chair in 
the respect and confidence of the University 
constituency and of many prominent educators 
in the country.' 

In 1899-1900 the Department of the Science 
and the Art of Teaching was strengthened by 
the addition of a Junior Professor, who was 
also to serve as inspector of high schools. 
Additional courses were now added, making 

' Harper's Weekly, July 26, 1879, signalized the establish- 
ment of the Chair of Education in a brief article entitled 
"Teaching How to Teach." The University of Michigan, 
this journal said, was one of the most progressive as well as 
efficient of our great schools of learning ; the most striking 
fact in its recent annals was the establishment of a Chair of 
The History, Theory and Art of Education, " the value of 
which will be seen at once from the fact that the public 
schools of Michigan generally fell under the control of 
graduates of the University." It was the first chair of the 
kind established in the country, and the University again 
justified its position as the head of the educational system 
of the state. " This action will promote," the article ran, 
"the highest interests of education, not only by tempting 
future teachers to the training of the University, but by 
apprising the public that teaching is itself an art and that 
the knowledge how to teach may make all the difference 
between school money well or uselessly spent in a 
community." 



a total of twcnt_\'-fivc hours in the subject of 
Education. 

The action of 1879 made it ncccssar}- to 
adjust the Teacher's Diploma to the new Pro- 
fessorship of the Science and the Art of 
Teaching. The rule was now promulgated 
that any one who pursued one of the courses 
in this department, and some one other 
course of study with reference to teaching, 
and who by special examination showed such 
marked proficiency as qualified him to give 
instruction, might receive a special diploma 
signed by the President and Professors who 
had charge of the studies he had taken with 
this object in view. This diploma has always 
been strictly limited to students who have 
taken degrees at the University, and the re- 
quirement has been increased until it now 
includes eleven hours of pedagogical work. 
In 1891 the Legislature passed an Act em- 
powering and instructing the Literary Faculty to 
gi\e students who received this diploma a cer- 
tificate, which should serve as a legal certificate 
to teach in any of the schools of the state. 

Such are the more important features of the 
history of undergraduate study in the Uni- 
versity. A few words relative to requirements 
for admission must, however, be added. 

The demands made upon candidates for the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts have not, in respect 
to the amount of work necessary to meet them, 
been substantially changed since President 
Haven's day; the general level of requirement 
has, no doubt, been somewhat raised. The 
two most pronounced tendencies of later years 
have been to bring the other courses up to 
the same level in respect to the same amount 
of work required, and to make the terms of 
admission more elastic by offering an increased 
number of alternative studies. In the aca- 
demical year 1 896- 1 897 the requirements were 
divided into four groups of studies, having 
primary reference to the amount of foreign 
language work that they require; Groups I. 
and II., si.K years; Group III., four years; and 
Group IV., two years. The last step in respect 
to the greater flexibility of requirements was 
enacted in the year 1 899-1 900. 

The general question of reducing the College 
courses to three years, which has awakened 



Chap. XI] 



IIJSrOR]' OF THE UNIIERSITT 



85 



so imich ^liscll^sion in acatlcniic circles, lias 
aroused considerable interest in the \arious 
Faculties, particularly that of Literatuic, Science 
and The Arts. No vote of the I'acult)-, how- 
e\'er, has e\'er been had on the subject. The 
President expressed his own \ iew in his Report 



coni])leted two ^ears of work in the Literary 
Dep.u'tnicnt, embracing; si.\t\- hours of stud)', 
antl inchiiHni^f all the wurk lur the hrsl two 
)ears prescribed Inr some cine nf the Bachelor's 
degrees, or students from institutions ha\'iiig 
done an ecpiivalent amount of study, were 



for 1890, balancing the arguments /w and con. made ciualified candidates for the new school. 
and reaching the conclusion that, for the Special students, also, might be admitted on 
present at least, the Uni\ersit_\- must accept certain terms and conditions. Besides the 
the organization of the high schools as it regular examinations at the close of the semes- 
exists, and allow three and a half or four years ters, every candidate for a degree was required 
for the Collegiate CoLU'se. " And yet," he to present and defend a thesis before a Com- 
mittee of the Faculty", as 



added," provision is made 
for allowing competent 
students to gain a year in 
the aggregate time usually 
required for College and 
professional work." ' 

In June 18S1, the Re- 
gents took the necessary 
action to organize, in the 
Department of Literature, 
Science, and the Arts, a 
School of Political Sci- 
ence. Such a school was 
demanded, the Board said. 
by the new conditions of 
political thought in the 
country as manifested by 
the organization of simi- 
lar schools at Columbia 
and Cornell Universities. 
Michigan would be the 
first in the field in the 

West, and the school, it (hakli- 

was believed, would be a 

very attractive feature of the Universit)'. Ac- 
cordingly, it went into operation at the opening 




well as to pass a satisfac- 
tory examination in three 
branches of study, a ma- 
jor and two mincjrs. The 
student who met all the 
requirements would be 
recommended for the de- 
gree of Doctor of Philoso- 
l)h_\'. It was not proposed 
til confer this tlegree at 
the end of any specified 
])eriod of time, but onl\' 
when the candidate had 
iuUy com[:)lcted his woi'k, 
pid\'id(^'d, that no student 
would be recommended 
in less than three years 
from the time of his ad- 
mission to the school, un- 
less he had been admitted 
to an advanced standing. 
• ^"^^1^ The School of Political 

Science developed inter- 
est in the subjects that it taught, and drew 
into its classes a large number of students. 



of the ensuing academical year, with Professor It was, however, found difficult to adjust it 
C. K. Adams as Dean. Students who had satisfactorily to the department, and consider- 
able friction resulted. In particular, its estab- 

' Since these words were written, this single year has Hshment compelled a revision of the old rules 

been doubled by means of the combination or so-called "six in relation to the Doctor's degree. In a few 

year" courses. These courses were several years in process years the school began to lose ground, and the 

final announcement of it quietly disappeared 



of evolution, but they are not found in the announcement of 
the literary Department until 1896-1S97. They are confined 
to the Literary and Medical and Literary and Law depart- 
ments. A saving of time amounting to a year and a half or 
two years is effected by counting certain studies both ways; 
that is, for both the general and the professional course. 
The two degrees cannot, however, be taken at the same 
time. 



from the calendar in 1888-1889. 

In the spring of 1900 Special Courses in 
Higher Commercial Fducation and Public 
Administration were announced, instruction 
in them to begin with the ensuing academical 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



IChop. XI 



year. These courses were intended particu- 
larly for those undergraduates and graduates 
who wished to specialize in History, Economics, 
and allied studies, and the students entering 
them were put under the special charge of a 
Committee composed of the Professors most 
interested. 

How powerfully impressed Dr. Tappan's 
mind had been by the German educational 
system before he came to Ann Arbor, was 
made plain in the chapter relating to his 
administration. He was equally impressed by 
the idea or belief that, in time, the Michigan 
system could be developed into a similar sys- 
tem. In the first catalogue issued under his 
supervision, 1852-1853, he sa}-s the State of 
Michigan has copied from Prussia " what is 
acknowledged to be the most perfect educa- 
tional system in the world." Still, the Michi- 
gan system could never realize its ideal until 
the old-fashioned College at Ann Arbor should 
be transformed into a real University. In fact, 
the same catalogue contained the announce- 
ment of a " University Course " designed for 
those who had taken the degree of A. B. or 
the degree of B. S. and for those generally 
who, by previous study, had attained a prep- 
aration and discipline to qualify them for 
pursuing it. This course, when completely 
furnished with able Professors and the materials 
of learning, would correspond with that pur- 
sued in the Universities of France and Germany, 
When first announced, this so-called " Univer- 
sity Course " embraced the following subjects, 
twenty in all : 

Systematic Philosophy, History of Philoso- 
phy, History and Political Economy, Logic, 
Ethics and Evidences of Christianity, the Law 
of Nature — the Law of Nations — Con- 
stitutional Law, the Higher Mathematics, 
Astronomy, General Physics, Chemistry, Nat- 
ural History, Philology, Greek Language and 
Literature, Latin Language and Literature, 
Oriental Languages, English Language and 
Literature, Modern Literature, Rhetoric and 
Criticism, The History of the Fine Arts, The 
Arts of Design. 

Henceforth until the next period the students 
in the Arts Department were entered under 
the general heading "Undergraduates;" but 



there were for the time no graduates. In 1855 
it is stated, " the University Course is already 
in part opened in the Department of Science 
and Letters, where courses of lectures are 
given," etc. ; and the following j-ear the name 
of one solitary graduate scholar is recorded. 
In 1859 the names of fourteen such students 
appear, in i860, two; in 1861, one; in 1862, 
three; and in 1863, two, — most of them in 
Scientific Courses. Eleven years had now 
elapsed since President Tappan threw the Uni- 
versity ensign to the breeze ; he kept that en- 
sign flying until the close of his administration ; 
but time had demonstrated the futility of at- 
tempting to anticipate the future ; neither the 
institution nor its constituency was read}' for 
real LTniversity work.' 

The accession of Dr. Haven to the Presi- 
dency marks a distinct change in the style of 
the University Catalogue. Dr. Tappan's lofty 
statement of aims and ideals ga\-e place to the 
following simple declaration: "The design of 
the people of Michigan in the establishment 
of a University was e\'identl\' to provide for 
the higher education of such of the pupils of 
the union schools and others as might desire 
to avail themselves of its advantages." The 
rubric " undergraduates " soon fell out of the 
catalogue. The causes of this declension, if 
declension it be, lie close at hand. Dr. Haven, 
for one thing, did not share the grand, if im- 
practicable, ideas that so expanded Dr. Tap- 
pan's mind, and that, more than anything else, 
brought him to Michigan; or, if he did share 
them, he believed they were wholly unobtain- 
able under existing conditions. But this was 
not all : the University had really been nothing 

' President Tappan incurred much opposition and ridi- 
cule on account of his persistent advocacy of the German 
ideal, " So much was this foreign school system the bur- 
den of his discourse that it brought upon him a storm of 
censure and abuse from some of the journals of the state, 
whose editors were alarmed for the gloiy of the .American 
eagle, or, possibly, were glad of a theme so potent to rouse 
the stout patriotism of their American hearts. Of all the 
imitations of English aristocracy, German mysticism, Prus- 
sian imperiousness, and Parisian nonsensities, he is alto- 
gether the most un-Americanized, the most completely 
foreignized specimen of an abnormal Yankee we have ever 
seen. Such was the style of the attacks made upon him, 
worth notice only as pointing to the source from which 
opposition came." — History of the University of Michigan, 
Elizabeth M. Farrand, .Ann Arbor, 1SS5, pp. 11 2-1 13. 



Chap. .\7] 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITT 



87 



but a College, although a reformed and pro- 
gressive College, notwithstanding all the large 
language that Dr. Tappan put in the annual 
catalogues and in his public addresses ; and 
it was a very natural inference that it was best 
to acknowledge the fact, to dismiss the " Prus- 
sian ideas," and to proceed on a practical basis. 
Why talk about "undergraduates" so long as 
there were no graduates, or but few? was a 
very practical question. We are not for the 
moment concerned with the relative bearing of 
the old and the new ideals upon future devel- 
opment, but only pointing out the course that 
history took, and stating the reasons why it 
took that course. Still the "University course," 
so called, was not dropped, although it was 
from time to time modified, even before the close 
of Dr. Tappan's administration. This course 
finally took on the heading " Programme of 
studies for the degrees of M. A. and M. S." 
and, in Dr. Haven's last year, it embraced the 
following subjects : Logic, Physics, Chemistry 
and Mineralogy, Zoology, Latin Literature, 
Histor}% Civil Engineering, Astronom\-, I'rench 
Literature, Mathematics, Philology, Greek Lit- 
erature, General Culture, Paljeontology, History 
of England, and German Literature. 

It is not now easy to get at the precise facts 
relati\e to the graduate work that was really 
done previous to 1878. In the first place 
we do not know how man)- of the so-called 
Graduate Courses were ever given ; no doubt, 
however, it was a minority. Save perhaps in 
Chemistry and Astronomy, the work that the 
graduate students did seems to have been a 
good grade of undergraduate work, and not 
at all what would now be called advanced or 
University work proper. An exception has 
been made in favor of Chemistry. For many 
years after the building and equipment of the 
Chemical Laboratory and the Observatory 
students were drawn to Ann Arbor in increas- 
ing numbers by the exceptional advantages 
that were offered for instruction in those 
sciences. Successive catalogues enrolled the 
names of students in advanced Chemistry, 
sometimes as many as seventy in a single year. 
No doubt much of the instruction was of 
rather an elementary character, but it was 
by no means wholly so. 



The catalogues show the following attend- 
ance (if graduate students for the j'ears named : 
1864,2; 1868, 13; 1869, 10; 1870,4; 1871,6; 
1872, 9; 1873, 8; 1874, 9; 1875, 10; 1876, 15 ; 
1877, 14; 1878, 7. 

Whether foreseen or not, the changes in 
respect to studies made in 1 877-1878 had an 
important bearing on graduate work at the 
University. Owing to the multiplication of 
electives, the slackening of the time rules, and 
the introduction of the credit system, it now 
became possible for Professors to expand the 
work of their departments and to enrich their 
courses. The seminary method of instruction, 
which had now assumed considerable propor- 
tions, told in the same direction. The imme- 
diate response to the new opportunities came 
first from the undergraduates, but it was not 
confined to them. A stronger demand for 
graduate work soon began to declare itself, the 
major number of applicants being graduates 
of the University, but some graduates of other 
institutions. Thus stimulated, the departments 
still more extended and enriched their work. 
First came what may be called Semi-L^niversity 
Courses; afterwards University Courses proper. 
The nascent demand for better trained teachers 
in the secondary schools helped the movement 
along. The registration of graduate students 
for the next series of j-ears was as follows : 
1879-80, 13; 1880-81, 10; 1881-82, 12; 
1882-83, 25; 1883-84, 19; 1884-85, 15; 
1885-86, 23; 1886-87, 25; 1887-88, 23; 
1888-89, 41; 1889-90, 51; 1890-91, 48; 
1891-92, 56. 

All this time the Graduate School was in no 
way differentiated from the Department of Lit- 
erature, Science and the Arts. The old method 
began to be inconv-enient ; besides, it was be- 
lieved that a distinct organization of the school 
would promote its growth. So, after much 
discussion, the Faculty, at the end of the year 
1891-1892, "for the purpose of giving more 
efficiency and prominence to work for advanced 
degrees, and in order to stimulate graduates of 
this and other institutions of learning to pursue 
courses of advanced study and research in this 
University," adopted a series of resolutions 
declaring: (i) That a Graduate School be 
organized in connection with the department; 



88 



UNU'ERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



[r^;/. .\7 



(2) That the school ha\'c its own oi'L^anization, 
and romplcte jurisdiction over graduate work, 
save in matters requiring the approval of the 
Board of Regents; (3) That for the coming 
year the management of the school be entrusted 
to an administrative council to be appointed 
b\' the President, who shall be the Chairman 
cx-offifio, and (41 That the Board of Regents 
be asked to memorialize the Legislature for a 
special appropriation for the library, to be 
expended in the purchase of books needed to 
carry on the work of investigation and original 
research. The President promptly appointed 
those members of the Facult>- who were in 
charge of departments the Administrative 
Council. 

Such was the original constitution of the 
Graduate School. In its organic form it never 
came under the action of the Board of Regents, 
but was the exclusive creation of the Faculty. 
The Administrative Council was nothing but 
a Committee of the F"aculty. Although the 
legislation of 1892 was, in terms, limited to the 
ensuing \"ear, the scheme has never been 
changed in any important feature. The Ad- 
ministrative Council has, however, been some- 
what enlarged. 

The following table shows the number of 
students in the Graduate School in residence 
for the period covered. 

1892-93, 72; 1893-94, 85; 1894-95, 68; 
1895-96, 65; 1896-97, 81; 1897-98, 74; 
1898-99, 73; 1899-1900, 87. 

Nothing is said about advanced degrees in 
the catalogues, or lower ones either for that 
matter, until T853, when it was announced that 
the degree of Master of Arts would not be 
conferred in course upon graduates of three 
years standing, but only upon such graduates 
as had pursued professional or general scien- 
tific studies during that period. The candidate 
for the degree must also pass an examination 
and read a thesis before the Faculty at the 
time of taking the degree. This statement 
implies that the degree of A. M. had previously 
been conferred in course, as was then the gen- 
eral custom throughout the country. But the 
word of promise that was now spoken to the 
ear was broken to the hope. The legislation 
of 1853 stood unchanged until 1859, when it 



was stated that the higher degrees conferred in 
the department, Master of Artb and Master of 
Science, would be conferred respectively upon 
Bachelors of Arts and Bachelors of Science 
according to the following conditions. 

■' [. A candidate must be a graduate either of this or 
of some other collegiate institution empowered to con- 
fer degrees. 

"2. He must pursue at least two of the courses in 
each semester designated in the following programme. 
[This programme embraces the studies for the degrees 
of A. M. and .M. S. that have been already mentioned.] 

"3. He must sustain an examination before the 
Faculty in at least three of the studies so attended, the 
studies to be elected by the candidate. 

"4. He must present a thesis to the Faculty on one 
of the subjects chosen for e.xamination." 

The second degree might thus be obtained, 
on examination, one year after the first degree. 
It would also continue to be conferred as 
before upon graduates of three years standing 
who had been engaged during that period in 
professional or in literary and scientific sttidies. 
Further, tlie higher courses would not be re- 
stricted to graduates and candidates for the 
second degree, but would be open to all who 
could give satisfactory evidence of ability to 
profit by them. 

In 1875 the announcement was made that 
the Master's degrees would be conferred re- 
spectively upon Bachelors of Art, Bachelors 
of Philosophy and Bachelors of Science, 
graduates of the University, who had not 
been in residence since graduation, but who, 
at a date not earlier than two years after 
graduation should, on examination, show 
special proficiency in literary or scientific 
studies and should present a satisfactory thesis 
to the Facult)'. At the same time, also, the 
degree of Ph.D. was first offei'ed, as follows: 

" The degree of Doctor of Philosophy is open to the 
graduates of this University or of any other reputable 
University or College, who shall have satisfied the 
Faculty, on examination, that they have made special 
proficiency in some one branch of study, and good 
attainments in two other branches to be specified 
by the Faculty. They will be expected to reside here 
and to perform an amount of work which will occupy 
at least two years. 

" Persons who are not graduates will be received as 
candidates for this degree if they satisfy the Faculty 
that they have made attainments equivalent to those 



Chap. A7] 



IlLSTOR}- Of THE VNIIERSITY 



required here for the degree of Bachelor of Arts or 
Bachelor of Philosophy or Bachelor of Science." 

It was also announced, at the same time, 
that the three Master's detjrces would, until 
1S77, be conferred on Bachelors of Arts, Bach- 
elors of Philosophy, and Bachelors of Science 
of three years standing, who were graduates 
of the University ; but after that \-car these 
degrees would not be conferred " in course." 
This time the promise was kept to the hope 
as well as spoken to the car. The rule oi 
1875 lias been faithfully obser\-ed. It is also 
to be remarked that the creation of the 
English Course added two new degrees to the 
list, those of Master of Letters and Doctor 
of Letters, though the latter uf these was never 
conferred. 

In 1 878-1 879 the requirements for the Mas- 
ter's degrees were defined in quantitative terms. 
The candidate for the degree of Master of 
Arts was now required to complete six full 
courses in addition to the twent)'-four courses 
required for the degree of Bachelor of Arts; 
while the candidate for any one of the other 
Master's degrees inust present four courses in 
addition to the twenty-six demanded fir his 
Bachelor's degree. 

The next change in the rules came in 1880- 
1881. It was now pro\'ided that graduates iif 
other Colleges who wished ti> t.ike a Master's 
degree at the University must have received 
the corresponding Bachelor's degree, must 
reside at the University at least one )'ear, 
pursue a course of study approved by the 
Faculty, and present a satisfactory thesis. The 
rules permitting study for the Master's degree 
to be done in absentia was formally limited, as 
before, to graduates of the University. The 
declaration was added to the rules in regard to 
the doctorate that it was not intended that this 
degree should be won meriily by faithful and 
industrious work in some assigned course of 
study, but that the successful candidate should 
evince power of original research and of in- 
dependent investigation. 

In 1 882-1 883 the degree of Doctor of Phi- 
losophy was declared open to holders of the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of 
Philosophy, or of a corresponding Master's de- 
gree ; the degree of Doctor of Science to hold- 



ers of the degree i.f Bachelor of Science, or of 
Master of Science, and the degree of Doctor 
of Letters to holders of the degree of Bachelor 
of Letters or of Master of Letters. No person 
should be admitted to the examination for the 
Doctor's degree in less than two )-cars from the 
date of his first degree, whether that be a 
Bachelor's or a Master's degree, except such 
persons as should ha\'e received a Master's 
degree with some special mark of distinction. 
.Such persons might come up f )r examination 
in one year from the time of receiving such de- 
gree. At the same time, the rule was adopted 
that all candidates for the Doctor's degree 
must cause their theses, if accepted, to be 
printed and present twenty-five copies of the 
same to the General Library. After June of 
the next \'car, the plan of conferring the Mas- 
ter's degrees on the completion of thirt}' full 
courses was discontinued. It was now prci- 
vided, also, that accepted candidates would be 
recommended for the appropriate Master's 
degree after a year's residence at the Univer- 
sit}'. proxicletl the)' passed an examination 
in an approved course of study and pre- 
sented a satisfactory thesis. The conditions 
for students in absentia were the same as for 
students in residence, but the privilege was 
still strict!)' confined to the graduates of the 
University. 

In 1886-18S7 students properly qualified 
were permitted to pursue at the same time 
studies for a Master's degree and studies in 
any one of the professional schools, on condi- 
tion that the term of study and residence in the 
department be extended to co\cr two )'ears 
instead of one. 

In 1 892- 1 893 the permission accorded to 
graduates to carry on work for the Master's 
degree in absentia was partially withdrawn: 
henceforth a student who had completed a 
portion of his work in residence has been 
allowed to finish it in absentia on such condi- 
tions as the Administrative Council of the 
Graduate School might approve. The Presi- 
dent, in explaining this action, said it had been 
believed that the old privilege would stimulate 
graduates, and especially teachers, to seek the 
higher degrees through study, but the results 
had been disappointing; of all those who had 



uNii'ERsrrr of Michigan 



[_Ch,ip. XII 



enrolled on the list, only i 5 per cent had com- 
pleted the work that they had undertaken. 

In 1893-1894 new and more stringent rules 
in regard to the Doctor's degree were adopted. 
It was now ordained that no student should be 
accepted as a candidate for the degree who 
had not a knowledge of French and German 
sufficient for purposes of research. No definite 
period of residence could be specified ; as a 
rule, three years of graduate study was neces- 
sary, the last two semesters of which must be 
spent in residence. This period might, how- 
ever, be shortened, in the case of students, 
who, as undergraduates, had pursued special 
studies in the direction of their proposed grad- 
uate work. No student would be enrolled as 
a candidate for the degree until he had been 
in residence as a graduate student for at least 
one year, save in certain exceptional cases. 
The candidate must take a major study that 
was substantially co-extensive with some one 
department of instruction in the University; 
he must take two minor studies, one of which 
might be in the same department as the major, 
but involving a more thorough treatment of 
the same; but both minors must be cognate 
to the major, and all studies must be approved 



by the Administrative Council. The thesis was 
also more carefully defined, as that it must 
be an original contribution to scholarship or 
scientific knowledge. The preparation of an 
acceptable thesis would usually require the 
greater part of a year. 

The Degree of Doctor of Letters was 
dropped from the list in 1 896-1 897, and the 
Degrees of Master of Philosophy and Master 
of Letters in 1 899-1 900. 

Graduate work has been conducted under 
some disadvantages, with the great amount of 
undergraduate teaching to be done, as meas- 
ured by the size and strength of the Faculty. 
Setting forth the case of the Graduate School 
in 1 89 1, the President said the value of the 
presence of such a class of students in the Uni- 
versity could be hardly overestimated. Their 
inspiring and lifting power was felt through- 
out all the undergraduate classes. Many of 
these students went out to fill important chairs 
of instruction in schools, seminaries, colleges, 
and universities, while not a few of the in- 
structors and professors of the University were 
drawn from their ranks. No students who 
went out from the institution did more for its 
reputation. 



CHAPTER XII 
The Professional Schools 



NATURALLY enough this history has 
run hitherto along the broad path 
marked out by the Department of 
Literature, Science, and the Arts. This was 
the first department to be established ; its 
function is liberal education, and it gave the 
University its first place and standing in the 
educational world. Still more, the profes- 
sional schools have been embraced to a 
considerable extent, and necessarily so, in 
mapping out the general movement of the 
institution. Rut the time has come to deal 
with these schools directly, in themselves, and 
we shall take them up in the order of their 
appearance. 



L THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE 
AND SURGERY 

It will be remembered that Superintendent 
Pierce's plan of University organization em- 
braced three departments, one of Literature, 
Science and the Arts, one of Law, and one 
of Medicine, and that such departments were 
incorporated in the Act of 1837. Several 
years passed before the financial condition of 
the University justified the Regents in attempt- 
ing to go farther than to found the first of the 
three departments. For some reason. Medi- 
cine, although it stood below Law both in 
Pierce's plan and in the Organic Act, was the 
next one to receive attention. Preliminary 



Chip. XI I] 



HISTORT OF THE UNirERSITT 



91 



action was taken in 1847, but the Board did 
not authorize the construction of the building 
until the next year. 1-1 ven then there was 
delay: the eastern part of the building now 
occupied by the department was completed 
and made ready for use two years later, at a 
cost of about $9,000. On May 15, 1850, the 
Faculty organized by electing a President and 
Secretary, and on the first Monday of October 
following the school was formally opened, the 
President, or Dean as we should say, delivering 
the opening lecture. 

To describe the general state of medical ed- 
ucation in the country in 1850 would be far 
easier than to tell the number or the names of 
the schools engaged in giving it. Indeed, the 
latter would be well-nigh an impossibility. 
Flowever, in that region of country where the 
influence of the University of Michigan has 
been main!}' felt, the facts are sufficiently defi- 
nite. In Ohio there are still six Medical 
schools in existence that were then in opera- 
tion, although some of them have undergone 
transformation and change of locality ; three 
in Cincinnati, two in Cleveland, and one in 
Columbus. The oldest of these schools, the 
Medical College of Ohio, was founded in 1819. 
In Illinois a single institution now in existence 
antedates 1850, — Rush Medical College, Chi- 
cago, 1843. There had been several institu- 
tions organized in Indiana at an earlier day, 
but no one of them remains at the present 
time. States bordering on the Northwest 
contained several Medical schools. The Med- 
ical Department of Transylvania University, 
the first Medical School in the West, founded 
in 18 1 7, was in active operation, and so was 
the Medical Department of the University of 
Louisville, 1837. Iowa contained a single 
school, established at Keokuk in 1849, while 
Missouri contained three, the youngest of 
them being the Medical School of the State 
University at Columbia, established 1845. 
One who considers the sound conditions in 
the country, and particularly of the West and 
Northwest, not omitting the rapid growth of 
population and the new trend that professional 
education was taking on, sees at once that the 
time for the establishment of a Medical School 
in Michigan under University auspices was 



a favorable one. A considerable number of 
such schools now in operation date from that 
decade. 

The original Faculty was composed as fol- 
lows : Abram Sager, President, and Professor 
of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and 
Children ; Silas H. Douglas, Professor of 
Chemistry and Pharmacy and Medical Juris- 
prudence; Moses Gunn, Secretary, and Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy and Surgery ; Samuel 
Denton, Professor of Theory and Practice of 
Medicine and of Pathology; J. Adams Allen, 
Professor of Therapeutics, Materia Medica and 
Ph) siolog)- ; R. C. Kedzic, Demonstrator of 
Anatomy. Drs. Sager and Douglas were 
transferred from the older department. A 
little later Dr. Zina Pitcher was made Emeritus 
Professor of Obstetrics. Dr. Pitcher was an 
influential citizen of Detroit, where he prac- 
tised medicine ; he served on the Board of 
Regents from 1837 to 1852, and was a promi- 
nent member of the Board ; he was par- 
ticularly active in the establishment of the 
department, and it would not be surprising if 
it were owing to his influence that the Medical 
School was given precedence over the Law 
School. 

The requirements for admission, while not 
high, were those recommended by the National 
Medical Association. They consisted of a 
knowledge of English Grammar, Rhetoric and 
Literature, Natural Philosophy, Mathematics 
through Geometry, and enough Latin and 
Greek to enable the student to appreciate 
the technical language of Medicine and read 
and write prescriptions. Students attended 
lectures every morning four days in the week, 
and gave their afternoons to laboratory work. 
Saturdays were principally devoted to reading 
and defending theses ; the clinics came on 
Wednesday and Saturday mornings. In the 
early years of the school there were two kinds 
of theses : first, every student had to read and 
defend a thesis, if a candidate for graduation, 
once in two weeks, before the Faculty ; sec- 
ondly, he had to prepare a more formal and 
thorough paper known as a "final thesis," 
upon which his graduation largely depended. 
The student had his choice of the English, 
German, French and Latin Languages, and a 



92 



UNiJ'ERsrrr of michic.-in 



\_Ch<ip. XII 



few theses, it is said, were actually written in 
Latin. All theses were to be preser\ed ; one 
should be selected b\- the Facult_\- to be read at 
the Annual Commencement, and one to be pub- 
lished by the State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction. To be admitted to the degree of 
Doctor of Medicine, the graduate had to ex- 
hibit evidence of having pursued the study 
of Medicine and Surgery for the term of three 
years with some respectable practitioner of 
medicine, including lecture terms ; he must 
have attended two full courses of lectures, the 
last one at the Univer- 
sity of Michigan ; he must 
be twentj^-one \ears of 
age, must submit an ap- 
proved thesis, written by 
himself, to the l-'aculty, 
and must ha\-e passed a 
satisfactory examination 
at the close of his course 
of stud}'. The courses of 
lectures were, however, 
but six months long, ex- 
tending from the first of 
October to the end of 
March. Graduates in the 
Department of Literature 
Science and the Arts, ani! 
of other respectable col- 
leges, were excused from 
attending one of the two 
courses of lectures; which 
maj' also be said of repu- 
table medical practition- hose; 
ers of four years standing. 

For a number of years students were al- 
lowed to matriculate and attend lectures who 
were not received as candidates for degrees. 
These special students were, for the most part, 
men who had been in practice, and the require- 
ments for admission were relaxed in their cases. 
This arrangement was quite in accord with the 
spirit of the Universit)' after the reorganization 
of 1852. 

In instruction great stress was laitl on the 
recitations or quizzes on previous lectures, 
which preceded the daily lectures; and special 
attention was given to laboratory work in An- 
atomy and Chemistry. The origin of the 




Chemical Laboi-atui}' will be dealt with fartlicr 
on: here it sut'lkes to say that from the first 
the Laboratorj' and the Medical Diparlnieiit 
were closel}- affiliated. 

The success of the Department was imme- 
diate, and much surpassed what had been 
anticipated. There were 90 matriculates and 
6 graduates the first year; 159 matriculates 
and 27 graduates the second year. For the 
corresponding years the registration in the old 
department was but 64 and 57. 

The more important developments of the 
first decade of Jiistory 
ma\' be briefly enumer- 
ated. In 1854 the first 
gifts were made to the 
dejiartment. Dr. Edson 
Carr, of Canandaigua, 
New \'ork, gave a choice 
collection of pathological 
and other specimens, and 
Dr. J. S. Smith, of Detroit, 
gave several valuable 
preparations. Other do- 
nations were made about 
the same time, but the 
names of the donors have 
not been prcser\'ed. In 
1856 a collection of crude 
drugs and pure chemicals, 
representing the Materia 
Medica oftli.it time, which 
had been prepared for the 
University of Louisiana, 
i^!'^ NN was bought in Paris and 

brought to Ann Arbor. 
The first course in Histology was given in 1856, 
and the same y^ear Drs. Pitcher and Beach, of 
Detroit and Coldwater, made valuable gifts. 
In 1858 Greek \\as dropped from the list of 
requirements for admission, but Latin was still 
retained. 

In the course of the period some changes 
were made in the Faculty : Professors went and 
came ; and subjects of instruction were redis- 
tributed. A. B. Palmer was announced as 
Professor of Anatomy for the years 1852-1S54, 
with the accompan_\"ing notice that he was 
not on duty; in 1854 he became Professor of 
Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Diseases 



Ch.,p. A7/] 



IIISTORV O/' 'I'llK UNlVERSn'r 



93 



of Women and Children. The same year the 
name of another man tliat was long to stand 
with I'almer's on tlic I'aciiity list, Corydon L. 
I'orcl, appeared as Professor of Anatomy. 
Edmund Andiews became Professor of Com- 
parative Anatomy and Demonstrator of Human 
Anatomy, and in i<S57 Alfred DiiBois became 
AssistaTit Professor of Chemistry. Ur. Allen 
resigned to go to Chicago in 1854 and l)r. 
Denton died in 1S60. It may be added that 
Dr. Palmer obtained a leave of absence in 
1858 in order that he might jirosecute medical 
studies in Europe — the first instance in the 
Department, and the second instance in 
the University, of a Professor going abroad 
on such an errand. Dr. Frieze had led the 
way three years before. 

Opportunities for clinical instruction were 
furnished fiuni the beginning. An early an- 
nouncement states that liie large and rapidly 
growing population nf Ann Arbor and vicinity 
rendered it probable that numerous oppor- 
tunities would be afforded, as heretofore, to 
students to observe practical exemplifications 
of general and surgical practice; during the 
previous terms many patients had availed 
themselves of the privilege thus furnished of 
receiving gratuitous treatment, and a variety 
of capital and minor operations had been per- 
formed in view of the class. Nevertheless in 
1857 Dr. Pitcher, aided by Dr. Palmer, acting 
under the instruction of the Board, established 
a school for clinical instruction in Detroit, 
which, if properly sustained, Dr. Pitcher said 
would place the Medical Department of the 
, University in advance of all its American com- 
petitors in the harmonious adaptation of its 
parts to the execution of the oi)eration which 
as a whole it desired to iierftjrni. A paragraph 
in the report of the Faculty contains an antici- 
pation of the future summer school ; a " read- 
ing term" had been provided for all the 
students of the department, in order that the 
standard of medical education might be suit- 
ably advanced. 

Towards the close of this period the question 
of removing the department to Detroit was 
agitated. The project appears to have origi- 
nated with two or three Professors who made 
or desired to make that city their home, in 



order that they might enjoy the advantages of 
a more extended medical practice. The leader 
was Dr. Gunn, who had already removed to De- 
troit, who made the Medical Journal of which 
he was the liditor the organ of the propaganda. 
The main argument advanced in favor of re- 
moval was the better advantages that l^ctroit 
afforded for clinical instruction. Dr. Gunn 
did not hesitate in his Journal to denounce the 
clinical portion of the Medical Department of 
the University " as at [)resent organized as the 
greatest of all shams," while 13r. Pitcher said 
Gunn "derived his principal claim to personal 
and i)ublic consideration from his connection 
with the University." Tlie Committee ap- 
pointed by the Hoard to investigate the subject 
submitted a length)' and able repoit on Sep- 
tember 28, 1858. One member of the Com- 
mittee, Mr. Bishop of Detroit, dissented from 
the majority, Mr. Mclntyre and Mr. Baxter, on 
the proposition that removal would be illegal 
and in violation of a contract with the Land 
Company that had given the .State the Campus 
in consideration o{ tiie University being located 
at Ann Arbor, and on the proposition that a 
large city or town was better adapted to a Med- 
ical School than a small one ; but he agreed 
with them that, under the circumstances, it 
would be highly inexpedient to undertake a 
removal. He was of the opinion that the 
interests of the University as a whole, in a 
practical point of view, and regardless of all 
the notions of an ideal unity, might be best 
promoted by keeping all branches or dejjart- 
ments of it in one place. This phase of the 
subject received less attention in the report 
than it merited; but it was well known that 
Dr. Tappan was utterly opposed to any and 
all propositions looking to divide and scatter 
the various parts of the Institution. The 
report dwelt upon the cost of removal and 
the inability of the RcgiMits to meet it, mini- 
mized the value of such chnical practice as the 
hospitals of Detroit couKI affoitl, and in fact, 
of all clinical practice, dwelt upon the need of 
fundamental instruction, censured the Profes- 
sors who had set the agitation going, and 
demanded that during lecture time all of the 
Professors should reside at or near Ann Arbor. 
This report is a valuable source of University 



94 



UNTrERsrrr of Micinc-iN 



\_Cb.,p. XII 



histon-. It practically quieted the as^itation who were now able to carry out earlier plans, 

for the time, nor was it renewed until thirt_\- It is worth noticing tliat all departments of the 

years afterwards. University shared in this growth, the total 

The department entered upon the next attendance mounting up from 953 in 1864-1865 

decade with 242 matriculates antl 43 graduates to 1255 in 1866-1867. Then came a falling off. 

— the largest number so far reached. This In 1870-1871 the total number was 1,100 with 

was much in excess of the attendance upon 315 in the Medical Department. Other insti- 

the Yale and Harvard Medical schools, and tutions of learning, at the same time, shared 

upon that of the University of Virginia. The these experiences. 




i>Kr.\RTMKNr OF ^^■;^)K■lNK and suki;krv (iko.m ihv. nukih) 



numbers continued to increase, with one or 
two declensions, until 1 866-1 867, when the list 
of students reached 525, the highest number 
known in the history of the department, and 
the graduate list 82, which, however, has often 
been surpassed. The phenomenal attendance 
of the year named has been attributed to the 
fact that many \'oung men who had been en- 
gaged in the Civil War as hospital stewards 
and orderlies, finding themselves out of em- 
ployment, came to Ann Arbor to take a course 
in Medicine. No doubt, too, there were those 
who had deferred a course in Medicine, or had 
deferred its completion, because of the war, 



In the year 1868 one of the Professors' 
houses on the North side of the Campus was 
fitted up and occupied as a Uni\-ersity Hos- 
pital ; the same quarters that are now occupied 
b\- the College of Dental Surgery. Before this 
time, howe\-er, the school had outgrown its 
accommodations. The old building was en- 
larged and reconstructed in 1864 at a cost of 
$20,000, one half of the sum coming from tiie 
City of .Ann Arbor. 

Some important changes were made in the 
Faculty. In 1861 Samuel G. Armor became 
Professor of Institutes of Medicine, and Materia 
Medica, and in 1865, Albert B. Prescott entered 



Ch<}p. XI I'] 



IlLSTOKr OF THE UNIVERSI'IT 



95 



the I'"aciilty as an Assistant I'rofcssoi'. Dr. 
Gunn retired in 1867, and William VV. Greene 
became Professor of Civil and Military Surgery 
for a single year. Tlicn, after two years of a 
simple lectureship, .Mplnus H. Crosby became 
Professor of Surgery. Fn 1870 11. .S. Checver, 
who had previously acted in subordinate capa- 
cities, was made Professor of Therapeutics and 
Materia Medica. 

Women were first seen in the department in 
1870-1871 — eighteen in number, with one 
graduate. For a number of years they were in- 
structed apart from the men ; every Professor, 
after giving his lecture to the regular class in 
one of the large lecture rooms, repeated it in 
the small lecture room to the women. The 
official announcement asserted that the women's 
course was equal in all respects to the course 
given to the men. The ma.ximum attendance 
of women for a single year until 1887 was 47, 
which was reached in 1875. 

In 1874 Latin was dropped from the list of 
requirements for admission. Three years later 
the annual course of lectures was extended 
to nine months, covering the full University 
year, and in 1880 an additional year was 
added. The old course in Phj'siolugical 
Chemistry was extended in 1878, the hospital 
enlarged in 1876, the Pathological Laboratory 
opened in 1878, and the Laboratory of Llcctro- 
Therapeutics in 1879. 

The Homoeopathic controversy, which began 
in 1867, is related in the section devoted to 
that department. The original proposition was 
that Homoeopathic instruction should be given 
in the School of Medicine and Surgery, but, 
although this was never done, and the creation 
of Homoeopathic chairs was deferred for several 
years, the department was much affected by 
the controversy. Professors and students were 
much excited, while the external relations of 
the school were unfavorably affected. There 
is little question that the agitation was one of 
the causes ot the decrease in the number of 
students already mentioned. Dr. Sager re- 
signed first his Professorship and then his 
Deanship ; an effort was made to exclude the 
graduates of the Department from the mem- 
bership of the State Medical Society, while 
the American Medical Association took up 



the subject and held it luidcr advisement for 
several >-ears. These facts hel[) to explain the 
Anther decline in the number of students, which 
fell to 285, with 82 graduates, in 1876-1877. 
With the settlement of the Homoeopathic 
(|uestiou, and the extension and improvement 
of the course of instruction, the matriculates 
began again to increase in number. From 
that time the general movement has been 
upward. The number stood at 380 in 1880- 
81, 527 in 1885-86, 375 in 1890-91, 452 in 
1895-1896, 500 in 1899-1900. On five differ- 
ent years the graduates have counted 100 or 
more, I 16, the maximum, coming in 1892. 

i he marked improvements made during the 
last twenty years can be only summarized. 
The Laboratory of Pharmacology was opened 
in 1 872, the Laboratory of Practical Physiology 
in 1884, the Laboratory of Hygiene in 1888, 
the Laboratory of Clinical Medicine in 1891, 
while demonstration courses in Clinical Medi- 
cine, Surgery, Obstetrics, Ophthalmology and 
Nervous Diseases were opened in 1892. In 
1891 the new hospital, accommodating about 
80 patients, was occupied and immediately 
filled. During the year ending June 30, 1899, 
1788 patients were admitted to this hospital. 
In 1890 the course of instruction leading to 
graduation was advanced to four years of nine 
months each, while the entrance requirements 
were put on the level of a diploma of gradua- 
tion from an approved high school, in the 
Classical or the Latin Course. About the same 
time a " Combination " Course was arranged 
with the Department of Literature, Science and 
the Arts, making it possible for a student to take 
both degrees in a term of six years. Naturally 
enough, the new demands were for a time 
followed by a shortened list of matriculates, 
as well as of graduates, but since 1893 the 
department has again been expanding. The 
multiplication of competing schools has no 
doubt retarded the growth of the department ; 
there are now more Medical schools in Michi- 
gan alone, outside of Ann Arbor, than there 
were Northwest of the Ohio River in 1850. 

During the last twenty years the department 
has strongly emphasized the duty of Professors 
to carry on investigation as well as to teach. 
The theory is that the University Professor is 



96 



uNii'ERsrrr of Michigan 



[C/v;/.. A7/ 



under obligations to add something to liis 
science. At the same time the methods of 
instruction, as the opening of the new labor- 
atories suggests, have become much more de- 
monstrative and practical than before. Within 
the period named, members of the Faculty have 
contributed more than five hundred original 
articles to current medical and scientific litera- 
ture, many of them embodying original re- 
search, to say nothing of numerous text-books 
and laboratory manuals. 



considered in its broader relations. In his 
annual report submitted to the Board in 
October 1888, President Angell arranged the 
arguments pro and con with much skill and 
thoroughness, reachmg the conclusion that it 
was inexpedient to transfer any part of the 
work to Detroit; he urged rather the retention 
of the University in its entiret\- at Ann Arbor, 
and recommended that additional hospital and 
clinical facilities should be provided. At the 
same meeting, with a single dissenting vote, 




UN]\K.KSITV HUMTJ'AL FROM SOUTHWEST, 1 904 



Towards the close of the decade 1 880-1 890 
the removal proposition was renewed, but in 
a new form. It was not now proposed to 
carry the whole school to Detroit, but only 
the clinical, or the major part of the clinical, 
instruction. This scheme was advocated b\- 
the press and to some extent by the citizens 
of that city, and it was strongly supported 
by influential members of the Faculty. The 
old stories concerning the relative advantages 
of large and small cities as seats for a Medical 
School were told over again, and the subject 



cast by a member residing in Detroit, the 
Board passed a resolution declaring that it 
was neither practicable nor desirable to re- 
move the school to Detroit or elsewhere, in 
whole or part, and that it was the settled 
polic}- of the Board to maintain the integ- 
rit\' of the University at Ann Arbor. Dr. 
Maclean, Professor of Surgery, and Dr. Froth- 
ingham. Professor of Materia Medica and 
Ophthalmology, were so thoroughly com- 
mitted to the removal scheme that they con- 
tinued the agitation, which led the Board, at 



Chap. Xll] 



HIST0R7' OF THE UNIVERSl'll- 



97 



its June meeting, 1889, to call for their rcsig- capacities, as I'rofessor of Physiological and 
n^itions, on the ground that their usefulness Pathological Chemistry, and Associate- Profes- 
as members of the Faculty had been impaired sor of Therapeutics and Materia Mediea. At 



by persisting to advocate a cause at variance 
with the settled policy of the l^oard of Regents. 
The resignations of these i'rofcssors and their 
acceptance put an end to the agitation. 

Onl\- three or four of the other changes that 



the opening of the year 1900, the teaching staff 
couiitc<l tifty-onc pcrscnis. 

In the half century of its liistoi)- the Depart- 
ment of Medicine and Surgery has exerted a 
great influence upon American, and especially 



ha\e taken place in the Faculty since 1880 Western, society. It has furnished other iii- 
can be particularized. Mention has already stitutions their types of organization and 




LXIVKR^nS HOSPriAI. (FRO.M THE NORIH) 



been made of Dr. Sager's withdrawal : he was 
succeeded in his Professorship by Dr. E. S. 
Dunster, who held the chair until his death in 
1888. Dr. Palmer died in 1887, and Dr. Ford 
in 1894, both full of labors and honors; they 
had served the University thirty-three and 
forty years respectivel}-. The Deanship passed 
from Sager to Palmer, from Palmer to Ford, 
and from Ford to Dr. Victor C. Vaughan, the 
first alumnus of the department to hold the 
office. Dr. Vaughan had been a member of 
the I'aculty since 1879-80. serving in various 



teaching, has supplied the Medical schools 
of the countr)- with many teachers, has made 
its contribution to the progress of science, 
and, above all, has sent out hundreds of well- 
equipped medical and surgical practitioners. 
The graduates for the first half century of its 
existence number in all about 3450 persons. 

II. THE LAW DEPARTMENT 

Until recent years the great majority of 
American law)'ers received their professional 
training in lawyers' offices. This system of 



98 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



[Chap. XII 



legal education was introduced from England 
in colonial times, and took a firm hold both of 
the public and professional mind. Carried on 
under favorable circumstances, the system had 
much to recommend it, particularly in the days 
when the law was comparatively undifferenti- 
ated, when the literature of the profession was 
mainly found in the two great books, and when 
there were able lawyers who had time and 
disposition to take students into their offices 
and give them the instruction that they needed. 
In fact, an excellent pre- 
liminary legal education 
could be obtained by 
" reading in an office," as 
it was called. Not unnat- 
urally many lawyers were 
drawn to the work both 
by interest in the subject 
and by interest in stu- 
dents, and some of them, 
although engaged in ac- 
tive practice, actually 
made of their law offices 
Law Schools, just as 
some ministers and ph_\'si- 
cians, from similar mo- 
tives, made of their stud- 
ies and offices Divinity 
Schools and Medical Col- 
leges. The peculiar ex- 
cellences of this mode nf 
instruction were the close 
personal relations that it 
effected between the pupil 

and the teacher, and the direct practical char- 
acter of the instruction ; excellences that are 
not always reproduced with ease, to an equal 
degree, in law schools. 

But this system, good as it was in its time, 
could not endure under conditions to which 
it was not adapted, and in process of time it 
began to break up and disappear. Still, it has 
by no means wholly passed away to this day. 
The first American Professorship of Law was 
founded in William and Mary College, Vir- 
ginia, in 1782, and the first American Law 
School was established at Litchfield, Connecti- 
cut, in 1783. The dates of other early Law 
Schools, or Law Professorships are : — The Uni- 




THOMAS M. COOLEV 



versity of Pennsylvania, 1790; the Harvard 
Law School, 1817; the Columbia Law School, 
1822. From these later dates onward the 
number of similar schools in the country has 
steadily increased until, in 1897-1898, there re- 
ported to the Bureau of Education 82 Law 
Schools, with 845 instructors, 1 1,615 students, 
and 3,065 graduates. These statistics betoken a 
great revolution in legal education, as well as a 
vast increase in the legal business of the country. 
Judge T. M. Cooley is authority for the 
statement that the plan of 
founding a Law School in 
Michigan was discussed 
in Territorial days; but 
there is no trace of the 
subject in legislation un- 
til the Organic Act of 
1837 provided for a Law 
Department in the Uni- 
versity, as well as De- 
partments of Literature, 
Science, and the Arts, and 
of Medicine and Surgery. 
In fact. Law had prece- 
dence over Medicine in the 
Act ; but for some reason, 
as perhaps the greater in- 
terest in the subject on 
the part of the medical 
profession of the state, the 
right of way was given 
to Medicine in 1848-1849, 
and Law was obliged to 
wait ten years longer. The 
superior interest of the medical men is some- 
thing more than a hypothesis. Many lawyers, 
probably a large majority of those practising 
in Michigan at the time, still adhered tena- 
ciously to the old office mode of legal educa- 
tion, and were stoutly opposed to Law Schools 
altogether. The Law Schools of the country 
have been obliged to live down this opposition, 
which has been a work of time. 

However, the Medical School was hardly 
upon its feet before petitions began to come 
in praying for the establishment of a Law 
School in connection with the University. 
Unfortunately, the Board was not in a finan- 
cial condition seriously to consider the subject 



Ch.ip. A7/] 



IllSTORr OF THE UNllER.SlTT 



99 



until 1858, when it appointed llinc of its mem- 
bers, J. E. Johnson, B. L. ISaxttr and Donald 
Mclntyre, all lawyers, a Committee to investi- 
gate the subject and submit its findings. Al- 
ready, it seems, one or more courses of lectures 
on Law had been gratuitously given at the 
University by practitioners coming from dif- 
ferent parts of the state. In March following 
this Committee submitted its report, embodying 
the results of visits that it had made to exist- 
ing Law Schools, together with its own ideas. 
Hitherto the assumption 
had been that the school 
would require the appoint- 
ment of but one Law Pro- 
fessor, distinctly so-called, 
but the Committee recom- 
mended three Professor- 
ships — one of Common 
and Statute Law, one of 
Pleading, Practice and 
Evidence, and one of 
Equity Jurisprudence, 
Pleading and Practice 
The Board adopted the 
report including the re- 
commendation that the 
school should at once be 
organized and go into 
operation at the beginning 
of the next University 
year. At the same time, 
the Board elected James 
V. Campbell, Charles I. 
Walker and Thomas M. 

Cooley to the three chairs, which, a little later, 
were officially styled the Marshall, Kent and Jay 
Professorships of Law. Professor Campbell 
was one of the Justices of the State Supreme 
Court, residing in Detroit; Professor Walker 
was a lawyer in active practice, also residing 
in Detroit; Professor Cooley, the youngest 
of the three, residing at Adrian, had already 
made a favorable reputation by his compila- 
tion of the state statutes and his practice 
at the Bar. It was thought important that 
there should be a resident Professor, and 
Cooley, to whom all the circumstances seemed 
clearly to point as the proper man, at once 
removed to the seat of the University, where he 

lOFC 




CH.ARI.KS I. WALKER 



continued to reside until his death. He took 
his seat upon the Supreme Bench in 1864, and 
left it in 1885. 

Professor Campbell was the first Dean of the 
Facult)-, and on October 8, 1859, he delivered 
an inaugural address in one of the churches 
on the Study of the Law. The next morning 
the school was regularly inaugurated. President 
Tappan making a brief address and Professor 
Walker delivering the first formal Law lecture. 
The three Professors appear to have been 
elected without previous 
consultation of the Board 
with them. They were 
left to divide the subjects 
of instruction among 
themselves, and they 
worked together effec- 
.;> tivcly and harmoniously 

until the old Faculty was 
broken up by Walker's 
resignation in 1876. Years 
afterwards President An- 
gell bore this public testi- 
mony to this first Law 
I iculty : 

Perhaps never was an 
\merican Law School 
so fortunate in its first 
I leiilty, composed of 
til )se renowned teachers, 
(. harles I. Walker, James 
\ Campbell and Thomas 
M. Cooley." 

When the new school 
was inaugurated there were, as nearly as can 
be ascertained, eighteen Law Schools in the 
country that are still in existence. Of these, 
four were west of the Allegheny mountains, 
one in Cincinnati, one in Louisville, Kentucky, 
one at Greencastle, Indiana, and the fourth at 
Bloomington, in the same state, in connection 
with Indiana University. The Law Depart- 
ment of Northwestern University opened its 
doors to students the same year. 

The success of the new school was at once 
demonstrated. The enrolment was 92 the 
first year and 159 the second. The first class, 
24 in number, graduated in the spring of i860. 
In seven years the school had shot ahead of 



UNirERsirr of Michigan 



[Cb.ip. XII 



the Literary Department, and almost (i\-crtakcn l.iuildinL;, to be cimstructed for tlieir special 
tlie Medical Ucpartmcnt, a lead, however, use. The Bi>ard attempted to raise by sub- 
which it maintained for only two or three years. scription, the $15,000 needed to carry the 



At periods of five years the enrolment of stu- 
dents has been from the beginning as follows: 

1860,92; 1865,260; 1870,308; 1875,345; 
1880,395; 1885,262; 1890,533; 1895,670; 
1900, 837. 

The first woman student was admitted to the 



plan out, but was baffled in the attempt, and 
ultimately compelled to meet the whole e.\- 
penditure out of the University funils. There 
was delay in construction, and it was not until 
October 1863, that the law lecture hall was 
dedicated, Judge Coole)' delivering an acklress, 




LAW nun, DIM!, 1863 



school in 1870, and the first one graduated in 
1871. Since that tla}- tiie total number of 
women graduates has been 39. 

So far nothing has been said about the 
.several homes of the Law School. It was in- 
augurated in advance of any adequate provi- 
sion for its accommodation. At first the 
lectures were delivered in the old Chapel in 
the North wing, and the books were stored in 
the general library on the floor above. Hut, 
happily, Chapel and Library were both very 
ill adapted to their old uses, and still more to 
the new ones; and so a plan was devised for 
taking care of all these interests in a new 



and D. Betluine Dufficld, I-Lsq., of Detroit, read- 
ing an original poem. 

Still the new building could not long ac- 
commodate its numerous occu|)ant--, provided 
the University continued to grow. In fact, 
it soon became overcrowded, as the Chapel 
and the old Library had been. The school 
obtained neeiled relief in 1872 when the new 
Chapel was ready for occupanc)' in University 
Hall, and again in 1882 when the general 
Library was removed to its present quarters 
in the Library Building. I he Law School cn- 
jo\-cd the undisturbed use nf the building for 
the ne.Kt ten \-ears. Then the growth of the 



102 



UNll'ERSlTr OF MICHIGAN 



\_Chap. 



Ml 



school in 1893 compelled its enlargciuciit and 
partial reconstruction, and again its practical 
demolition and the construction of a much 
more commodious and convenient building in 
1898. The school took possession of its new- 
home, which is in some respects, the finest 
building on the Campus, and the one best 
adapted to its use, in October 1898. The 
cost of the reconstruction of 1893 was $30,000, 
and of 1898 $65,000. 

Internally the school has changed, perhaps, 
even more than externally. Reference is now 
made to the l'"acult\', terms of admission, terms 
of graduation, and methods of instruction. 
These topics will be briefly considered. First, 
however, it should be remarked, that the ideal 
of the school has never essentially changed. 
This has always been professional rather than 
academic. The department was designed, so 
the original announcement ran, to give a 
course of instruction that should fit young 
gentlemen for practice of the law in any part 
of the country, embracing the several branches 
of Constitutional, International, Maritime, Com- 
mercial and Criminal Law, Medical Jurispru- 
dence and the Jurisprudence of the United 
States, together with such instruction in Com- 
mon Law and Lquity Pleading, Evidence and 
Partnership, as could lay a substantial founda- 
tion for practice in all departments of the Law. 
Since this description was written the instruc- 
tion has greatly widened and greatly deepened ; 
but it is as applicable to the work of to-day as 
respects the end in view, as it was to the work 
of forty years ago. Of course the application 
of the principle is much wider. The present 
head of the school has said : " The primary 
object of the Law School should, of course, be 
the training of young men for active work at 
the Bar ; but the school that has simply the 
practice in view fails in one important particu- 
lar. The Law School of to-da}' should teach 
and should encourage the study of Law in its 
larger sense." 

In 1866 the fourth Professorship was created 
and named for the Hon. Richard Fletcher of 
Boston, who had given his librar)' to the Uni- 
versity. It was filled for two years by that 
distinguished lawyer, Ashley Pond, P2sq., who 
then found its longer retention incompatible 



with his professional business and so resigned 
it. He was succeeded by Charles A. Kent, also 
well known at the Bar and in public life. Mr. 
Kent discharged the duties of the Professor- 
ship eighteen years, resigning it in 1886. The 
fifth Professorship took its name from Presi- 
dent Tappan, the Tappan Professorship, and 
was held for the first four years, 1879-1883, 
by Hon. Alpheus Felch, who dying at a great 
age in 1896, had not only held at different 
times many of the great offices of the state, 
besides seeing national service, but had also 
been recognized as one of the greatest citizens 
of the state. 

Mr. Walker resigned his chair in 1876, 
although he subsequently gave one or two 
courses of lectures. Judge Cooley resigned in 
18S4, but afterwards lectured not unfrequently 
on special subjects. Judge Campbell resigned 
in 1885. Judge Cooley succeeded Judge 
Campbell as Dean in 1871. Since that time 
the succession of the Deans has been Charles 
A. Kent, 1883, Henry Wade Rogers, 1885, 
Jerome C. Knowlton, 1890, Harry B. Hutchins, 
1895. 

As the school grew, and its internal economy 
changed, a much larger proportion of the 
teaching staff' must necessarily reside in Ann 
Arbor. " While the resident Faculty has been 
largely increased in numbers in order to meet 
the demands of changed methods and addi- 
tional requirements," the present Dean ex- 
plains in a published article, " it is still the 
policy of the department and properly so, I 
think, to retain upon its staff" representative 
men from active professional life." The reason 
that the Dean assigns for this opinion is the 
obvious practical reason and need not be 
formally quoted. It was twenty-four years 
before the school had a Professor who devoted 
himself wholly to the work of the Department, 
and a large majority of the Faculty have always 
been practising lawyers. 

In all 39 men have served the Law Depart- 
ment as instructors indifferent capacities; or, 
rather, that is the number of names found in 
the annual catalogues and calendars. The roll 
is one that reflects great credit upon the 
Lhiiversity as well as upon the legal profes- 
sion. Some of the most distinguished judges, 



Chap. A7/] 



IIISTORV OF THE U/VI/ERSTJl' 



I.iw-uritcrs, aiu1 practitioners at the 15ar ^ippcar uiuloubtctUy stoiul \\\\\ in respect to abi 

ill its coluiiiiis. ]>csides those already named, Scinie members o( the first class weie aire 

particular mention should be nuule of Hon. practising;- la\\'>-ers, and others wei'e on 

H. B. ]5ro\vn, one of the Justices of the L'nitcd verge of beini; admitted to the liar. 1 

States Supreme Court, who lectured for a series classes desired to take at least one course 

of years upon the subject of Admiralty Law. lectures the bi-tter to fit them for their w 

The histor)- o( the Law Library will be dealt The course' of instruction embraced two te 

with in .mother place. Here it will suffice to of six UKniths each, from the first of ( )cti 

sa_\- that it has recei\ed nnmy \aluable gifts, to the end of March. All the instiaiction 



03 

lity. 
ady 
the 
loth 

J of 

ork. 
rms 
>i)er 
w as 




i,.'\w i;una)iN( 



that it now contains something more than 
15,000 volumes, and that the Hbrary room is 
admirab!}' fitted and the books well chosen to 
meet the wants of the hundreds of students and 
of the Professors who comprise the school. 

In the beginning the only requisites for 
admission were that the candidate should be 
eighteen years of age, and should sustain a 
good moral character, the latter fact to be duly 
authenticated by a certificate. No previous 
course of reading in the Law was required, but 
was rather discouraged. Still the early classes 



given in the form of lectures. There were six 
series of lectures, three each term, and the 
two groups of series alternated so as to allow 
students to enter the school at either term. 
It was also announced that the work was so 
laid out that students could enter profitably at 
any time, and tliat one term was as suitable as 
the other. As a result of this arrangement, 
which was made to economize time, the Junior 
and Senior classes took all their lectures to- 
gether. There was little quizzing, and such as 
there was the Professors did at the beginning 



1 04 



UNirERSlTT OF MICHIGAN 



lCb„p. XII 



or end of the lecture pcriotl, which was two 
hours in length. Two distinct lectures on 
separate subjects were given in each period, 
separated, ho\ve\-er, b_v a short breathing 
space. (_)nl\- the Seniors were quizzed, but 
the}' were quizzed on the Junidr as well as the 
Senior subjects. Ten lectures and as many 
quizzes were gi\en each week. The moot 
court, presided o\er b,\' the Trofessors who 
lectured for the day, was a weekly exercise. 
The students also organized and conducted 
club courts, with such as- 
sistance from the Profes- 
sors as they needed. At 
the end of the course an 
oral examination was 
held, and such students as 
passed this ordeal and 
presented an acceptable 
thesis received the degree 
ofLL.B. This degree was 
given also to students who 
had taken one year of 
equivalent study in a law- 
}-er's office and one year 
in the school, as well as 
to lawyers who had prac- 
tised law one year under 
an approved license and 
then taken one term of 
study in the school. 

The foregoing arrange- 
ments stood unchanged in 

all their essential features jamis v 

for almost twenty years. 

A feebler organization and a looser adminis- 
tration could hardl\- ha\x- held the school to- 
gether. Indeed, if the mark of a school is to 
be found in organization and administration, 
then this was hardly a school at all ; but if 
such mark is to be found in the ability of teach- 
ers, the value of the instruction given, and the 
enthusiasm of students, it was a school of a 
high order. In a word, it was the Professors 
and the conditions, not organization, adminis- 
tration, and discipline, that made the school 
what it was. 

But obviously enough such a regimen as 
this cannot endure indefinitely. Faculties 
will change and conditions will alter, and in 




the end method, order, s\-stem, must, in large 
measure, take the place that was first held by 
genius and enthusiasm. So it was at Ann 
/\rbor. 

The first intimation of the coniing change is 
met with in 1S77 when it was announced that 
students would henceforth be expected to be 
well grounded in at least a good English edu- 
cation, and be capable of making use of the 
English language with accuracy and propriety. 
This meant an entrance examination ; but it is 
not necessary to suppose 
that it was a very diffi- 
cult one. Here it may 
be said in explanation, if 
not in defence, of the low 
standard of qualification 
for admission, that it was 
no lower than the one 
found at the similar 
schiiols in the country, at 
least with very few excep- 
tions. 

.\ few years later it was 
announced that graduates 
of Colleges, and students 
who had honorably com- 
pleted an academical or 
high school course and 
presented the appropriate 
certificate or diploma, 
would be admitted to the 
school without a prelim- 
cAMPiiKLL inary examination. All 

other candidates must 
pass a satisfactory examination in Arithmetic, 
Geography, Orthography, E^nglish Composition 
and the outlines of the History of the United 
States and of England. The examination 
w'ould be conducted in writing, and the writer 
must evince a competent knowledge of English 
Grammar. In 1894 still higher requirements 
were announced to take effect in October 1897 ; 
and the ne.xt year the standard was made the 
same as for admission to Group IV., the old 
B, L. course, in the Literary Department, said 
action to take effect in September 1900. 

In 18S4 the two terms making up the course 
of instruction were lengthened from six months 
to nine months each ; that is, were extended 



Chap. A7/] 



HJSTORr OF THE UN/rKRS/'l')' 



105 



over the whole University year. In 1886 the 
Faculty introduced a graded course of instruc- 
tion, and the two classes were henceforth 
separated. This change was attended b\- 
important modifications of the method of in- 
struction. For one thing, the quizzes and 
examinations became much more systematic 
and effective. Again, in 1895, after due notice 
had been gi\'en, a third )-ear was added to the 
course, and at the same time other steps were 
taken to strengthen the department. 

To trace out in detail the introduction of 
successive new studies would encroach too 
heavily upon our space. The important sub- 
ject of Conveyancing was introduced in 1898. 
For the rest, it will suffice to put the earlier 
requirements for graduation in contrast with 
the later ones. 

The original course of stud}' in the depart- 
ment was but two terms of six months each, at 
the rate of ten lectures a week. The course 
has now been expanded to three full terms, or 
years, of nine months each, fifteen lectures a 
week, besides an option in the Senior year of 
three courses of lectures in a list of eight such 
courses. The requirements for the degree of 
Bachelor of Laws have more than trebled since 
the department opened its doors to students; 
or, to be strictly accurate, the ratio is 405 
hours to 120. 

Three distinct methods of gix'ing instruc- 
tion have been in vogue, and are still in 
vogue, in American Law Schools. The lec- 
ture, the text-book, and study of selected 
cases characterize these methods. As we 
have seen, the lecture method, pure and sim- 
ple, was employed in the first period at Ann 
Arbor. Since that time, it has been supple- 
mented by the partial introduction of both the 
others. Text-books first appeared in the 
department in 1879; 'i"'^' from that day they 
have continued to encroach u|ion the earlier 
method, until at present a major part of the 
instruction is given in that form. It is im- 
possible to make a statement equally definite 
relative to the third method. The study of 
cases attended the method employed in the 
first period. The library has always been 
a valuable source of instruction. In recent 
years, however, selected cases have been a more 



prominent factor. The system of instructidu 
that is now generally followed, outside of ,1 lim- 
ited numbt-r of text-book subjects, i^ the f ii- 
lowing: I he Prnfossor opens out his subicct in 
outline b)' means of lectures, and then scni_ls his 
students to the libraiy laden with references to 
find illustration, expansion, and \'erification of 
the principles presented. Responding in recent 
years to the spirit of the time, the school has 
given increasing attention to the historical side 
of legal studies. 

The changes that have been made in require- 
ments for admission, in the course of instruc- 
tion, and in methods of teaching have told 
favorabl)' upon the intellectual culti\'ation of 
the students. However it may be in respect 
to native ability and force of character, there 
can be no doubt that the members of the de- 
partment are a much better educated body 
of men than they were in its early histor_\'. 
Still more, both the number and the proportion 
of College trained men tends slowly to increase. 

One of the most important of recent innova- 
tions was the abolition of the old moot court 
and the establishment of the practice court. 
This change was made in 1892- 1893, and was 
established for the purpose of extending and 
rendering more thorough the application of 
legal principles to [jarticular cases. The 
practice court is an integral part of the de- 
partment, and is presided over by the Pro- 
fessor of Practice, who not only gives his 
entire time to this work, but also receives 
assistance from other members of the F'aculty. 

The growth of the school, particularly in 
recent \'ears, has been not only steady but 
rapid. In point of numbers it is now the first 
Law School in the country. In the forty years 
that it has been in operation it has sent out 
6,210 graduates. The largest number, 328, 
was in 1896, a number that was somewhat 
swollen by contemplated changes in the course 
of study that were to take effect about this 
time. These graduates are found scattered 
over the American Union, and many in foreign 
lands as well. This wide dispersion is due to 
the great breadth of the school's constituency, 
together with changes of residence following 
graduation. But while so widely scattered the 
graduates are much more numerous, of course. 



io6 



uNirERsirr of Michigan 



S^Chap. XII 



ill .Michigan and the other states of the middle 
West than beyond those limits. Tlie list is 
one that reflects great honor upon the depart- 
ment and the University. Its rolls contain 
the names of many of the most eminent legal 
practitioners, judges and men in public life of 
recent and current years. Comparisons are 
odious, but the University has no more loyal 
and enthusiastic alumni than the graduates of 
the Law Department, taken as a body. 

It would be strange indeed if such a school 
as has now been described had not e.xerted a 
great and beneficial influence, not only on 
legal education, but on American life. Such 
is the fact. In respect to the first of these 
topics a word farther ma\- be allowed. The 
influence of the school upon Law Schools, par- 
ticularly in the middle and farther West, is 
comparable to the influence that the Univer- 
sity as a whole has exerted upon education 
as a whole. 

But it must not be supposed that the in- 
fluence of the department has been limited 
to the teaching that it has done in Ann Arbor. 
The Faculty have contributed generously to 
the legal literature of the country, some of the 
most distinguished law writers being found 
upon its staff. Much the most voluminous as 
well as the ablest of those who have been inti- 
mately connected with the school at least, who 
have contributed to the literature of the pro- 
fession, was Judge Cooley, perhaps the ablest 
American jurist of his time. Nor can there be 
a better gauge of the quality of instruction that 
he gave his students than the fact that his best 
known books were simply his law lectures 
written out /;/ extetiso, printed, and bound up 
in law calf. 

Perhaps no department of American edu- 
cation has been more highly appreciated by 
foreign, or at least by English writers, than our 
Law schools. " I do not know if there is any- 
thing in which America has advanced more 
beyond the mother country," says the Right 
Honorable James Bryce, " than in the provision 
she has made for legal education. All the 
leading Universities possess Law Schools, in 
each of which every branch of Anglo-American 
Law and Equity as modified by Federal and 
State Constitutions and Statutes is taught by 



a staff" of able men, sometimes including the 
most eminent lawyers in the state." Other 
English writers, as Sir Frederick Pollock and 
Lord Russell the Lord Chief-Justice of Eng- 
land, have borne similar testimony. The Uni- 
versity of Michigan can congratulate itself that 
its own Law Department has contributed ma- 
terially to winning this deserved praise from 
these distinguished foreigners. 

III. THE HOMCEOPATHIC DEPARTMENT 

The subject of Homoeopathy is first heard 
of in University history in 1851. In that year 
certain citizens petitioned the legislature to 
abolish the Department of Medicine and Sur- 
ger)', unless some Homoeopathic Professors 
should be added to the Faculty, but that body 
took no action. When the old Board of 
Regents, in that j'ear, turned over the Univer- 
sity to the new Board, it delivered also an 
account of its stewardship. This account, 
which was written by Dr. Zina Pitcher and 
adopted by the Board, took the form of a 
lengthy memoir, reciting the transactions of 
the Board from the beginning, with some 
reasons for its adoption of the more important 
measures, intended for the information of the 
incoming Regents, as a guide for their action 
or a beacon to warn them according as this 
action might be approved or disapproved. A 
second reason for the adoption of this memorial 
was to make some reply to an honorable Com- 
mittee of the House of Representatives that, 
by its Chairman, had pronounced the Univer- 
sity a failure, and to furnish an answer to those 
citizens who had petitioned the Legislature to 
abolish the Medical Department unless Homoe- 
opathic instruction was provided for. After 
describing the manner in which it had admin- 
istered the department, the Board demanded : 
" Shall the accumulated results of three thou- 
sand years of experience be laid aside because 
there has arisen a sect in the world which, by 
engrafting a medical dogma upon a spurious 
theology, have built up a s)-stem, so called, 
and baptized it homoeopathy? Shall the high 
priests of this spiritual school be especially 
commissioned by the Regents of the Univer- 
sity of Michigan to teach the grown up men 



Chap. A7/] 



IIISTORV OF THE UNIVERSITT 



107 



of this generation " ' — but it is not necessary 
to finish the sentence. What has been quoted 
suffices to show the temper that the first men- 
tion of Homceopathy aroused in University 
circles in Ann Arbor. 

Here matters rested until 1855. when the 
Legislature added to Section VIII of the Or- 
ganic Act the provision, " there shall always be 
one Professor of Homoeopathy in the Depart- 
ment of Medicine." What this legislation and 
the rider placed upon the mill tax of 1867 led 
to, is related elsewhere in this history. Here 
it suffices to say that this legislation, especially 
that of 1867, gave rise to some of the most 
perplexing questions that the Board had been 
called upon to answer. The situation when 
the litigation growing out of the Act of 1867 
was over may be summed up in a few words. 
The Board had successfully resisted the attempt 
of the Legislature to force Homceopathic teach- 
ing into the Medical Department, but it had 
also failed, for the time, to carry out its own 
plan of establishing an independent Homoeo- 
pathic School or Professorship at some place 
remote from Ann Arbor. In 1869 the Legis- 
lature voted the University liberal appropria- 
tions unincumbered by the Homceopathic rider ; 
and, what was still better, it continued to vote 
them as they were needed. The law-making 
power of the state made one later attempt to 
compel the Regents to institute Homceopathic 
teaching in the Medical Department; but it 
never renewed the attempt to gain this end 
indirectly by means of a rider on an appropri- 
ation bill. In 1 87 1 the House of Representa- 
tives passed such a bill, but the Regents sent 
a memorial to the Legislature urging that, in 
the existing state of feeling, it was impossible 
to combine the teaching of the two schools of 
Medicine in one department, and that equal or 
better advantages for instruction in Homoe- 
opathy could be secured by locating a Homceo- 
pathic School at some other place than Ann 
Arbor. The Senate did not pass the bill, per- 
haps owing to this appeal. 

The Regents had won their victory on the 
ground that Homoeopathy should not be taught 

1 This memorial, which is an important historical docu- 
ment, is found in A System of Public Instruction, etc., Shear- 
man, pp. 312-36S. 



in the Medical Department of the University, 
not on the ground that it should not be taught 
in the Universit)', which was quite another 
question. There was no inconsistency in 
opposing such teaching in the Medical School, 
and yet favoring it in the University. It was 
reasonably clear that the demand which hati 
been constantly renewed since 1851, which 
a respectable portion of the people of the 
state had repeatedly made, and which the 
Legislature had several times expressly sanc- 
tioned, would continue to present itself in 
some form, and that it could not be indefi- 
nitely postponed. It was a practical question 
to which a practical answer was finally given, 
but one quite apart from the views previously 
expressed by the Legislature, on the one hand, 
and the Regents, on the other. 

In their memorial of 1871 the Regents asked 
the Legislature for authority to establish a 
Homceopathic School at some place other than 
Ann Arbor, and also for a grant of money 
such as might be deemed necessary and suit- 
able for the purpose. In June of the same 
year a memorial was presented to the Regents 
signed b\' citizens of Detroit offisring a sum of 
money for the erection and conduct of such 
a school in that city, to be connected with the 
University, and the Regents unanimously 
adopted a resolution approving the efforts that 
were being made at Detroit, and declaring that 
when they were authorized by law to make such 
a school a part of the University, with proper 
provision for its support, they woiikl administer 
its affairs to the best of their ability. 

We need not follow step by step this un- 
pleasant controversy ; a controversy in which 
unquestioned zeal for the public good did not 
altogether conceal personal ambition, political 
motive, desire for partisan advantage, and pos- 
sibly also a feeling towards the University that 
delighted in strife and confusion. Two or 
three facts more will suffice. 

Early in 1875 the Board of Regents reaffirmed 
some resolutions originally adopted two }'ears 
before, declaring their willingness to take 
official charge of an independent School of 
Homoeopathy whenever funds should be pro- 
vided for its support. Nothing was now said 
about this school being located at some place 



lO^ 



uNirERsirr of Michigan 



{Ch.'.p. XII 



other than Ann Arbor. Moreover, tlic lioard 
always denied tliat it resisted the action of the 
Legislature in an\' spirit of factious opposition 
to the will of that body, but that it did so in 
the full belief that the true and best interests 
of the Uni\'ersity demanded it. The action 
taken in Februar}-, just mentioned, was had in 
view of a proposed Senate bill carrying an 
appropriation of money for the purpose of 



On May I i following the passage of this 
Act, the Regents adopted a series of impor- 
tant resolutions that may be summarized as 
follows : 

That a Honvtopathic Medical College be 
established in the City of Ann Arbor, that two 
Professors be appointed, to be designated re- 
spectively Professor of Materia Medica and 
Therapeutics and Professor of the Theor}' and 




III i.MiKiirA'i luc Mi:iiic.\r. oh.i.kge 



establishing an independent Homceopathic 
School. The final issue was, that on April 27, 
1875, the Legislature enacted: 

" The Board of Regents of the University of .Michi- 
gan are hereby authorized to establish a Homceopathic 
Medical College as a branch or department of said Uni- 
versity, which shall be located at the city of Ann Arbor. 
The Treasurer of the State of Michigan shall, on the 
first day of January 1876, pay out of the general fund to 
the order of the Treasurer of the Board of Regents the 
sum of $6,000, and the same amount on the first day of 
January of each year thereafter, which moneys shall be 
used by said Regents exxlusively for the benefit of said 
department." 



Practice of Medicine in the Homceopathic 
Medical College of the University of Michigan. 
The students entering such College should pay 
the same fees and be subject to the same 
regtilations then in force, or which might 
thereafter be established, for the government 
of the Medical Department. The students 
should receive instruction in the existing Med- 
ical FJcpartment in all branches outside of the 
two Iloiiiceopathic chairs, and should be en- 
titled to all the privileges accorded students in 
the Medical Department. All students gradu- 
ating from the Homoeopathic Medical College 



Cb,ip. A7/] 



IIISTOR]' OF THE UNiyERSI'lT 



109 



should be furnished with diplomas so desig- 
nated. The time of study and graduation 
should be the same as in the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University, and it was made the 
duty of the President to satisfy himself that 
the same conditions were duly enforced in 
both departments. At the same time the 
College was placed imder the charge of the 
Committee on the Medical Department. On 



of both schools of Medicine; and went on to 
say that, if the experiment proved to be suc- 
cessful, one obstacle to securing much needed 
aid for the University from the Legislature 
would be removed. Hitherto, whenever help 
had been asked the friends of Homceopathy 
had opposed granting it until their grievances 
had been redressed, while others who really 
cared nothing for 1 lomceopath)' made it a con- 




HOMIEOl'A'l HIC HOSPHAL 



June 29, tlie Board elected Sanuiel A. Jones, 
M.D., of Englewoud, New Jerse\', and John C. 
Morgan, M.D., Professor in the Hahnemann 
Medical College of Philadelphia, Professors in 
the new College, the fust oi Malciia Mcdica 
and Therapeutics, and the second of Theory 
and Practice. This action was had on the 
recommendation of the State I loniceopathic 
Society. 

The President of the University in his next 
report to the Board expressed the belief that 
the plan which had been finally adopted w ould 
be considered reasonable by reasonable men 



venient excuse for opposing appropriations to 
which they were opposed on other grounds. 

New chairs were added on occasion until a 
maximum of five was reached. In 1899-1900 
these chairs bear the following titles: Theory 
and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medi- 
cine ; Surgery and Clinical Surgery ; Ophthal- 
mology, Otology and Paedology ; Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics, and Obstetrics and 
Gynaecology. 

Attendance upon this department has fluc- 
tuated more than that upon any other depart- 
ment in the University at any time. It rose 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



[Chap. XII 



from 24 in 1876 to 88 in 1881, fell to 34 in 
1885, rose to 79 in 1892, fell to 19 in 1895, '"''^ 
rose to 68 in 1899. The severe losses of 1885 
and 1895 were due, for the most part, to the 
attitude which the Homreopathic profession in 
the state, or a portion of it, assumed towards 
the school, and to interior dissensions. It does 
not come in cur way to treat these matters in 
detail, but the last crisis of the department, if 
such it ma)' be called, cannot be wholl}- ignored. 

As early as the year 1893, Dr. H. L Obctz, 
Dean of the College and Professor of .Surgcr}', 
had bi'ought forward a tentative plan to amal- 
gamate the two Medical schools. This plan, 
as described in a report adopted afterwards by 
the Board, " was to establish one School of 
Medicine in which both Faculties were to be 
retained. Each student was to register as a 
student of Medicine and Surgery, receive in- 
structions from both Faculties, and graduate as 
a Doctor of Medicine from the University of 
Michigan." But this plan was proposed only 
" in the event of its concurrent acceptance by 
both Faculties." This scheme was objected to 
by the other members of the Homceopathic Fac- 
ulty, and a majority of the profession through- 
out the state. To cut the story of the resulting 
controversy short, Dr. Obetz offered his resig- 
nation, he having first been vindicated against 
the charges of the Faculty, at the Xovember 
meeting 1894; and the Board at the same time 
called for the resignation of the other Profes- 
sors. The Board had come to the conclusion 
that a thorough reorganization of the College 
was necessary, and that this was the only way 
to reach that end. The resignations were 
duly made and duly accepted, and in the 
summer of the }'ear last named a complete 
reorganization was cftected. 

It was the professional opposition to the 
College as conducted, together with personal 
and local causes, that stimulated the Legisla- 
ture to enact the law of 1895, which in effect 
directed the Regents to remove the College to 
Detroit. How completely the Board had re- 
versed its policy since 1878 is shown by the 
vigor with which it resisted removal. The 
arguments against removal were much the 
same as those that had already been urged 
in the case of the College of Medicine and 



.Surgery. The decision of the Supreme Court 
declaring the Act unconstitutional did not, 
however, prevent friends of removal making 
a strenuous effort in 1897 to secure further 
legislation having a similar end in view. 

This is the succession of the Deans: S. A. 
Jones, 1875-78; E. C. Franklin, 1878-81; 
T. P. Wilson, 1881-85 ; H. L. Obetz, 1885-95; 
W. B. Hinsdale, 1895 to the present time. 

IV. THE COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY 

This College is of even date with the College 
of Homoeopathic Medicine, but it came into 
existence in a much quieter and easier way. 
The first suggestion of a Dental College in 
connection with the University appears to have 
been made in 1865. The Regents were at 
that time requested to take action* leading to 
the founding of such a school, but, although 
in sympathy with the plan, declined then to 
take such action owing to lack of the necessary 
funds. The plan originated in conversations 
and consultations by a number of practical 
dentists, of whom, perhaps, Dr. J. A. Watling 
was the most prominent. Here the matter 
rested until June 1873, when a memorial of 
the Michigan State Dental Association pray- 
ing for the establishment of such a College was 
presented to the Board of Regents, and referred 
to the Committee on the Medical Department. 
Some of the members of the Board at the time 
expressed themselves in favor of complying 
with the request whenever it should be prac- 
ticable to do so. Two )-ears later, in response 
to a petition from a large number of citizens 
of the state, the Legislature passed an appro- 
priation of $3,000 per year for two years for 
the express purpose of establishing and sup- 
porting a Dental College in connection with 
the University. In view of this appropriation 
the Board, on May 12, 1875, passed a resolu- 
tion providing for such a College, which should, 
in addition to the facilities offered by the 
Medical Department and the Chemical Labora- 
tory, consist of two Professorships. Soon 
after Jonathan Taft, D. D. S., of Cincinnati, 
and John A. Watling, D. D. S., of Ypsilanti, 
were respectively appointed Professors of the 
Principles and Practice of Operative Dentistry 
and of Clinical and Mechanical Dentistry. 



Cb„p. A7/] 



IIISTOK]- OF THE UNIIERSITT 



The new department was put in motion at 
the beginning of the ensuing University }-ear, 
and was placed under the immediate charge 
of the Committee on the Medical Department. 
Other Professorships have been added from 
time to time as students increased in num- 
bers, and it became necessary to widen 
the scope of the work. In 1S99-1900, the 
College contained the following chairs : Prin- 
ciples and Practice of Oral Pathology and 



Homoeopathic Building on the North side of 
the Campus ; then it was r-jmoved to the 
south side, where it occupied the old Profes- 
sor's house which had been enlarged and fitted 
up for its reception. When the University Hos- 
pital was removed from the Campus in 1891, 
the building that it had previously occupied, 
thoroughly renovated and furnished for the 
purpose, became the home of the school. 
The same )'ear the Dental Society of the 




DENTAL COLLEGE 



Surgery, Operative and Clinical Dentistry, 
Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Metallurgy, 
Dental Materia Medica and Dental Mechanism, 
and Dental Anatomy, Operative Technique, 
and Clinical Operative Dentistry. At first the 
course of study embraced two years of six 
months each. In October 1884, the terms 
were lengthened to nine months, and in 1889 
a third term of the same length was added. 
The degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery is 
conferred upon the graduates of the school. 

The Dental College has been rather migra- 
tory. At first it was accommodated in the 



Universit}' of Michigan, which has contributed 
much to the interest of the department, was 
organized, and a little later the Dental Journal, 
published by this society, was launched. 

The department has been prosperous from 
the beginning. The minimum attendance, 20 
students, was the first year ; the maximum, 
247 students, was in 1 899-1900; and between 
these extremes there have been few years that 
did not mark an increase in the number. This 
prosperity has been due in good part to the 
professional and administrative talents and 
personal character of Dr. Taft, who has been 



UNIFERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



[Chap. XII 



the Dean from the beginning. Measures have of Michigan, ilhistratc this important change. 



been taken looking to extending the course of 
study to four years. 

V. THE LABORATORIES; AND THE SCHOOL 
OF PHARMACY 
Reference has been made in another place 



We begin with the Chemical Laborator\', be- 
cause this is the mother laborator\': at the 
L'ni\'ersity, as well as at other seats of learning, 
Chemistry was the first science to be taught 
according to laboratory methods. 

The first catalogue of officers and students 



to the important change in methods of Col- that was issued, 1843-1844, contained the name 
lege teaching that is reflected in the history of Douglass Houghton, M.D., Professor of 




CHEiMIC.iL L.\B0RA rORV (FROM THE N'ORIHWESI) 



of College libraries. A change even more 
important is seen in the history of College 
laboratories. The enhanced use of the 
library, after all, still means the use of books, 
although books other than text-books; while 
the employment of the laboratory as a means 
of teaching signifies, in great part, the substi- 
tution of the study of things [i-ealicn) for the 
use of books. It is a fact of first consequence 
in the movement of modern education. It is 
proposed in this section to furnish an historical 
view of the laboratories that, at the Uni\-ersity 



Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology ; Chemis- 
try was also set down as a study in the Junior 
year, together with Natural Philosophv' ; but 
Dr. Houghton never taught any of these subjects 
at Ann Arbor. The next catalogue contained 
the name of Silas H. Douglas, M.D., assistant 
to the Professor of Chemistry ; and instruction 
in the science dates from that year. For years 
the instruction in Chemistry was given b_v 
means of text-books and lectures, helped out 
by simple experiments performed b_\' the 
teacher in charge. Dr. Douglas, however, 



Chap. XI /] 



HISTORr OF THE UNIVERSITY 



113 



appears to have had for some years a small 
laboratory for private pupils in the Medical 
Building. President Tappan, while huldiiit; to 
the principle that the Universit)- should build 
as little as j)ossibIe, which was in the main 
a sound principle, still urL;ed in 1S55: "It will 
be necessary, however, to erect a Chemical 
Laboratory for tlie ^Analytical Course." He esti- 
mated that it would cost from $2,000 to $3,000. 
The Board authorized the building in May 



the country at the time, as well as show the 
eager appreciation of students for something 
better. A slight chronological view will be 
significant. When the Chemical Laboratory of 
the University of Michigan opened its doors, 
Licbig's Laboratory at Giessen had been open 
to students for twenty-eight years ; the elder 
SiUiman had fitted up rooms for laboratory 
teaching in Chemistry fourteen years before at 
New Haven; while Professor J. P. Cooke had 




LHE.MILAI, LABORATORY 



1856, and it was completed the following 
autumn. The construction of the building was 
supervised by Dr. Douglas, and it appears to 
have cost $3,450. As the laboratory neared 
completion the President said it would " un- 
questionably be unsurpassed by anything of 
the kind in our country," which was not far 
from the exact truth ; and a month later, re- 
porting progress to the Regents, he said " the 
number of laboratory students would be much 
larger if it had been possible to admit all appli- 
cants." These remarks throw light upon the 
rudimentary state of Chemical instruction in 



begun the use of the new method at I{ar\ard 
College in 1S5 I, although Boylston Hall of the 
same institution, long used in part for a Chemi- 
cal Laborator)', was not built until 1858. A 
private laboratory in Philadelphia had also 
been a resort for special instruction in Chem- 
istry. Tiiis early advance in chemical teaching 
in Michigan was due, in no small degree, to 
the energy and administrative ability of Dr. 
Douglas, qualities that were made available in 
the construction of several University buildings. 
The need of the new laboratory, as well as 
the growth both of the University and of inter- 



114 



UNU'ERsirr of Michigan 



\Chap. XII 



est in the science, is shown by the quick suc- 
cession of its successive enlargements and 
improvements, which came in the years 1861, 
1866, 1868, 1874, 1880, 1889. The small cost 
of the laboratory at the close of this series had 
been about $56,000, including many repairs 
and some fixtures, which has been cited as 
proving that Dr. Tappan's prudential remark- 
about building, so far as this department is 
concerneil, has been sti'ictlv observed. 



degree of Pharmaceutical Chemist was con- 
ferred in 1869, but the school was not or- 
ganized as an independent department until 
1876-1877. The design of the department, as 
stated at the time, was to " qualify its graduates 
to become practical pharmacists, general ana- 
lysts and commercial manufacturers, and to 
give them the training of systematic work in 
exact science." The first requirement for ad- 
mission was that of" a good knowledge of the 




ORIGIN.4L MEDICAL BUILDING FROM THE EAST 



The chemical teaching of all the departments 
of the University has been provided for under 
one corps of teachers in a building common to 
them all with only such separation into classes 
as the subject-matter of instruction requires. 
Academical and professional students work 
together, except as they pursue different 
branches of chemical science. 

It is within the Chemical Laboratory that the 
School of Pharmacy was developed. A course 
in PharmacN' was drawn uii in 1868. and the 



use of the English language as determined by 
a written examination," but the full preparation 
of the ordinary high school was soon made 
requisite. The degree was obtained by suc- 
cessful students at the expiration of two years. 
It was not long until graduate work and a 
Master's degree were announced, and in 1896- 
1897 the degree of Bachelor of Science in 
Pharmac}- was added. The course for this 
degree was one of four years, its entrance 
requirements and first }-ear's work being 



Chap. A7/J 



lIlSTORr OF THE VNirERSriT 



115 



unifunn with those for the acuk-niic degrees in 
science. 

In 1880 the Laborat(->rv' of General Chemis- 
try was estabhshcd. With tliis was developed, 
between 1895 and 1900, a Laboratory of l'h>-si- 
cal Chemistry, with a force of instruction and 
an equipment demaiulcd b}' the rapid growth 
of this branch of science. General and Physi- 
cal Chemistry are provided for in the Chemical 
Building, with a separate organization, a provi- 
sion not unlike that of the " Second Chemical 
Laboratory " of some German Universities. 

In 1889 a Laboratory of Hygiene was estab- 
lished in the new building that had been 
erected for the accommodation of H)'gicne and 
Physics: previous to this time Physiological 
Chemistry had been simply one of the topics 
taught at the old laboratory ; but now the 
new building became the centre of Physiologi- 
cal Chemistry, although, the building proving 
to be inadequate to the demands made upon 
it, a section of the Ph}'sioIogical Laboratory 
remained in the old place. The Laboratory of 
Bacteriology was also established in the new 
building. 

Some of the branches of Chemical Tech- 
nology ha\'e been conducted in the Chemical 
Laboratory since about 1S68. It has prepared 
chemists for the iron and steel industries of 
nearly all parts of the countr)-. The degree 
of Bachelor of Science in Chemical Lngineer- 
ing, authorized in 1898, gave further organiza- 
tion of the Courses of Industrial Chemistry in 
the Engineering Department. These courses 
were in demand especially for the Michigan 
industries, such as that of Portland cement and 
that of beet sugar. In the general distribution 
of the work of the laboratories Analytical 
Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical 
Chemistry and Chemical Technology' have 
fallen to "the Chemical Laboratory" properly 
so-called. During the year 1896- 1897 over 600 
different students worked in the different lab- 
oratories in the Chemical Building. 

Naturally, the Chemical Laboratory has been 
an important factor in University history. 
Thousands of students ha\e received instruc- 
tion w'ithin its walls. It has also exerted a 
wide influence upon the education of the 
country, and especialh' of the West, stimulat- 



ing the establishment of other laboratories, 
and furnishing itleas for imitation, as well as 
sending out a great number of teachers of the 
science. It has also contributed richly to the 
industrial and commercial resources of the state 
and coimtry, furnishing well trained men antl 
women for those pursuits into which Chemistry 
enters. Like the other organs of the Univer- 
sity, it has been more a place of teaching than 
a place of discovery; but it has an honorable 
standing in the field of productive investiga- 
tion. Many of its teachers have been well 
known as chemists and not merels* as teachers 
of chemistry. Such names as those of Dr. 
Silas H. Douglas, Dr. Albert B. Prescutt, Dr. 
John W. Langley, Professor Byron W. Cheever, 
Dr. Victor C. Vaughan, Dr. Paid C. Freer and 
Professor I^dward D. Campbell are well known 
in the annals of chemical science. Perhaps 
students who haunt libraries and handle books 
entertain no pleasant thoughts of the laboratory 
and its appliances ; but these things become 
endeared to students of Chemistry. " The 
Chemical Laboratory," sa}-s Dr. Prescott, " is 
a place of a very lively remembrance to thou- 
sands of Michigan alumni, l^xery one on his 
return straightway- hunts up his old table. 
And it is to the standing of its graduates, those 
in chemical pursuits, in the states east and 
west, as well as in our own state, that the 
Chemical Department finds encouragement in 
going forward," 

VI. THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING 

The fact that the Organic Act of 1837 pro- 
vided for a Professorship of Civil Engineering 
and Architectm-e in the Department of Litera- 
ture, Science and the Arts, is one of the facts 
showing how advanced were the ideas of the 
men who founded the University of Michigan. 
It is true enough that owing to financial pres- 
sure instruction in Engineering was not pro- 
vided until 1853-54, while degrees were not 
given in the subject until 1S60. But e\en 
then there were few technical schools in the 
country, and little instruction in technical 
studies was given in schools of general learn- 
ing. When the new course came, it was a 
part of the momentum that marked the early 
}'car; of Dr. Tappan's administration. But 



1 i6 



UNII EKsni' OF MICHIGAN 



{^Ch.ip. XI I 



wliile tliere are few older technical schools in languages, french, German and T^atin. Stii- 

the countr)- than this department it was long dents not candidates for a degree were admitted 

carried on as a subdivision of the Department on easier terms. Four years of study coni- 

of Literature, Science and the Arts. Its his- prising 130 hours of work were demanded for 

tory in that relation has already been gi\'en on graduation. While the scliool nas its own 

previous pages. independent organism in the Faculty, it still 

At the beginning of the }-ear 1895-96 the divides or shares a large part of the instruction 

Regents concluded to give the department an that it requires with the Departments of Arts 

independent status, making it coordinate with and I'harmacy. 




CIVIL ENGINEl l^r 



thc other main departments of the Uni\ersit\'. 
Charles E. Greene, Professor of Civil Engineer- 
ing, was made the Dean. The matriculation 
of students the first year was 331. 

Students who could satisfy any one of the 
four groups of requirements for admission to 
the department of the Arts were admitted as 
candidates for a degree on their meeting some 
further requirements in plane Trigonometry 
and Chemistry ; there were also special re- 
quirements for admission in English, Mathe- 
matics and Scientific studies, including two 
years of preparation in some one of three 



Such, in outline, is the history of the pro- 
fessional departments or schools of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan. All younger than the 
Department of Literature, Science and the 
Arts, the}' have grown up around that depart- 
ment, have been helped by it, and have helped 
it in return. Interesting indeed are the inter- 
actions constantly going on in such a group of 
affiliated schools. Besides academical charac- 
ter, the Department of the Arts contributes 
valuable culture elements to the professional 
departments, while these again serve to turn 
that department towards the more practical 



Ch,ip. XII'] 



IIISTORT OF THE UN I VERS ITT 



117 



siiio of study and life, (ireat indeed are the than f jnnerl\- ; but in f^encral, j^'ond fecUnt,^ and 

advantages — Hbraries, lectures, music, art, common regard ha\'e reigned among the J'ac- 

social intercourse and formal instruction even, ulties and Professors, who, while striving to 

which the students of all departments enjoy and build up their se\-eral departments and schools, 

which would be either lost altogether or greatly have yet worked together towards one common 

impaired if the University were broken up end. 
and the individual schools were scattered in 

.,..,,, ... ,, ,. , , THE OBSERVATORY 

uidnidual localities. One of the advantages 

that students enjoy, as well as the schools Although not a professional school, or a 

themsehcs, is well illustrated in the combined part of such school, this seems the fittest place 




^..gf^f^^i'^ ; ?^, 1; 5 




ASTR0\(JMlr.AL OBSERVATCjRV 



courses that are arranged for students in differ- 
ent departments, such as the combined Literary 
and Medical Course and the combined Literary 
and Law Course mentioned on previous pages. 
Such arrangements at once add to the re- 
sources placed at the command of students, 
and further economy of expenditure on the 
part of the schools. At Ann Arbor, the se\'en 
departments have lived harmoniously and 
helpfully together. The competition of stu- 
dents belonging to different departments 
sometimes passes beyond the limits of good 
order and safety, although less frequently now 



to recount the principal facts in relation to 
the Obser\-atory. 

The story runs that the measures which 
led to the erection and furnishing of this 
adjunct of the University originated in a con- 
versation between Mr. Henr\' N. Walker of 
Detroit and President Tappan, on the da\' of 
the latter's inauguration. In reply to a ques- 
tion from Mr. Walker as to what he should 
do to promote the interests of the institution, 
— a question prompted by the President's 
address, — Dr. Tappan suggested that Mr. 
Walker raise money among the citizens of 



i8 



uNii'ERsrrr of Michigan 



[CVv;/.. A7// 



Detroit for the establishment of an observa- 
tory. He promptly undertook to do the work. 
He raised for the purpose some $15,000, pay- 
ing $4,000 of the amount himself. The build- 
ings and instruments cost $22,000, the Regents 
defraying the remainder of the expense out 
of the University fund. Subsequently, tiie 
citizens of Detroit contributed $3,000 more to 
make some needed improvements. In honor 
of these generous donors, the Observatory was 
named The Detroit Observatory. The tele- 
scope, having an object glass of 13 inches, was 
made in New York, but the other instruments 
Dr. Tappan purchased in Germany while on a 
visit to that country made in the first year of 
his Presidency. 

But these instruments were the least val- 
uable contributions that Germany made to 
the Observator)'. President Tappan prevailed 
upon Dr. Francis Briiunow, the assistant of 



the distinguished astronomer Encke, at Berlin, 
and the author of valuable astronomical works, 
to come to Ann Arbor as Director of the 
Observatory and Professor of Astronomy in 
the University. Here Briinnow remained un- 
til his resignation following the remo\'al of 
Dr. Tappan, save that in the interval he 
spent one year as Director of the Dudley 
Observatory at Albany. Dr. Bninnow was 
one of the small number of men who gave the 
University its high character for scientific 
instruction. With all the rest, he trained 
James C. Watson, an alumnus of the Class of 
1857, who served as Professor of Astronomy 
during Brlinnow's absence at Albany, and 
became his successor when he returned to 
luirope in 1863. Watson held the place until 
1879, and during that time, by his brilliant 
discoveries, gave the observatory a reputation 
tliat is a part of the annals of astronomy. 



CHAPTER Xin 



TlIK LlliRARIES 



THE first mention of a Library in con- 
nection with the University is found 
in the diary of Rev. John Monteith, 
President of the Catholepistemiad. He merely 
relates that about a year after the passage of 
the Act of August 26, 181 7, a portion of the 
upper story of the building that had been 
erected in Detroit by himself and colleague 
"was occupied with a Classical School, and 
another with a Library." This is all the infor- 
mation we have in regard to the subject, and it 
is hardly consistent with the next entr)- in the 
record. 

Mr. C. C. Trowbridge, of Detroit, was the 
Secretary of the Board of Trustees of the Uni- 
versity for a number of years in the second 
period of our history, and as such was the cus- 
todian of the books that belonged to the in- 
stitution. In 1869 he wrote Mr. Ten Brook, 
then the Librarian, that, as there was no Library 
in the years of his Secretaryship, the books 
that belonged to the University were marked 
and consigned to the dark corners of his house. 



and that in clearing out a closet they had just 
been exhumed and brought out to the light of 
day. These books, making twelve volumes 
according to Mr. Trowbridge's list, were duly 
sent to Ann Arbor, where they may still be 
found. This is all that is now known about a 
University Library in the period that extends 
from 1821 to 1837. 

The Organic Act of 1837 provided that so 
much of the moneys that the Regents received 
from students' fees as was necessary for the 
purpose, they should expend in keeping the 
University buildings in good condition and 
repair, and appropriate the balance for the 
increase of the Library. The Regents never 
carried out the letter of this law, and could 
not have done so, but they gave convincing 
proof of their interest in the subject. In June 
1837, they elected Rev. Henry Colclazer, Libra- 
rian, the very first of their University appoint- 
ments, at a salary of $100 a year, on condition 
that he reside in Ann Arbor. In September 
1838 they placed in the hands of Dr. Asa 



Chap. XII I~\ 



HISTORV OF THE UNIIKKSITT 



119 



Gray, who had recently been elected Profes- 
sor of Botany and Zoology, and who was on 
the eve of going to Europe, the sum of $5,000, 
with instructions to expend the same in the 
purchase of books in Europe In December 
1840, the Library Committee reported to the 
Board that Professor Gray had executctl his 
trust in a manner that reflected credit upon 
his judgment anti disci'imination in the selec- 



had been buying books at home. In February 
1838, it subscribed for a copy of J. J. Audu- 
bon's "Birds of America," in five volumes, 
at a cost of $970, and a month later, it also 
ordered a copy of Rafn's " Antiquitates Ameri- 
canae." The Gray collection, it is plain enough, 
was the real foundation of the general Library. 
Such was the beginning of Library history at 
the University, and such also the ending until 




•AW I: -1 1 V i.Ii:karv 



tion and cost of the books purchased ; that 
the collection, which numbered 3,700 volumes, 
covered the various Departments of History, 
Philosophy, Science and Art, Jurisprudence, 
etc. ; that a large portion of the collection con- 
sisted of works which could not be obtained in 
America, while many of the editions were rare 
in Europe, and that the University was fortunate 
in thus laying the basis of a Library that should 
do it honor. The entire collection had already 
been received and opened at the University 
building. In the mean time, the Board itself 



more than a dozen years had passed. In those 
trying days the Regents had more pressing 
demands for the meagre funds at their disposal 
than the demand for books. The revival of 
interest came with the revival of interest in so 
many other things in 1852. 

Dr. Tappan was no sooner seated in the 
executive chair than he began to interest him- 
self in the Library. He appealed to the citizens 
of Ann Arbor for funds with which to buy 
books, and with such success that 1200 vol- 
umes were added to the former collection. 



uNiJ'ERsrrr of Michigan 



\_Chap. XIII 



This was the end of stagnation in tliis as in 
other Hnes of University development. The 
Regents soon began to make regular appro- 
priations for the Library; in the latter half of 
Dr. Tappan's administration the ordinary an- 
nual appropriation was $ 1,000, besides money 
for periodicals and binding. In the period 
1856-1877, the average annual increase was 
about 800 volumes, and in June of the latter 
year the Librarian reported that the collection 
consisted of 23,909 volumes and 800 pamphlets. 

Viewed externally, the years 1856, 1863 
and 1883 were important ones in Library his- 
tory. Previous to the first of these dates, 
there was no Library proper, meaning thereby 
a place, as a room, where books were kept and 
used ; on the contrary, the books were stowed 
here or there in some one of the University 
buildings as was at the time most convenient. 
In the same period, also, the office of Librarian 
was really discharged by some student, who 
acted as an assistant of the nominal and respon- 
sible head, who, after 1845, was some one of 
the Professors. As a rule, the Library was 
thrown open one hour a week for the draw- 
ing of books, and was exclusively a Circulating 
Library. But at last the growth of the institu- 
tion and of tiie Library itself com[)elled the 
Board to make better arrangements. 

In 1856 the whole interior uf the first Uni- 
versity Building, the North Wing of the present 
University Hall, was remodelled and set apart 
for Library and Museum purposes. A commo- 
dious reading room was provided, the books 
were for the first time shelved, and suitable 
arrangements were made for the daily use of 
the books in the reading room. Practically, 
the days of the Circulating Library were now 
over. Mr. John L. Tappan, a son of the Chan- 
cellor, was put in charge, and thus became the 
first real Librarian of the University. 

Naturally enough these new arrangements 
gave the Library a new place in University life 
as well as in the University buildings. The 
old record books show that previous to 1856 a 
considerable number of books were drawn out 
for use; but now the shelving, the reading 
room, and the competent Librarian made the 
books far more useful than they had ever been 
before. " An extraordinary demand for them 



seemed to spring into existence," says Libra- 
rian Davis, in his historical view of the growth 
of the Library, " and has continually increased 
with the increase of books and the facilities for 
their use." He goes farther and says that the 
card catalogue of authors and subjects, which 
was begun and finished so far as the books 
then on hand were concerned, during the Libra- 
rianship of Mr. Ten Brook, more than anj'thing 
else, led to this gratifying result. 

The year 1863 derives its significance in Li- 
brary history from the fact that the books 
were now removed to the newly completed 
Law Building, where they were made still 
more accessible than they had been, and where 
they remained for twenty years. 

But the last of the years named is much the 
most important one for the present purpose. 
The Library had long outgrown its accommoda- 
tions in the Law l^uilding, and called loudly 
for a building of its own. In 1881 the Legisla- 
ture, in response to the solicitation of the 
Board of Regents, appropriated $100,000 for 
the purpose of meeting the pressing need. 
There was some delay in the course of con- 
struction, but in the autumn of 1883 the build- 
ing was completed according to plans and 
specifications made by Messrs. Ware and Van 
Brunt, of Boston, the architects, and its com- 
pletion was duly honored by public exercises 
held on December 12 of that year. These 
exercises consisted principally of the presenta- 
tion of the building, with a report, by Regent 
Shearer, Chairman of the Building Committee, 
the acceptance of the building by Dr. Angell, 
an address on the growth of the Library by Li- 
brarian Davis, an ode of dedication by Regent 
Rev. Dr. Duffield, and an address by Dr. Jus- 
tin Winsor, Librarian of Harvard University, 
It would have been strange indeed if the suc- 
ceeding years of constant use had not revealed 
defects of plan and construction in the building, 
but it is still regarded, all things considered, as 
one of the most satisfactory structures on the 
Campus. The constant growth of the collec- 
tion again compelled enlargement; in 1899 
the book stacks were extended to a capacity 
of 200,000 volumes. 

The year 1877 is also an important one in 
Library annals. In this year the Legislature 



Cb.>p. XIII-] HISTOlir OF THE UNIVERSITT 1 21 

made the first of a series of special appropri- These annual appropriations are: 

ations for the Librar}^ that extended over a 1877, 1S7S $5,000 

period of fourteen years and anKnintcd in the '^79. ••''80 4,000 

aggregate to $79,000. The close of tliis period 1880, 1S81 5,000 

he 1- iSS"^ I s.ooo 

ange 01 polic\'. ^^■' ■"' 

,,,. , , "^ . ' -^ ^ , , ^ 1SS5 10,000 

With the uicrease of the general tax tor ,04., 

^ iof>7 10,000 

University purposes from one-twentieth to 1889 15,000 

one-sixth of a mill, in 1893, special appropri- 1891 15,000 

ations for the library, like special appropria- Tot.il S79.000 




READING ROOM, UMVERSITV LIBRARV 



tions for other purposes, save in rare cases, 
came to an end, and the Board of Regents 
had to provide for that interest out of the gen- 
eral fund. It immediately doubled the amount 
that, in the years just preceding, the Legis- 
lature had voted for this purpose. More 
definitely, since that time, the annual appro- 
priation for the Library, or rather Libraries, has 
been $15,000, all of which is devoted to the 
purchase of books and periodicals, and to their 
binding and repair. The cost of administration 
is otherwise provided for. 



The Library of the University of Michigan 
has profited largely from the liberality of indi- 
vidual givers. A compilation of facts made 
in 1898 showed that gifts of money for the 
direct purchase of books for the general 
Library alone amounted to something more 
than $18,000. It was then estimated that 
some 30,000 volumes had been added by 
gift, about one-half of which, and by far the 
most valuable were the products of the cash 
gifts. The more important gifts will be briefly 
described. 



UNIfERSni' OF MICHIGAN 



[Ch.ip. Kill 



In iS/O Hon. Philo I'arsons of Detroit 
bouglit and presented to the University the 
Library of Professor C. H. Rau of Heidelberg, 
recently deceased, a very valuable collection 
of books and pamphlets relating principally to 
the Science of Political Economy. At a later 
date Mr. Parsons also paid for the continuation 
of several of the serial publications contained 
in the collection, and added still other works. 
The Regents promptly voted that the collec- 
tion should be kept together and be called the 
Parsons Library. In 1898 it contained 4,325 
bound volumes and 5,000 pamphlets. Sixteen 
languages are represented in the Parsons Li- 
brary, besides the Slavic languages of the lower 
Danube. 

Two large gifts mark the year 1883, the 
Shakespeare Library, given by Hon. James 
McMillan of Detroit, and a collection of works 
of History and Political Science given by Mr. 
J. J. Hagerman, of Colorado Springs. At the 
last enumeration these collections contained 
4,642 and 2,666 volumes respectively. 

Still other gifts deserving of mention bear 
the names of Hon. Alpheus Felch, and Dr. 
Edward Dorsch. The Goethe Library, of 
nearly 1,000 volumes, is largely the gift of 
German citizens of Michigan. The working 
libraries of Professor G. S. Morris in Philoso- 
phy, Professor E. L. Walter, in Romance Lan- 
guages, and Professor George A. Hench, in 
Germanic Languages, have also come to the 
Library. 

Besides gifts of books, the Library has re- 
ceived two permanent endowments of money, 
the Ford-Messer endowment of $20,000, the 
bequest of Dr. C. L. P'ord and the Coyl en- 
dowment of $10,000, given by Miss Jean L. 
Coyl as a memorial of her brother. Colonel 
William H. Coyl. 

So far this chapter has been exclusively 
devoted to the General Library. But the pro- 
fessional departments have built up profes- 
sional libraries that demand attention. 

The Medical Library consisting of 8,630 
volumes, and 1,500 unbound pamphlets, is 
shelved with the General Library. The same 
may be said of the Library of the Homoeopathic 
Medical College, which contains 665 volumes. 
The Library of the College of Dental Surgery, 



836 volumes, is found in the building occupied 
by that department. 

The most extensive of the departmental 
collections of books is the Law Library, which 
occupies the large and beautiful room on the 
second floor of the new Law Building. It con- 
sists of about 15,000 volumes, which may be 
divided into four special classes. These are 
the Fletcher Collection, presented to the Uni- 
versity by Hon. Richard Fletcher of Boston, 
1866; the Buhl Collection, presented by Mr. 
C. H. Buhl of Detroit, 1885; and the Douglas 
Collection, a bequest of Judge S. T. Douglas 
of Detroit, 1898. Besides his Library of 5,000 
volumes, Mr. Buhl left the University a bequest 
of $10,000 to be expended in the purchase of 
books for the same department. 

The Library has always been a working 
Library in an eminent sense of the expression. 
Dr. Angell expressed the opinion in 1879: " I 
doubt if, in proportion to its size, any Library 
in the world is as much used as ours. Statistics 
carefully gathered show that from the Harvard 
Library, with its 170,000 volumes, a smaller 
number of books is daily drawn than from our 
little collection of 26,000." The recorded use 
of the General Library in 1888 was 94,168 
volumes; in 1894, 125,820 volumes; in 1900, 
152,956 volumes. 

In one of his reports Mr. Davis, the veteran 
Librarian, states that the main difference which 
exists between the LTniversity Library and the 
other libraries of the state, public and pro- 
prietary, is that the one e.xists for the increase 
of knowledge, while the others exist for the 
diffusion of knowledge. As between the Uni- 
versity Library and the Common Library, the 
point is well taken. Still this view of the 
function of the University Library must not be 
pushed to the point of denying that it is an 
important instrument of University teaching. 
To Professors and more advanced students it 
is a means of research in the proper sense of 
that word, employed for the increase of knowl- 
edge ; but to the large majority of students it 
is, as it must be, a means of discovering and 
learning what is already known. The second 
half of the century now closing has seen one 
important change effected in methods of College 
and University teaching. Formerly the great 



Cb,ip. XI!"\ 



HISTORY OF THE UNirERSITT 



I 23 



reliance of the student was his text-books, not 
the Library, and when he resorted to the Library 
it was rather for the purpose of general culture 
than for the purpose of studying specific sub- 
jects. His Professors assigned him definite 
lessons in selected books — so many pages or 
paragraphs — which he was required to learn 
and to recite ; and beyond this little was either 
required or expected. But no good College 
teacher, unless his work is largely formal and 
of an elementary sort, is now content to teach 
in that way. He has not indeed laid text- 
books aside, but he now uses them, with the 
qualification noted, as guides to the country 
that he wishes his students to explore rather 
than as a full description of that country. This 
means an enhanced use of the Library by the 
student — its use for the ends of specific in- 
struction. There can be no question that the 
change has been very beneficial upon the 
whole. It has made study more interesting 



and inspiring to the real student, and given 
greater breadth to his scholarship. It is pos- 
sible indeed, highly probable perhaps, that the 
text-book and the library have not yet been 
finally adjusted one to the other. But what- 
ever may be the answer to this question, 
teaching at the University of Michigan has 
conformed to the general movement through- 
out the country. Evidence of it is seen in the 
growth of the Library, and particularly in the 
extension of its use. Perhaps the best general 
test that exists of the interest of students in 
their work and their application to it is daily 
observation of those who throng the Reading 
Room to engage in general reading or to follow 
up the clues that their teachers have given 
them relative to their class-room work. Here 
ma\- be seen in active operation much more 
of the power that moves the Department of 
Literature, Science, and the Arts than is con- 
centrated at any other spot on the Campus. 



CHAPTER XIV 



Students' Orgamzatic)ns 



IN every good College the free \oluntary 
life and acti\'it>- of students is an im- 
portant feature of the institution. In 
every good College histor}' this life is suitably 
recognized. This chapter will be devoted to 
accounts of such life at Ann Arbor, so far as 
it has expressed itself in student organizations. 
It will, of course, be necessary to make the 
accountsof the several organizations, or groups 
of organizations, brief. 

I. LITERARY SOCIETIES 

The catalogue for 1 848-1 849 contains this 
announcement, which is the earliest official 
recognition of student organizations in the 
University : " There are two literary societies 
connected with the College, which hold 
weekly meetings during term-time, and possess 
valuable libraries of select and miscellaneous 
books." This notice is repeated in successive 
catalogues. The Phi Phi Alpha Society was 
organized in 1842, the Alpha Nu in the follow- 



ing year. TJie Literary Adelphi was formed in 
1857. The first of these societies died out in 
i860; the others still exist and carry on their 
work, but less vigoroush" than in earlier years. 
The Webster Society came in 1859, and the 
Justinian in i860, both in the Law Department. 
The Justinian fell by the way, and the Jefifer- 
sonian appeared. The Serapian was organized 
in the Medical Department in 1850, but sur- 
vived only a few years. About the close of the 
civil war, there sprang up a crop of debating 
societies and clubs that endured for a time, and 
then withered away. An earlier historian has 
called this period the age of much speaking; 
and with class rhetoricals, weekly society meet- 
ings, club debates, class debates, exhibitions 
and prize contests, the description would seem 
to have been well deserved. The first class 
exhibition, it may be remarked, was given in 
1843, the first Junior exhibition in 1844. 

Literary societies were no doubt a source of 
much profit to College students in their better 



124 



UNIVERSriT OF MICHIGAN 



[€/.'.//>. xir 



da\', and the)- still are so in manyof tlie smaller 
institutions. In nian_\' of the great schools, 
too, they are found, but commonI\-, if not 
always, in a less vigorous state than a half 
century ago. The causes that have tended to 
enfeeble them are not altogether clear; but 
these appear to be the most prominent — elec- 
tive studies and specialization, the development 
of College periodicals, the widening of College 
interests, and the low estimate in which many 
College Professors of the new regime hold the 
gift of speaking. One may possibly regret 
the partial decay of the College literary society, 
but there is no means of restoring it to its 
former vigor under present conditions. It is 
proper to add, however, that the recent devel- 
opment of intercollegiate debates and oratorical 
contests has in a measure made up for the de- 
cline in the prosperity of the literary societies. 

II. GREEK LETTER SOCIETIES 

Mention has been made in an earlier chapter 
of this History of the establishment of the 
first fraternities in the Uni\'ersit_\', and of the 
trouble that they caused. It is not necessary 
to repeat that story, but the public notice to 
which the controversy led may be cjuoted from 
the catalogue of 1850-1851. It immediately 
follows the account of the two literary societies. 

'■ There are two other societies besides the regular 
literary associations, which, having exhibited their con- 
.stitutions and adopted regulations approved by the 
Faculty, may, in accordance with the laws of the insti- 
tution, admit students to membership. By these regu- 
lations minors, in order to become members, must 
exhibit to the President of the Faculty, the written 
consent of parent or guardian; and the admission of 
students to these societies, their time and place of meet- 
ing, which must, unless otherwise permitted, always be 
within the University buildings, and their corporate 
good order are under the proper supervision of the 
College government." 

The same catalogue contains lists of the Chi 
Psi and the Alpha Delta Phi fraternities. The 
notice was repeated the next year, but with the 
coming of President Tappan, it, as well as 
the notice of the literary societies, disappeared 
from the catalogue. From this time on, Greek 
letter societies steadily increased. Five that 
are still in existence had been organized in the 
Literary Department in i860, and nine in 1880. 



The first sororit}', the Kappa Alpha Theta, 
was founded in 1879; the first professional 
fraternity in 1869. In 1899 there were sixteen 
fraternities and seven sororities in the Literary 
Department, and ten fraternities in the profes- 
sional schools. More and more societies have 
tended to a common life, and at present many 
of them own their own houses, while still others 
are established in rented houses. Since the 
first period of University history there has 
been no serious friction between the societies 
and the University Faculty. 

While most of the societies have more mem- 
bers than they had thirty years ago, and while 
the numbers have much increased and attained 
to a greater prominence, a much smaller rela- 
tive number of the undergraduates belong to 
societies now than then. The number is also 
slowly decreasing. At the middle of the cen- 
tury two-thirds of the students of the Literary 
Department were members of fraternities ; at 
the close, not more than one-third are such 
members. The causes of the declension form 
an interesting subject of inquiry, but they lie 
aside from the present path. 



III. 



THE STUDENTS' LECTURE ASSOCIA- 
TION 



This Association was formed in 1854 and 
was formally incorporated in 1893. Its primary 
function was to furnish the University com- 
munity — students, faculties and citizens, — 
with an annual course of public lectures. After- 
wards, when funds accumulated in the treasury 
beyond the immediate necessities of the lecture 
course, the Association furnished the reading 
room with a free list of valuable periodicals. 
Both of these functions it has continued toper- 
form up to the present time, the second one, how- 
ever, not with entire regularity. The Association 
in its early history could offer to a lecturer one 
of the finest lecture audiences in the country, 
and it took pains to admit to its lists only men of 
deserved reputation. The Lyceum movement 
had not then spent its force, and the causes 
that Jiave since operated to bring the public 
lecture ver)- near the level of a popular enter- 
tainment had not yet set in. The Association 
brought to Ann Arbor many of the most dis- 
tinguished lecturers of the day — such men as 



Chap. XIl"\ 



HISTORY OF THE U/VIfERSITr 



'-5 



R. W. Emerson, Bayard Taylor, Horace Mann, 
Theodore Parker, E. P. Whipple, Wendell 
Phillips, Edward Everett, Horace Greeley and 
George William Curtis. The annual course 
of lectures was regarded as one of the valuable 
features of University life, and it deserved its 
reputation. An old student has written : " To 
me in College days at Ann Arbor, it was a 
challenge, a tonic in education, even to look 
upon, and doubly to hear, such lecturers, — 
Wendell Phillips, George William Curtis, Dr. 
Holland, Horace Greeley." If, in later years, 
the level of this early excellence has not been 
maintained, the fact is not peculiar to Ann 
Arbor. 

IV. THE STUDENTS' CHRISTIAN 
ASSOCIATION 

One of the causes to which this Association 
has been traced is the strong and decided 
Christian character of the men who, in the 
early days, guided the affairs of the University 
and occupied its chairs of instruction ; such 
men as Superintendent Pierce, President Tap- 
pan, and Professors Whedon, Williams, Boise, 
Ford, Frieze, Palmer and Ten Brook. At an 
early day a society called the Union Mission- 
ary Society of Inquirj- was organized after the 
model then prevalent in the older Colleges of 
the country. 1 These societies, which followed 
in the wake of the great missionary movement 
early in the century, sought to diffuse mission- 
ary intelligence and create interest in the cause 
of missions among College students ; they also 
served as centres of religious life in the institu- 
tion where they were planted. However, if we 
may accept tradition, the one founded at Ann 
Arbor was anything but an unmixed blessing 
either to the institution or the students. Be- 
sides this society, there existed from an early 
time a Sunday morning prayer meeting that 
was held in the Chapel and conducted wholly 
by students. 

In the winter of 1857-1858, the old Missionary 
Society of Inquiry broke up and disappeared, 

' Miss Farrand says this society was in e.\istence before 
the first class left the University. History 0/ llie ITiiiversily 
of Michigan, p. 139; bnt Ten Brook says it was about 
1847. American State Universities, p. 310. Professor M. I,. 
D'Ooge assigns 1845 ^* ^^ date. Historical Sketch of the 
S. C. A. 



and the Students' Christian Association arose 
out of its ashes. 

President C. K. Adams, of the University 
of Wisconsin, who was a participant in the 
action, has given an interesting account of 
the organization of the A.ssociation. After 
speaking of the break-down of the Union 
Missionary Society of Inquiry, he relates that 
in the winter of 1S57-1858 the active Christian 
young men of the University felt the need of 
such an organization ; that this feeling ex- 
pressed itself in the establishment of Class 
prayer meetings, and that the winter was one 
of more than usual religious interest in Univer- 
sity circles. During the holiday vacation rep- 
resentatives of all the classes met for daily 
pra\-er in the room of one of the students in 
a small frame house on Fifth Street, opposite 
the old Methodist Church. The further ac- 
count can best be given in President Adams' 
own words : 

" It would, perhaps, be going too far to say 
that the organization of the Students' Christian 
Association originated in these meetings, or in 
that room; but it is certain that almost im- 
mediately after the return of the students in 
January 1858, the organization was completed 
by the adoption of Articles of Association, and 
that the spirit and force of the meetings of the 
Association from that day to this have been in 
close imitation of the meetings in that holiday 
vacation." ' 

Owing to the loss of early records it is now, 
unfortunately, impossible to fix the exact date 
of the organization. However, this was the 
first one of the kind founded in any American 
College, the association in the University of 



' Reminiscences of the Early History of the Students' 
Christian Association of the University of Michigan. The 
Monthly Bulletin: A Journal of the Students' Christian Asso- 
ciation of the University of Michigan. Vol. IV. No. 5. 

Professor M. L. D'Ooge, in his interesting Historical 
.Sketch of the Association, assigns an active part in its 
formation to a Scotch woman, Mrs. Spence, mother of the 
two Spence brothers, one of whom became the first Presi- 
dent. Her house was the headquarters for religious activity 
in College circles; she was deeply interested in the religious 
life of the University, was familiar with the beginning of the 
Y. M. C. A. movement in Great Britain, and, through her 
sons, proposed the formation of a similar organization in the 
University. She also proposed the name adopted. — The 
Students' Christian Association Bulletin, Vol. XIX. No. 21. 



1 26 



uNirEKSirr of Michigan 



\_Chap. Xir 



Virginia coming the same \ear, but a few- 
weeks later. The Association was named at. 
its iDirth, not Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion but Students' Christian Association, which 
left the door open for the admission of women 
when, a few years later, they began to appear 
on the Campus. 

The Association had no creed, but its 
members took a pledge binding themselves 



as its end the establishment and maintenance 
of a free circulating library of moral and relig- 
ious books. Books for this purpose were con- 
tributed b>' Professors and others interested in 
the work. This Association was abandoned 
at the time that the new room was fitted up for 
the Students' Christian Association, the books 
passing into the hands of that organization 
and forming the nucleus of its [^resent Library. 




NEWRERRV HALL 



to religious character and religious service. At 
first, the meetings were held in a room on the 
fourth story of the old South College, but soon 
after the coming of President Haven they were 
brought down to the lower floor and estab- 
lished in a room which was especially fitted 
up for this purpose. Here they continued to 
be held, as a rule, until Newberry Hall was 
opened. In 1858, in pursuance of a sugges- 
tion thrown out by Dr. C. L. Ford, the Chris- 
tian Library Association was formed, having 



In 1S66-1867 students of the professional 
schools began to participate in the work of 
the Association. About that time, too, a can- 
vass of the University showed that 40 per 
cent, of the students in the Literary Depart- 
ment were church members, and 28 per cent, 
and 16 per cent, of the Medical and Law 
Departments, respectively. The admission of 
women to the University brought the Associ- 
ation a powerful enforcement of interest, zeal 
and labor that has never since spent its 



Chap. A'//-'] 



IIISTOR}- OF THE UNirERsrr)' 



I 27 



force. In 1882 a mission baiul was organized, 
and a little later a ministerial band. The sec- 
ond of these bands died out some time ago, 
but the other still lives, and, under the n.nne 
of Students' Volunteer IMovenient, carries on 
its work. 

At the quarter-centennial in I.S,S3 expression 
was given to the feeling that the Association 
needed a home of its own suitable»for its pur- 
poses. It now had a membership of 300, 
which was more than twice as many as could 
possibly be crowded into the room where it was 
accustomed to hold its meetings. A mo\'e- 
ment to provide such a home sprang out of 
this meeting, but it never really assumed a 
practical form until 1887 when, for the second 
time, an appeal was made to the Alumni and 
other friends of the University, indorsed by 
some of the best known Professors, describing 
what it was proposed to do and calling for 
pecuniary assistance. Mr. A. E. Jennings, 
an enthusiastic student and member of the 
Association, took the field as a canvassing 
agent, and soon reported subscriptions that 
justified the Board of Directors in beginning 
the building. The corner stone was laid May 
26, 1888, but there were delays, owing to an 
insufficiency of funds caused by the extension 
of the original plan, and it was not until June 
31, 1 89 1, that it was dedicated. Completed 
and furnished, the total cost of the new build- 
ing was about $40,000. Of this large sum, 
$18,000 was given by Mrs. Helen H. New- 
berry, of Detroit, and the remainder came from 
Alumni and a great number of other sources, in- 
cluding a gift of $2,600 from ladies belonging 
to Ann Arbor churches, who held an Art Loan 
and handed over the profits to the Association. 
Over and above this expenditure, members of 
the Faculties, students and citizens of Ann 
Arbor had previously contributed $2,500 for 
the purchase of the lot on which the building 
was erected. The name, Newberry Hall, was 
appropriately given to the new structure, in 
honor of Hon. John S. Newberry, of the Class 
of 1847, the deceased husband of the generous 
lady who contributed so largely to the fund. 

Since its establishment in its new home, the 
Association has carried on its work under 
conditions much more favorable than before. 



Its membership has niountctl up to 500 and 
600 in a year. It has widened its activities. 
Its interest in mission work continues and it 
has founded an S. C. A. fellowship at the 
Chicago Commons. Since 1880 the Associa- 
tion has published a Journal devoted to its 
peculiar work. The series of Sunday addresses 
by Professors and other invited speakers has 
long been one of the features of Uni\'ersitv- 
life. In recent years the Association has 
\igorousl)' cooperated with the English Bible 
Chairs that will be described in another chap- 
ter in promoting among students the study of 
the English Bible. From the first the S. C. A. 
has been an influential and useful organization. 

V. THE UNIVERSITY YOUNG MENS 
CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 

In 1895 some members of the .Students' 
Christian Association withdrew from that 
organization and formed a new one, to which 
they gave the name set ilmvn above. The 
motives that actuated them in taking this step 
were dissatisfaction with the doctrinal position 
of the old association, and desire to form a 
regular connection with the State antl National 
Young Men's Christian Associations. The new- 
organization found a home first in Sackett 
Hall, then in McMillan Hall, and has attained 
a vigorous growth. The character of its work- 
is indicated by its name. 

VI. THE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION 

One historian of sports and games at the 
University records that " in the days before 
the Civil War desultory games of foot-ball, 
base-ball and cricket, for which there had not 
been any regular practice, constituted the 
athletics of Michigan students." To follow 
the course of events that led from this primi- 
tive state up to the present period of thorough 
organization, would be foreign to the present 
purpose. Between the two extremes lie many 
temporary organizations, both for play and 
control, many " teams," men and schedules, 
many victories and defeats ; but athletics con- 
tinued to be disorganized, or rather unorgan- 
ized, until 1890-1891, when the management of 
all athletic sports was entrusted to a central 



UNIFERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



\Ckap. XII' 



organization called The University of Michigan Vll. THE WOMAN'S LEAGUE 

Athletic Association. This useful organization dates from the year 

In respect to games, cricket, although played 1890. The purpose of its founding was to 

for a number of years, never took strong root oiganize and bring to bear the intelligence, 

in the Michigan soil, base-ball and foot-ball experience, and moral force of the older 

proving to be too strong competitors. In women in the University, together with the 

modern foot-ball Michigan took the lead in the similar elements in women outside of the 

West, the Rugby game coming in in 187S. University, but closely connected with it, 

Boating on the river is heard of as early as upon the )-ounger and inexperienced women. 

1873, an athletic tournament was held in 1876, The immediate object, stated in a word. 



and lawn tennis is mentioned in an annual pub- 
lished in 1881-1882. A trust fund called the 
" gymnasium fund" was created in 1878-1S79, 
the proceeds of which, some $6,000, were 
devoted to equip- 
ping the Water- 
man Gymnasium 
thirteen years 
later. From time 
to time the Re- 
gents made small 
appropriations for 
the encourage- 
ment of athletics, 
previous to 1890 : 
in that year the}- 
bought the ten- 
acre tract on 
South State Street 
now known as 
" Regents' Field," 
a half mile from 

the Campus, paying for the tract and the im- 
provements necessary to fit it for its pur- 
pose, $7,500 It was open to play in 1891. 
The new Gymnasium, the history of which 
is given in another place, was ready for use two 
years later; and the two gave athletics at the 
University a new and much needed impulse. 

In respect to management, the year 1893 
marks the most important step taken since 
the formation of the Athletic Association 
two years before. Athletic sports were hence- 
forth subject to the supervision of a Board 
of Control composed of five members of Club has made so widely and favorably known, 
the various Faculties chosen by the Univer- 
sity Senate, and four undergraduates chosen 
by the Athletic Association. 

[Note, 1906. — The four undergraduate members have 
been chosen latterly by the student body at large] 




.M'JULLAX HALL 



was to assist the women students and espe- 
cially the younger ones, on their arrival in 
;\nn Arbor, in adapting themselves easily 
and quickly to College life, and the life of 
the College town. 



A purely social 
organization, the 
League invites to 
its membership 
all the women 
in the Univer- 
sity, and calls 
into cooperation 
with them such of 
the Faculty ladies 
as see fit to parti- 
cipate. The work 
of the organi- 
zation has fully 
justified the wis- 
dom of those 
who founded it. 



VIII. THE GLEE CLUB 

Perhaps no one uf the student organiza- 
tions has done more to popularize the Univer- 
sity than the Glee Club. At a meeting held 
on February 12, 1867, the students of the 
Literary Department adopted yellow (maize) 
and blue as the College colors. But it was not 
until many years later that an alumnus, Charles 
M. (jayley, now a Professor in the University 
of California, but then an instructor in his 
Alma Mater, composed the song that the Glee 



THE YELLOW AND BLUE 

Sing to the colons that float in the light; 
Hurrah for the Yellow and Blue! 
Yellow the stars as they ride thro' the night, 
And reel in a rollicking crew ; 



Chap. A7r j 



HJST0R2' OF THE UNIVERSITT 



129 



Yellow the fields where ripens the grain, 
And yellow the moon on the harvest wain ; — 
Hail ! 

Hail to the colors that Hoat in tlie light: 
Hurrah for the Yellow and Blue ! 

Blue are the billows that bow to the sun 

When yellow-robed morning is due : 

Blue are the curtains that evening has spun. 

The slumbers of Phoebus to woo ; 

Blue are the blossoms to memory dear, 

And blue is the sapphire, and gleams like a tear; — 

Hail! 

Hail to the ribbons that nature lias spun: 

Hurrali for the Yellow and Blue! 

Here 's to the College whose colors we wear ; 
Here 's to the hearts that are true ! 
Here 's to the maid of the golden hair. 
And eyes that are brimming with blue ! 
Garlands of bluebells and maize intertwine; 
And hearts that are true and voices combine; — 
Hail ! 

Hail to the College whose colors we wear ; 
Hurrah for the Yellow and Blue ! 

IX. COLLEGE PUBLICATIONS 

One important channel through which the 
activities of students have expressed them- 
selves remains to be noticed, and that is Col- 
lege publications. Not including annuals, the 
list of periodicals is about twenty-five in num- 
ber, many of which have been owned, con- 
trolled, or edited by students. The names of 
the more important of these publications are 
subjoined. 

Univffsity Chrpiiiile, students, bi-weekly, 1 867- 1869. 
Consolidated with the Michigan University Magazine 
and became the Chronicle. 

Michigan University Magazine, students, monthly, 
1867-1869. Consolidated with the University Chronicle 
and became the Chronicle. 

Chronicle, students. Iji-weekly and weekly, 1869-1890. 
Succeeded by the Chronicle-Argonaut. 

University, students of the professional schools, semi- 
monthly, 1S79-1881. 

Bulletin, Students' Christian Association, montlily 
and weekly, 1880- 

Michigan Argonaut, students, bi-weekly and weekly, 
18S2-1890. Succeeded by the Chronicle-Argonaut. 

Chronicle-Argonaut, students, 1890-1891. 

U. of M. Daily, students, daily, 1890- 

In lander, students, monthly, 1891- 

University Record. Committee of the University Sen- 
ate, C[uarterly, 1S91-1893 (sixteen numbers). 

Dental Journal, students of the Dental Department, 
monthlv, 1S92 



Michigan .Ahimnus, alumni, monthly, 1S94-, pub- 
lished by the Alumni Association from 189S. 

University News-Letter, University Editor, bi-weekly, 
1898- 

X OTHEK ORGANIZATIONS 

These are a few of the student organizations 
in connection with the University. There are, 
besides these, The Oratorical Association, 
Good Government Club, Graduate Club, En- 
gineering Society, Medical Society, Republican 
Club, Democratic Club, Comedy Club, Fruit 
and Flower Mission, Philosophical Society, 
Pedagogical Society, Choral Union and several 
others. Some of these organizations look ex- 
clusively or mainly to social ends ; others com- 
bine profit in intellectual pursuits with such 
ends. Most of them, as their names suggest, 
exist for the sake of their members, but some 
also in some measure for the sake of the pub- 
lic. The purpose of the Graduate Club is 
defined to be " to create and foster a spirit of 
fellowship among its members, to stimulate an 
interest in graduate work and method, and by 
all possible means to further the welfare of the 
Graduate School of the University." The end 
of the Engineering Society is thus defined : 
" To encourage original investigation in en- 
gineering and scientific subjects, acquire a 
knowledge of the most approved methods of 
engineering procedure, collect materials of 
value to engineers, publish such information 
as may be deemed of interest or of benefit 
to themselves, and to promote a social spirit 
among students and members of the pro- 
fession." 

It may well be assumed that into these or- 
ganizations students of the University have 
long poured a great amount of activity. How 
far this activity has been beneficial, and how far 
harmful, cannot be nicely told ; that is a ques- 
tion about which the most competent judges 
might well disagree in opinion. The ends that 
the organizations propose are, generally, if not 
always, perfecth' legitimate, so that such harm 
as they do must be sought in the manner in 
which these ends are promoted. No one stu- 
dent, it must be recollected, belongs to many 
of these organizations ; while it may safely- be 
asserted that, as a rule, the ends that they pro- 
pose are not pursued with an excess of vigor. 



130 



UNirERsirr of Michigan 



\^Chap. XV 



No doubt some students consume in such 
activities time and talents that could better be 
given to their studies. Probably the worst side 
ot' the subject is that the organizations furnish 
considerable scope and verge for College poli- 
tics, some of which is unquestionably injurious. 



Upon the whole, the best judges will agree 
that the student organizations, taken together, 
supplement in a useful way the work of the 
University, and that, collectively speaking, they 
do far more good than evil. The University 
would be bare enough without them. 



CHAPTER XV 

Thirty Years of Coeducation 



THE Organic Act of 1837, it will be 
remembered, provided that in con- 
nection with every branch of the 
University there should be established an in- 
stitution for the education of females in the 
higher branches of knowledge, wherever suit- 
able buildings should be prepared, to be under 
the same general direction and management as 
the branch with which it was connected. More- 
over, several of the branches, as we have seen, 
made provision for such instruction. As a 
matter of course, girls were admitted to the 
new Union schools when they came to be 
formed, on the same terms as boys. But the 
question of admitting women to the University 
does not appear to have arisen in its early 
days. There was small reason why it should 
arise. Oberlin College, at its foundation in 
1833, opened its doors to men and women 
alike, but no institution of high character 
followed the example. In fact, taking the 
country together, the question of the higher 
education of women, as well as of coeducation, 
was yet in the future. And still causes were 
at work that could not fail soon to bring that 
question to the front ; such causes as the 
democratic spirit working in society, the in- 
cipient " Woman's Rights " movement, and 
the great educational revival. Many acade- 
mies and seminaries founded at the middle of 
the century, some of which developed into 
Colleges, at least at the West, offered the same 
opportunities to women and to men. Normal 
schools, too, and some of the smaller Colleges 
perhaps, exerted an influence in the same 
direction. 

As far as the published records show, the 
admission of women first came before the 



Regents in 1858. Something had already 
been heard of the subject in the Legislature. 
About the same time, the State Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, and the State Teachers' 
Association brought forward what, at an 
earlier time, would have been considered 
advanced views relative to the education of 
women. Several communications were now 
received by the Board from women or their 
friends asking permission to enter the Univer- 
sity ; one of them stating that a class of twelve 
ladies would present them;5elves at the entrance 
examinations in June of the year just named. 
The Board referred the subject to a Committee 
of three of its members for investigation and 
report. On September 27 this Committee 
submitted a carefully prepared Report, with 
accompanying documents, which the Board 
accepted and ordered printed for distribution 
throughout the state. 

The Committee found a sharply defined 
issue between the friends and the foes of the 
new measure. " The advocates of the propo- 
sition,'" the Report says, " claim that the ladies, 
by every consideration of right and justice, 
have a title to a share in the educational 
advantages which the University may and 
should confer, while its opponents insist that 
to admit ladies to the University would be an 
innovation never contemplated by its founders 
or its patrons, destructive to its character and 
influence, and ruinous to the ladies who might 
avail themselves of it." One interesting feature 
of this Report was the views of distinguished 
educators and public men, who had been called 
upon by the Committee, expressive of their 
experience and judgment. President Hopkins, 
of Williams College, thought the Regents might 



Chap. AV] 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITT 



try the experiment safely, and he hoped they 
would do so. Chancellor Frelinghuysen, of 
New Jersey, thought the propriety of such a 
step very questionable, and feared its effects 
upon the interest and reputation of the Univer- 
sity would be bad. President Nott, of Union 
College, after arraying the civis against iYiQ pros, 
said that if he were at the head of a University 
in Michigan, and public opinion called for the 
trial of the experiment, he should not oppose 
obedience to that call. President Walker, of 
Harvard, thought the decision must turn in no 
small measure on the question whether females 
were to be educated for public or private life, 
while President Woolsey, of Yale, said he could 
not see of what use degrees were to be to girls, 
unless they should addict themselves to pro- 
fessional life. Still others were heard from, 
the general stream of counsel running hard 
against the scheme. Even the avowed advo- 
cates of coeducation spoke in guarded lan- 
guage. President Finney, of Oberlin College, 
said, in effect, that coeducation was not to 
be encouraged save under favorable circum- 
stances; while President Horace Mann, who 
had accepted the Presidency of Antioch Col- 
lege in 1853, in great part, because that institu- 
tion proposed to admit women as well as men 
to its advantages on equal terms, also dwelt on 
the dangers of the experiment, pronouncing it 
a "terrible" one, and not to be thought of 
save under favorable conditions. President 
Tappan, while deeply interested in the educa- 
tion of young women, was not in favor of 
admitting them to men's colleges ; there was 
an incompatibility, he thought, between the 
two sexes ; while college life and study, man- 
ners, discipline and surroundings were incon- 
sistent with the nature of women and the 
requirements of a woman's education. 

The Committee came, after a fair review of 
the whole subject, to the cautions and safe 
conclusion that, since the Regents and the 
Committee were divided on the question, the 
wisest thing to do was to do nothing, but to 
allow matters to stand as they were. The Re- 
port closed with the suggestion that it would 
be wise for the state, in some suitable way, 
to provide for the higher education of young 
ladies, and thus relieve itself of the opprobrium 



of longer neglecting the higher education of its 
daughters, while it had so abundantly provided 
for the education of its sons. The Board, 
besides accepting the Report, adopted a resolu- 
tion declaring that to open the University to 
the education of both sexes would require 
such a revolution in its management that it 
was wiser, under existing conditions, both in 
respect to the interests of the institution and 
of the young ladies themselves, that the appli- 
cations for admission should not be granted. 

From this time on the subject was more or 
less discussed in the ways that influence public 
opinion, and in the winter of 1867 the Legisla- 
ture adopted a resolution expressing the delib- 
erate opinion that the high objects for which 
the University of Michigan was organized 
would never be fully attained until women 
were admitted to all its rights and privileges. 
This resolution again forced the subject upon 
the attention of the Regents, who instructed 
their Executive Committee to consider it in its 
various bearings and to report at some future 
time its conclusions. 

President Haven had at an earlier day not 
only advocated the higher education of women, 
but the coeducation of the se.xes ; still, now 
that he was confronted by a practical situation, 
he took at first the other side. Within a year, 
however, his views underwent a complete 
change. In his next report he said the more 
he considered the subject, the more he was 
inclined to the belief that the best method for 
Michigan would be to make provision for the 
instruction of women at the University on the 
same conditions as men. The standard of 
education would not be changed; the habits 
of study would not be affected ; the honor of 
the University would be rather increased than 
diminished. No doubt the President's change 
of view was an honest one, but it is apparent 
on the face of his Report that he shrank from 
again meeting the Legislature with a plea for 
appropriations, until its recommendation to 
the Board was favorably answered. 

At the ensuing session of the Legislature, a 
resolution was passed urging the Board to act 
in accordance with Dr. Hax-en's recommenda- 
tion, and on January 5, 1870, the following reso- 
lution, offered by Regent Willard, was adopted : 



132 



UNirERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



{_Cbap. Xr 



" Resolved, That the Board of Regents recognize the 
right of every resident of Michigan to the enjoyment of 
the privileges afforded by the University, and that no 
rule exists in any of the University statutes for the exclu- 
sion of ai.y person from the University, wlio possesses 
the requisite literary and moral qualifications." 

The month following the adoption of this 
resolution, which threw the doors open to 
women without mentioning them, a single 
woman Miss Madelon L. Stockwell, of Kala- 
mazoo, was admitted to the Literary Depart- 
ment, and continued the solitary woman 
student to the end of the year. She gradu- 
ated in 1872. With the year 1 870-1 871 several 
women entered in the different departments. 
That year there were four graduates. The first 
woman graduate was Miss Amanda Sanford, 
of Auburn, New York, who took the degree 
of M.D. in March 1871. Miss Sarah Killgore 
of Crawfordsville, Indiana, took the degree 
LL.B. the same day. 

The Acting President was prompt to report 
the first results of coeducation. He said in his 
Report for 1 869-1 870 that, while many would 
think the step taken a bold one, and many a 
hazardous one, no person who considered the 
relations of the University to the state and 
community could deny its entire justness. 
The general system of education to which 
the state was committed, necessarily pledged 
to its daughters, as well as to its sons, the 
highest as well as the most elementary edu- 
cation free of charge. The authorities had 
already ceased to fear the dangers which had 
been apprehended from the admission of 
women, and which constituted the chief argu- 
ment against it, such as the loss of reputation 
and caste among Universities, the decline of 
scholarship, and the corruption of morals. 
The real cause of anxiety lay in quite another 
direction ; the coming of the women, increas- 
ing as it did the total number of students, 
increased the perplexity of the authorities, 
already great, in regard to buildings, recita- 
tion rooms and ofificers of instruction. The 
next year he said, while it was yet too early to 
speak of results, certainly nothing had occurred 
to give rise to any misgiving in regard to the 
ultimate success of the new movement ; even 
those Professors who were at first opposed 



and doubtful, no longer expressed any regret 
on account of the innovation, or any appre- 
hension in regard to its effect, either upon 
the internal condition of the University or its 
reputation abroad. 

In the discussion of the question, the usual 
arguments in favor of the higher education of 
women were reenforced by the consideration 
that a democratic state like Michigan, which 
maintained a University at the public cost, 
could not, logically, deny admission to any 
class of citizens prepared to receive this in- 
struction. From that day to this there has 
never been any serious contention on the part 
of sober-minded men that the action taken was 
not in the line of public thought and feeling; 
while it has been generally admitted that con- 
tinued disregard of the legislative recommen- 
dation, and of the expressions of public feeling, 
would have placed the University in serious 
jeopardy. Dr. Frieze touched this phase of 
the subject significantly in one of his reports. 
Whatever might be the influence of the inno- 
vation upon the internal condition of the Uni- 
versity, its beneficial effect upon its external 
relations had become immediately apparent. 
It had removed a ground of complaint against 
the University, constantly increasing and obvi- 
ously just, and therefore shutting off more and 
more from the institution the sympathy of a 
very large number, if not even a majority, of 
citizens. He said there could be no doubt 
that the friendly reception by the Legislature 
of the Regents' renewed request for financial 
aid was due in no small degree to the Board's 
wise and timely action. 

There were, however, some facts pertaining 
to the subject that Dr. Frieze neglected to 
recognize, and very properly so, in his Re- 
ports. At first, there can be no doubt, a large 
majority of the Professors and of the students 
deprecated the coming of the women. The 
feeling, however, was not all one way. The 
admission of women did not come as a sur- 
prise; the question had been under discussion 
in University circles for some time preceding, 
and there were a considerable number both of 
Professors and students who advocated the 
measure. Still others, both Professors and 
students, felt no particular repugnance to the 



Chap. AV] 



HISTORY OF THE UNIl'EKSITT 



133 



admission of women. The students, while show- 
ing the women no favors, were perhaps never 
positively insulting, and were rarely indecorous 
to the women. In the feelings of Professors 
and students alike were mingled a certain 
good natured curiosity and contempt for the 
" co-eds," as they were at once clubbed ; the\- 
looked upon them as standing outside the 
pale of well-ordered society, and so as strange 
persons or, borrowing terms from a later period, 
as " cranks " and "freaks." In the town the 
anti-woman feeling was no doubt stronger than 
in the University itself The fear lest the 
University should become less attractive to 
students, and lest the business interests of the 
place should suffer, intensified the traditionary 
scruples and fears. Societ\-, of course, did not 
recognize the women in any way ; but a few 
Professors and some ladies standing in the local 
social circle were glad to do what they could 
to help them on their way. At first it was 
solemnly objected that the women would lower 
the standard of the scholarship, but they 
speedily laid that bogie when once they had 
the opportunity. The history of the period 
has its anecdotes and humors, but this is 
hardly the place to record them. When all 
is said, the attitude of University and town 
alike to the women was more one of coldness 
and indifference than of positive hostility. 
However, the women were not long in win- 
ning a victory; and when they had won it, 
nobody could deny that they had won it b\- 
their own ability, force of character, and 
womanly deportment. 

Naturally the step that had been taken en- 
gaged the early attention of President Angell. 
Referring to the subject in his inaugural ad- 
dress, he said, in substance, that, if the 
admission of women was followed by no unde- 
sirable results of importance, then the action 
already taken would have a more decisive 
effect upon the Colleges and professional 
schools of the land than an_\- other event in 
the history of the institution had ever had. 
When the University of Michii^an should feel 
justified in declaring the experiment beyond 
dispute successful, several eastern Colleges 
would, in his opinion, open their doors to 
women ; while it was not extravagant to be- 



lieve that the effect might be felt by some of 
the schools of Europe. Moreover, his annual 
reports show clearly enough that he has never 
ceased to legard coeducation at the Univer- 
sity with the keenest interest. We may well 
glean from this series of documents some of 
the more important of the facts and views 
that he has presented relative to the matter. 

In 1S72, while avoiding hasty generalizations 
from brief experience, he said no one who had 
been familiar with the inner life of the Univer- 
sity for the past two 3-ears would admit that, 
thus far, any reason had appeared ior ques- 
tioning the wisdom of the Regents' action. 
Hardly one of the many anticipated embarrass- 
ments had actually arisen ; the young women 
had addressed themselves to their work with 
great zeal and had shown themselves quite 
capable of meeting the demands of severe 
studies as successfully as their classmates of 
the other se.x. They had also enjoyed good 
health, and their presence had not led to 
administrative difficulties. He said further 
that he was receiving frequent inquiries rela- 
tive to the experiment from various parts of 
the country, and some from England. The 
next year he reported that experience was 
still running in the same direction. So far 
from there being any evidence that the intel- 
lectual success (if women was being purchased 
at the cost of physical nature, he doubted if 
any equal number of women in any other pur- 
suit in life had been in better health during 
the year. He was persuadeil that, with ordi- 
nary care and prudence, an\- one of the courses 
of study given in the University might be 
completed by \-oung women of fair abilit)' 
without any undue draft on their physical 
strength and vitality. 

In 1876, when the registration of women 
was 101, the President remarked that the 
number had varied but little in three j'ears, 
which might indicate that a further rapid in- 
crease in the proportion of women to men was 
not to be e.xpected. Women seeking higher 
education might generally prefer women's 
Colleges; but the opening of the doors of the 
University and other Colleges to them was no 
doubt furnishing a healthful and powerful 
stimulant to those institutions to extend and 



•34 



VNiyEKSirr of Michigan 



\_Chap. xr 



improve their instruction. The next year he 
said it was very gratifying to see how readily 
the more gifted women who had graduated at 
the University, especially those who had taken 
the Classical Course, had received conspicuous 
positions as teachers in high schools, semi- 
naries and Colleges for women. Returning to 
this point a little later, he stated that six 
members of the Faculty of Wellesley College, 
including the President, were graduates of the 
University. Moreover, women graduates in 
the Medical Department were already engaged 
in foreign lands as medical missionaries. In 
1879 he threw out the observation that many 
of the theoretical discussions of coeducation, 
by those who had no practical acquaintance 
with the subject, read strangely at Ann Arbor. 
In 1883 he thought it a question whether the 
change in public opinion in respect to the 
higher education for women was not the most 
important fact in recent educational history; 
and in 1886 hazarded the remark that most of 
those institutions which provided separate in- 
struction for the two sexes would at no distant 
day abandon so expensive and unnecessary 
a system. 

In his report for 1887, he considered a new 
phase of the subject. Immediately following 
the admission of women, it was said, and with 
some truth, that those who entered the Uni- 
versity were mainly women of exceptional 
ability and force of character, since others did 
not venture to come; and their success in 
study, which could not be questioned, was 
ascribed to this fact. Those who took this 
view urged that, when young women should 
come in larger numbers, including those of 
average as well as marked ability, embarrass- 
ments would appear, and the impolicy of 
admitting them in the first place would be- 
come manifest. Time enough had now elapsed 
to test in some measure this theory, and it 
must be said that the predicted evils had not 
declared themselves. There were women, as 
there were men, not eminent in scholarship, 
but no embarrassment had arisen from this 
source, and no inference against receiving 
women into the class rooms could be drawn 
from the facts. The women who partially or 
wholly failed in the work met the same fate as 



the men who had the same misfortune ; they 
neither asked nor expected any discrimination 
on account of their sex. 

The report for 1893 presents still another 
view of the subject. Women now constituted 
37 per cent, of the attendance upon the Literary 
Department. Whether one observed the high 
schools or the colleges of the country, he could 
not but be struck with the increase in the num- 
ber of women compared with that of men who 
were seeking an academic or collegiate educa- 
tion. In many Michigan High schools, the 
classes were made up almost wholly of girls. 
The boys were drawn off to wage-earning pur- 
suits before they completed the High School 
Course, while it was no longer an exceptional 
thing for the girl of the family to go to College. 
It was indeed becoming a question whether in 
a generation more there would not be as many 
College-trained women as College-trained men 
in the country ; at all events, for the time the 
stimulus to attain a College education needed 
to be given to the boys more than to the girls, 
at least in the West. The next year he pointed 
out that the hard times had interfered more 
with the attendance of women than the attend- 
ance of men. He observed, too, that some of 
the Universities which had relegated women 
to annexes and separate Colleges, were begin- 
ning to admit women to their graduate work, 
and it required no prophet to predict that 
they would before long find it safe and wise 
to go farther and provide for the joint educa- 
tion of the two sexes. In 1898 he observed 
that for several years the proportion of women 
to the total attendance had not fallen below 
20 per cent, nor risen above 22.4 per cent. 

Again in 1899 he remarked the singular 
steadiness of the ratio between the number of 
men and the number of women in the Univer- 
sity ; it varied little from the ratio of 5 to I ; 
but in the Literary Department, it now stood at 
44 to 56. Fifty-three per cent, of the graduates 
the preceding June with the degree of Bachelor 
of Arts, for which Latin and Greek are required, 
and of the graduates with the degree of Bach- 
elor of Philosophy, for which Latin is required, 
were women; while only 22 of the 53 students 
who took the degree of Bachelor of Letters, 
which requires neither of these languages, 



Chop. AV] 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY 



35 



were women. Still further, six of the twenty- 
one Masters were women, and one of the four 
Doctors was a woman. These ratios, com- 
pared with the ratio of women to men in the 
department, told their own story, showing con- 
clusively that at Ann Arbor the women were 
not running after the "soft" studies. He 
added that, while a large majority of women 
who came to the University were preparing 
themselves for teaching, there was an increasing 
number who were simply seeking culture with- 
out an}' intention of entering the ranks of the 



practically stationary for some time, the ratio 
in the Literary Department is all the time in- 
creasing. The meaning of these two facts is 
that the number of women seeking higher 
education has far outrun, relatively, the num- 
ber seeking professional education. Once 
more, the preferences of women for studies in 
the department to which most of them resort 
is another interesting topic. This can be ade- 
quately shown by analyzing the baccalaureate 
degrees that have been conferred upon them, 
both by themselves and in comparison with 



TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF WOMEN AND OF MEN AND WOMEN 
Respectively, attending the University of Michigan, at intervals 
of five years, from 1869-70, to 1898-99, classified by departments. 


YEARS 


Literary 


Medical 


Law 


Pharma- 
cy 


Homoe- 
opathic 


Dental 


Engin- Total 
eering Women 


Total Men 

and 

Women 


1869-70: Women .... 
Men and Women . 

1874-75: Women .... 
Men and Women. 

1879-80: Women ... 
Men and Women . 

1884-85: Women .... 
Men and Women . 

1889-90: Women .... 
Men and Women . 

1894-95: Women .... 
Men and Women . 


I 
430 
62 
40S 

Si 

44S 

119 
5-M 

1,00[ 

4<J4 
..51.S 


338 

47 
370 

43 
350 

56 
334 

57 
372 

12 
379 


30S 

3 
345 

I 
395 

262 

2 

522 

3 

649 


36 

68 

81 

I 
61 

I 

83 

78 


8 

70 

10 

34 
20 
72 

'9 


3 
83 

8 
80 

5 
103 

5 
185 




I 
112 
■38 
196 
369 
576 


1,1 12 
1,191 
1.427 
1,295 

2.153 

2,828 



teachers' profession. Few factors, he added, 
were more instrumental in the improvement of 
the public schools, especially of the West, than 
the opening to women of the doors of the Col- 
leges and Universities in which they are trained. 

Quotations and references could be farther 
multiplied ; but the foregoing furnishes a 
conspectus of the whole history as written 
year by year by the man who was the most 
competent to write it. 

The above table tells its own story. In the 
early years, it will be seen, the women in the 
professional departments often nearly equalled, 
and sometimes surpassed, those in the Literary 
Department; but, relatively speaking, these 
departments have continued to lose groimd for 
the last twenty years. Again, while the ratio 
of women to men in all departments has been 



men. For the whole period the degrees con- 
ferred upon women are as follows : 

Bachelor of Arts 314 

Bachelor of Science 78 

Bachelor of Philosophy 269 

Bachelor of Letters 176 

Total 837 

The table on the following page shows the 
movement in comparison with men for the last 
ten years. 

The facts presented show conclusively that, 
for thirty years, the University has been a 
good College for women, and that they have 
thoroughly demonstrated their ability to carry 
on its studies and bear its discipline. What- 
ever the changes of the future may be, no man 
cognizant of the facts will pretend for a moment 



I 36 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



\_Chaf. XV 



that the 837 women who have taken baccalau- 
reate degrees, as a body, would have obtained, 
or could have obtained, as good an education 
elsewhere. As the University confers no 
honors and has no system of marking, it is 
impossible to make a statistical comparison 
of the relative efficiency of the two sexes in 
studies. There is reason to think, however, 
that such a test, if it could be made, would 
establish two facts conclusively. First, that 
the average work of the women has been from 
the first higher than the average of the men, 
and, secondly, that the women as a class have 



with excess of confidence. The effect, what- 
e\cr it may have been, lias been mainly seen 
in the Literary Department, and to that 
department the present discussion will be 
confined. 

In 1870 there was one woman to 429 men 
in the department; in 1 880 the ratio was 81 to 
367; in 1890, 284 to 717 ; in 1898, 588 to 745. 
On the one hand it may be said, these figures 
show that the University is becoming a less 
attractive school for men, since the per cent, 
of men does not keep pace with the per cent, 
of women in later years. On the other hand. 



TABLE SHOWING THE BACCALAUREATE DEGREES GIVEN TO WOMEN, 

AND TO MEN AND WOMEN (EXCLUSIVE OF ENGINEERS), 

at the University of Michigan, from i88g to 1898. 



1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 



not produced as many scholars of the highest 
rank, all things considered, as their numbers 
alone would lead us to expect. The high 
average of scholarship that women have main- 
tained is due in part to the relatively high 
grade of ability and character of the women 
who, under the process of natural selection, 
have come to the University, and in part to 
the fact that they are less influenced by dis- 
turbing forces than men. Perhaps there are 
still other factors entering into the problem. 
The failure of women to produce their fair share 
of first class scholars is less easily explained, 
and will not here be formally considered. 

But what has been the effect of the presence 
of women upon the University considered as 
a College for men? This is a difficult ques- 
tion, and one that should not be answered 



it may be replied that the figures 429, 367, 
717, and 745 represent what the normal growth 
of the department would have been had w^omen 
never come to the University at all ; that 
women have never yet reached their proper 
proportion of attendance, and that when they 
have passed this point the per cents will be 
practically stationary. The problem does not 
admit of demonstration, and gives large room 
for the play of the personal equation. Still, 
some facts that enter into the problem may 
be stated. 

In the first place, opposition to the presence 
of women in the University on the part of the 
men has never died out. It still lives beneath 
the ashes that conceal and smother it. To 
measure the amount of such opposition is more 
difficult than it is to indicate its sources, but it 



Chap. AV] 



/IJS'IVR}' OF THE UNI/'ERSJ'IT 



37 



cannot fairly be called inconsiderable. It is 
due in part to the old sentiment in regard to 
coeducation, or even to the higher education 
of women, which still lingers in some circles ; 
in part to the unwillingness of men to meet 
women on equal terms in the class-room ; in 
part to the feeling that the University is not so 
enjoyable a place for men as it would be with- 
out the women. The last of these considera- 
tions probably outweighs both the others put 
together. Students who are deeply interested 
in the athletic record of the University some- 
time reflect sadly upon the fact that women 
contribute little to athletic success or to ath- 
letic spirit. They send no representatives to 
the " diamond " or the " gridiron," and pay 
no fees into the treasury of the association. 
But it has never been shown that men actually 
stay away from the University for any of these 
reasons. Probably a canvass of the diploma 
schools would be necessary to demonstrate 
that question. In the mean time, it is import- 
ant to remember that the spirit of the West is 
decidedly coeducational, that boys and girls 
grow up together in the public schools, and 
that, if men preferred to go to men's Colleges, 
they could hardly find them without resorting 
to the old institutions of the liast. It is well 
known that many men and many women of 
the West go to the men's Colleges and the 
women's Colleges of the East, but how many 
of them go because they or their parents are 
opposed to coeducation has never been ascer- 
tained. An inquiry would probably reveal the 
fact that the coeducational factor is consider- 
ably more prominent in the cases of such 
women than of such men. 

It may be added that a certain number of 
Professors and instructors still harbor the 
ancient feeling, but it is not altogether easy to 
ascertain how many of them do so, nor how 
strong the feeling is. 

The effect of coeducation upon College man- 
ners and morals has been the subject of much 
difference of opinion. On the one hand, it has 
been maintained that it cannot fail to be bad, 
and on the other that it cannot help being 
good. The intellects of the men and the man- 
ners of the women alike suffer, it is said, from 
such contact. The intellects of the women are 



toned up and the men's manners arc refined, is 
the reply. These views are mainly n priori. 
Moreover, it is even more difficult in such a 
case to segregate a single cause from the whole 
group of causes than it is to gauge the total 
effect. For one thing, it is indisputable that 
College manners have considerably impro\ed 
in thirty years, the country over. Practical 
jokes, horse-play, hazing, rushing and the like 
have been, in a good degree, abated. Class 
hostility or rivalry has been mitigated. The 
change for the better is due to a number of 
causes that need not be enumerated. Now the 
University of Michigan, like other coeducational 
schools, has shared to the full in this process 
of amelioration, but how much of the result is 
due to coeducation is a question that no man 
is wise enough to answer. At the same time, 
the most competent judges will agree that the 
presence of women has been a large factor in 
mitigating the rudeness of the old College man- 
ners. It could not well be otherwise. Students 
belonging to rival classes, meeting in narrow 
passageways, or e\cn in the open, are much 
less likely to indulge in violence if women are 
certain to be involved in the melee. As to the 
graver charge once urged against coeducation, 
it can be said that from the beginning there 
has been at Ann Arbor a singular absence of 
improprieties of conduct growing out of the 
relation of the sexes, while scandals have been 
practically unknown. A generation ago the 
proposition to place 6oo or 700 young women 
on a College Campus where 2000 or 2500 young 
men come and go, and to throw open lecture 
rooms and other places of instruction to them 
on the same terms, would have filled conserva- 
tive minds with alarm, if not with horror. 
Nevertheless the experiment has been not only 
tried but solved. The success attained is all 
the more noteworthy when it is stated that 
neither the men nor the women have been sub- 
jected to surveillance, but have been left free to 
be guided by their own good sense and the 
common rules of intercourse between the 
sexes. Could Horace Mann, who gave such 
timid advice to the Regents in 1858, visit the 
University, he would find in the success of co- 
education a new argument with which to 
strengthen his constitutional optimism. 



138 



UNJlEKSirr OF MICHIGAN 



\_ch,ip. xri 



The writer is not called upon to defend any 
thesis relating to the general subject of coedu- 
cation. His function as an historian devolves 
upon him the simple duty of recording the 
result of a single experiment. As has been 
said, it is, in his judgment, fortunate that wo- 
men in the United States seeking higher edu- 
cation may find it in so many different places ; 
as coeducational Colleges and Universities, 
women's Colleges, and annexes or affiliated 
Colleges. No doubt these institutions all meet 
real wants. All of them, within their several 
spheres, appear to be successful. But it is idle 



to affirm that this or that class of schools is 
better than the others, or that it will become 
the universal type. No man living is in a 
position to say positively that any one of the 
three types will become universal, or even 
general. Much depends upon social tradi- 
tions, ideas and feelings ; much upon edu- 
cational history and current usage ; much 
upon the organization and administration of 
particular institutions ; much upon the char- 
acter and training of particular students. And 
why should not much continue to depend upon 
these factors in the future? 



CHAPTER XVI 
The University as a Constitutionai. Institution 



THE acceptance b_\- the public-land 
states of the grants of University 
lands, in connection with the grants 
for common schools, necessarily added to state 
laws a new title, and, in a majority of cases, also 
added such a title to state constitutions. This 
was the case in Michigan. The title written 
above is, therefore, of sufficient importance to 
justify its formal treatment. 

In the first place, the constitutional sections 
relating to the University, and the legislation 
growing out of them, are naturally subject to 
the construction of the courts, the same as other 
constitutional sections and legislative enact- 
ments. Not unnaturally, too, considerable 
litigation has arisen to which the University 
has been a party. Onh' so much of this liti- 
gation will be reviewed in this place as has 
involved constitutional questions, or has 
touched the status of the University con- 
sidered as a constitutional institution. 

The first constitutional question that con- 
fronted the Regents arose out of the provision 
of law requiring them to create and maintain 
branches of the University in different parts 
of the state. Was this requirement in accord- 
ance with the provisions of the trust that 
Congress had created in 1804, 1826 and 1837? 
The laws of Congress as well as the state con- 
stitution and laws were involved. ' The story is 



that when it became evident to the Regents 
that the branches must be lopped off or the 
mother tree be starved, they appropriated, in 
1850, ten dollars to the branch at Romeo, 
directed their Secretary not to draw the warrant 
for the money, and then caused an application 
to be made to the Supreme Court for a writ 
of mandamus commanding the Secretary to 
draw the warrant. No decision was ever ren- 
dered, and the records of the Court contain no 
reference to the case.^ So the Regents and 
not the Court gave the branches the coup de 
grace. We shall see, as we proceed, that 
essentially the same question came up in a new 
form at a later day ; nor is it improbable, 
perhaps, that if the Court had actually passed 
upon this first issue, later litigation would have 
been prevented. 

The defects of the Constitution of 1835 and 
the Organic Act of 1837 the Constitution of 

'The case is said to have been pending in 1851. See 
Shearman, A System of Public Instruction, etc., of Michigan, 
p. 282 ; Ten Brook, American State Universities, etc., p. 149. 
The local Trustees of the Romeo branch considered the 
decision a foregone conclusion. They said in their report 
for 1851 : " It is hardly perceived how any doubt could be 
entertained on this point. The intention of Congress is so 
clearly expressed in the grants of University lands to other 
northwestern states that the omission to particularize in the 
grant to this state could not lead to any ambiguity in refer- 
ence to the design of Congress in appropriating these 
lands. " 



Chap. A77] 



Hl.S'l'OKr OF THE UNU'ERSITr 



139 



1850 and the Organic Act of 1851 undertook 
to correct. This history has been set forth 
in previous pages and need not be recapitu- 
lated. 

The next case involved a much more funda- 
mental question, viz. : the relative rights of the 
Legislature and the Board of Regents over the 
Universit}'. It arose out of a clause that 
the Legislature, in 1855, inserted in the Or- 
ganic Act: " Provided that there shall always 



authority or b)' some person who had been 
directly injured, which was not true of Drake; 
and that, even if the Court had the power to 
interfere, it should not do so, because ( i) there 
was no pressing necessity; (2) the delay was 
not unreasonable, and (3) such interference 
would be disastrous. They further stated their 
belief to be that the law in question was un- 
constitutional, and yet they said that, in defer- 
ence to the Legislature, they had set on foot 




r\ivERsn\ HAir, 1.N9.S 



be one Professor of Homoeopathy in the De- 
partment of Medicine." This was a mandate 
from the Legislature to the Regents to estab- 
lish such a Professorship, regardless of their 
own views as to its wisdom and propriety. As 
the Regents showed no haste to obe)' the 
mandate, Mr. Elijah Drake resorted to the 
Supreme Court for an alternative mandamus 
to compel such obedience. The Regents set 
up the defence, bj' counsel, that Drake was 
not competent to sue out a mandamus against 
them, since, if they had been guilty of a legal 
offence, they must be prosecuted by the public 



and were still conducting an investigation in 
relation to the feasibility of establishing a 
Homoeopathic Chair and the best means of 
filling it. 

At the January term, 1856, the Court, Judge 
Wing declaring the unanimous opinion, refused 
to grant the writ on the technical ground that 
the relator was not privileged to sue for it. 
The Court held that it could grant the writ 
" in the exercise of a sound legal discretion," 
but that it saw no reason why it should do so. 
The Regents had a sound discretion to exer- 
cise, and until it was made apparent that they 



140 



UNIVEKSITl" OF MICHIGAN 



[Chap. XV 1 



souglit to evade the law b}- necessary and wil- 
ful delays, the exercise of the discretionary 
power of the Court could not be called into 
action. This was a tacit admission that, in 
the presence of such evasion of its duty by 
the Board, the Court might see fit to grant the 
motion for the writ. The Regents averred, 
the Court said, " that they had acted in good 
faith, but at the same time under the influence 
of much uncertainty as to the constitutionality 
of the law, and had been compelled to recognize 
in this question what might well suggest doubts 
of the binding force of the law, and occasion 
some hesitation in their [the Regents'] action." 
The Court held further that the respondents 
were constitutional officers, to whom the gen- 
eral supervision of the University and the di- 
rection and control of all expenditures from 
the Universit)' interest fund were committed ; 
that they were elected by the people and came 
at short intervals fresh from their constituents, 
and could not be supposed to be influenced by 
sentiments not common to those whom they 
represented. It was onl>- in these hints that 
the Court touched upon the constitutional 
question involved. It will be seen, therefore, 
that the element of time was a material one in 
the opinion of the Judges; the Regents had 
not been guilty of such unreasonable delay as 
would justify the Court in granting the appli- 
cant for the writ.^ 

In 1867 the Regents were greatly embar- 
rassed for funds with which to carry on the 
University, and then, for the first time, resorted 
to Lansing for the purpose of obtaining a 
direct grant in aid. Such a grant the Legis- 
lature made to the extent of a tax of one- 
twentieth of a mill on the dollar of all the 
taxable property of the state, but only on this 
condition : 

"That the Regents of the University shall carry 
into effect the law which provides that there shall 
always be at least one Professor of Homoeopathy in the 
Department of Medicine; and appoint said Professor 
at the same salary as the other Professors in this depart- 
ment; and the State Treasurer shall not pay to the 
Treasurer of the Board of Regents any part or all of 
tlie above tax, until the Regents .shall have carried into 
effect this proviso."' 

I The People ex rel. Drake v. The Regents of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, 4 Mich. Reports. 98. 



The perplexity of the Regents was sore 
indeed; they greatly needed the $ 1 5 ,000 that 
the Act conditionally granted them, but they 
did not want it on the condition that the Leg- 
islature had imposed. After some time had 
passed, they sought to solve the problem by 
adopting, March 25, 1868, the resolutions that 
have been summarized in the sketch of the 
Homoeopathic Department. Having taken this 
action, the Regents promptly called upon the 
Auditor-General to draw his warrant upon the 
State Treasurer for the $3,000 that they had ap- 
propriated for the new School of Homoeopathy. 
That officer, not believing that the mere pas- 
sage of these resolutions constituted compliance 
with the condition upon which the appropria- 
tion had been made, refused the application, 
and the Regents resorted to the Supreme 
Court for a writ of mandamus directing him 
to issue the warrant. The immediate question 
was whether the Regents had in fact complied 
with the condition, but the larger question of 
their right, under the Constitution and the 
Organic Act of 1851, to establish Professor- 
ships as a part of the University at some other 
place than Ann Arbor hung upon the margin 
of the controversy. This was in effect the old 
question that had come up just as the branches 
of the Universit}' were passing into oblivion. 
The Court passed upon the application for the 
writ at the July term, 1868. 

It was urged by the coimsel for the Regents 
that it was not at all necessary that all parts 
of the University should be located at Ann 
Arbor ; the word " University " applied to a 
union, one whole of many parts, as the Univer- 
sity of London, a corporation in London, but 
including associated Colleges in distant parts 
of the British Empire ; and, as a matter of 
convenience, the location of professorships or 
departments should be left to the discretion 
of the Board of Regents. Departments should 
be located where the best practical advantages 
could be had for them. There might be good 
reasons for the creation of a Department of 
Mining in a mining district, and equally good 
reasons why a Medical Department should be 
located where there was a large population. 
There was nothing in the law preventing the 
Board from establishing different departments 



142 



UNii'ERsrrr or miciug.in 



[67',//.. A7 7 



in diticrciU places. The y\ttnriie\-(jenei'al, 
for the respondent, ars^ucd that the Regents 
had no snch controlUng power outside of the 
Act of the Legislature as justified them in estab- 
lishing a school in a place separate and apart 
from the place where the Department of Medi- 
cine in the University was established, to wit, 
at Ann Arbor ; and that they were, therefore, 
governed by the limitations of the Act. 

The motion for a mandamus the Court 
denied, a majority of the four judges not as- 
senting to its issuance. Judge Christianc}' 
held that the Universitv, having been located 
at Ann /Vrbor, by 
the Act of the 
Legislature in 
1837, no matter 
how desirable it 
might be to estab- 
lish a department 
or professorship 
elsewhere, a legis- 
lative permission 
to that effect must 
first be obtained. 
Still he did not 
think it necessar_\ 
in this case to 
raise that ques- 
tion ; the Regents 
had not, by pass- 
ing the resolutions of March 25, met the con- 
ditions on which the grant in aid had been 
made by the Legislature, since that body had 
the Medical Department at Ann Arbor only 
in mind. Judge Graves said he was not pre- 
pared to admit that the Regents had the 
power to establish a professorship at a place 
other than Ann Arbor, but as tlie disposition 
of the case did not rei]uire the Court to de- 
cide this question he forbore to discuss it. 
He held, with Christiancy, that neither the 
passing of the resolutions nor the actual estab- 
lishment of the new professorships would meet 
the conditions upon which the Legislature had 
made the grant. The Legislature required the 
new professorship to be established at some 
place, and it was quite unlikel)' that the\- meant, 
or that they supposed the Regents understood 
them as meaniiiLr, that it sliould be at a point 




PRESIDENT .S HOUSE 



(list, nil frcini the seal of the L'niversity and all 
its appointments. He laid stress upon the fact 
that, in 1855-ICS56, the expedient of establish- 
ing a Homceopathic Professorship at a distance 
from Ann Arbt)r had not occurred to the 
Board. Judge Campbell held that the laws 
locating the University upon a specified tract 
of land were not designed to localize all of its 
educational operations, but simply to make 
that the great centre of such operations ; that, 
when the purposes of the University were so 
extended as to require wider facilities for their 
complete fulfilment, the Regents should not 
be hampered ; and 
that the Regents, 
in this case, had 
not gone beyond 
the fair intent of 
the scheme of the 
University. Chief- 
Justice Cooley 
i;ave no opinion.' 
The next move 
in the game, if 
the expression 
may be allowed, 
was made by the 
Attorney-General, 
who applied to the 
Supreme Court 
for a writ of man- 
damus to compel the appointment of a 
Homoeopathic Professor in the Medical De- 
partment, in accordance with the Act of 1855. 
The legislation of 1867 was in no way involved 
in this case. The direct question raised by 
the Attorney-General's motion was the right 
of the Legislature to issue the mandate in 
question to the Board of Regents, antl it 
went to the heart of the constitutional con- 
troversy The case was argued and disposed 
of at the April term, 1869. 

Counsel for the motion argued that the con- 
struction for which the plaintiti' contended had 
always been held by the Legislature, and un- 
der such peculiar circumstances as to give it 
great weight ; that the Regents themselves 
had given to the Constitution the same con- 

' I'lie People r-x it-l. the Regents of the University v. the 
Auditor-General. 17 .Mich. Reports, 161. 



cb.ip. xyi\ 



iiis'roRr OF THE unjiersjit 



•43 



slnictiiiii, since tlic_\' were carryiiiL^ on tlie 
LJniversity under the law of 1831, and liad 
made a pretence of obeying tlie law of icS67 
even api)lying to the Court for aid to enforce 
its provisions; that jjiiblic polic\' and the wcl- 
fu'e and prosperity of the Uni\-ersity pointed 
to the saun' construction, and thai the public 
good also reipu'red the enforcement of the law. 
He Contended 
that the " geilei al 
supervision of the 
University" con- 
ferred by the 
Constitution upon 
the Regents was 
the same in kind 
as the " general 
supervision " over 
the public schools 
of the state that 
the constitution 
conferred upon 
the Superintend- 
ent of Public In- 
struction. 

Counsel for the 
Regents denied 
the right of the 
Legislature to is- 
sue such a man- 
date to them as the 
provision of 1855. 
The con\ention 
that framed the 
C< institution had 
show n great dis- 
trust of the legis- 

, ,■ -, IHI-'. Boll 

lative power; it 
had intended to 

]ilace the entire power over the University 
in the hands of the Regents, who were elected 
by the people, and who as much represented 
them as the members of the Legislature them- 
selves ; and that the evil sought to be avoided 
by the convention was the interference with 
the internal affairs of the University b)- a 
changing body not familiar with its condi- 
tions or wants. The Regents had the general 
supervision of the University, and the direc- 
tion and control of all expenditures from the 




Uni\'crsity interest (\tnf\. The Organic Act 
of 1 85 1 had given the Regents power to 
enact ordinances, by-laws, and regulations for 
the government of the University; to elect a 
President, to fix, increase, and reduce the 
regul.ir miinb(.-r of professors antl tutors and to 
appoint the same, and to determine the 
amount of their salaries. The .'\ct of 1835, 
was, therefore, 
plain!)' unconsti- 
tutional. If the 
Legislature could 
require the ,ii)- 
pointinent of one 
professor, it could 
re(_|iiire the :\p- 
[> o i n t m e 11 1 of 
another, oi' of any 
number of others. 
If it could say 
what profess- 
orships should 
exist, it could say 
what professor- 
ships should not 
exist, and who 
sliould till pro- 
fessors' chairs; 
moreover, if it 
could regulate 
the internal affairs 
of the University 
in this regard, it 
I ould do so in 
others, and thus 
the supervision, 
direction, and con- 
' ""'■'^'■- trolwhichtheCon- 

stitution vested 
in the Regents would be at an end. If the 
Legislature could regulate the number and 
kinds of professors, it could indirectly control 
expenditures ; either the Legislature had no 
power of the kind, or it had unlimited power ; 
either the Regents were the representatives of 
the people who elected them, or they were the 
servants of the Legislature ; the question was 
a vital one to the interests of the University. 

In length, the decision of the Court was in 
the inverse ratio of the briefs of the lawyers. 



44 



UNI/'ERS/T]' OF MICHIGAN 



ICb.ip. A7 7 



Judge Graves, in delivering it, said the Court 
had considered the constitutional question pre- 
sented with an earnest desire to reach a deci- 
sive result, but that it had been disappointed, 
the judges being equally divided. As this 
circumstance would deprive their opinion of 
all force as judicial authorit)-, they diil not 
deem it expedient to add their reasoning to 
the elaborate arguments from the Bar. Thus 
the application for the writ failed, as the pre- 



■• That the Hoard of Kegents of the University of 
Michigan sliall, on or before the 15th day of Jnlv, 1873. 
appoint, install, and thereafter maintain two Professors 
of Homoeopathy in the Department of Medicine of 
the University, to wit : one Professor of Theory and 
Practice, and one I^rofessor of Materia Medica, who 
shall receive the like salary and be entitled to all the 
rights and privileges of other Professors in said Depart- 
ment of Medicine." 

The Regents refusing, or at least neglecting, 
as before, to heed this mandate, the Attornev- 




THF. CAMPUS FROiM THE NORTHWEsr 



vious one had done, and the constitutional 
question stood precisely as before ; one-half the 
judges holding that the Legislature had power 
to coerce the Regents in such a matter, and one- 
half holding that it had not such power.' 

So far, then, neither the view of the Legisla- 
ture nor the view of the Regents had com- 
manded the sanction of the highest legal 
tribunal of the state. Neither did the trial 
of the next case lead to any decisive issue. 
On April 7, 1873, the Governor approved an 
Act that ran : 

1 The People v. the Regents of the University, 18 Mich. 
Reports, .468. 



General applied to the Court to compel them 
to do so. The old question was full)' argued 
once more, but with no change in the result. 
All the judges concurred in the brief decision, 
" Per citriani. The very able argument in this 
case has not brought any member of the 
Court to any different views than those here- 
tofore sufficiently expressed, and we therefore 
make no order." ^ The application for a man- 
damus had failed again. The meaning of the 
decision is that the judges, who were the same 

- The People on the Relation of the Attorney-General v. 
The Regents of the University of Michigan, 30 Mich. 
Reports. 473. 



ch-ip. xn] 



HJSTOIW OF THE UNIVERSITY 



H5 



that sat at the two prccecHng hearings, were 
equally divided on the question whether tlu: 
Legislature had or had not the power to coerce 
the Regents of the University. 

The case of Julius Weinberg v. the Regents 
of the University of Michigan originated in a 
state of facts very different from any that has 
thus far been described. In constructing the 
University Hospital in 1890-91 the University 
authorities paid no attention to the law requir- 
ing that, when public buildings or other public 
works or improvements were about to be built 
or repaired under contract at the expense of 
the state, or of any county, city, village, town- 
ship, or school district thereof, it should be the 
duty of the board of officers or agents making 
the contract to require sufficient security, by 
bond, for the payment, by the contractors and 
sub-contractors, of all labor and material claims : 
and Weinberg, the plaintiff, who had furnished 
one of the sub-contractors with materials used 
in the construction of the hospital, brought an 
action against the authorities to recover the 
price which the sub-contractor had failed to 
pa\-. In the Circuit Court he received a judg- 
ment for the amount sought, but at the Octo- 
ber term of the Supreme Court, 1892, this 
judgment was reversed, on the ground that 
the law in question did not apply to the 
Universit\% three of the five judges uniting 
in the decision. Judge Grant, delivering the 
opinion of the Court, held that the grounds, 
buildings, etc., of all the other state institu- 
tions, penal, reformator}-, charity and educa- 
tional, belonged to the state in the sense that 
the state created and controlled them, but that 
such was not the case with the University, 
which was not mentioned in the enumeration 
made in the law. He held that the Regents 
made no contracts on behalf of the state, but 
solely on behalf of the University. Under the 
Constitution the State could not control the 
action of the Regents ; it could not add to or 
take away from its property without their con- 
sent ; in making appropriations for the support 
of the University, the Legislature might attach 
any conditions it might deem expedient, and 
the Regents could not receive the money with- 
out complying with these conditions, as had 
been done in several instances; but when the 



state appropriated money for the University, 
the money passed to the Regents and became 
the property of the University, to be expended 
under their exclusive direction, and so was be- 
yond the control of the state through its legis- 
lative department. The people, who were the 
corporators of the institution, had by their 
Constitution conferred the entire control and 
management of its affairs and property upon 
the corporation known as " the Regents of the 
University of Michigan," and had thereby 
excluded all departments of the state gov- 
ernment from any interference therewith. 
The property of the Uni\'ersity was the prop- 
erty of the state, but not in a sense to bring 
it within the purview of the statute.' 

The next case was a part of the homoeo- 
pathic controversy. An Act that passed in 
1895 contained the following provision: 

" That the Board of Regents of the University of 
Michigan are hereby authorized and directed to estab- 
lish a Homoeopathic Medical College as a branch or de- 
partment of said University, which shall be located in 
the Citv of Detroit, and the said Board of Regents are 
hereby autliorized and directed to discontinue the exist- 
ing Homoeopathic Medical College now maintained in 
the City of Ann Arbor, as a branch of such University, 
and to transfer the same to the City of Detroit."' 

Again the Board refused to obey the 
legislative mandate, whereupon Mr. Charles 
F. Sterling applied to the Court for a writ of 
mandamus directing it to obey the law. The 
Regents set up the double defence that such 
obedience was not, in their judgment, for the 
best interests of the University, and that the 
Legislature had no constitutional right to inter- 
fere with or dictate the management of the 
University. The case was argued and decided 
at the June term, 1896. One of the judges 
appears to have dissented from the reasoning 
followed in the opinion, but all concurred in 
the judgment. 

Judge Grant, deli\'ering the opinion, reviewed 
the history of the relation of the University to 
the Legislature from the beginning, and placed 
the right of the Regents to control the Univer- 
sity upon higher and firmer ground than the 
Court had ever reached before. He said the 
constitutional convention of 1850 had intended 
to take the University out of the hands of the 

1 97 Mich. Reports, 246. 



146 



UN I VERS ITT OF MICHIGAN 



\_Cb,ip. Xl'I 



Legislature. The Board of Regents elected 
under the new Constitution immediately took 
control of the University, interpreting the Con- 
stitution in accordance with its plain provisions, 
denying the power of the Legislature to inter- 
fere with its management or control, and for 
forty-six years had declined obedience to any 
and all acts of the Legislature which they, 
upon mature discussion and consideration, had 
deemed against the best interests of the insti- 
tution ; and the Court had sustained them in 
that position, denying, on every occasion when 
asked, its right to interfere with their action. 
The Board of Regents and the Legislature 



Another case to which the LTniversity was a 
part}- may be mentioned, although it does not 
bear directly upon the question. The state 
long ago borrowed the University fund, using 
it for its own purposes, and thereby incurred a 
debt of equal amount to the University, on 
which interest was to be paid at stated times. 
But neither then nor afterwards did the Legis- 
lature declare what rate of interest should be 
paid on the fund. However, the Auditor-Gen- 
eral at the time computed the interest at seven 
per cent., which was then the legal rate, and 
his successors for more than forty years fol- 
lowed his example. But in 1896 the Auditor- 




XHE C.-ViMPUS FROM THE METHODIST CHURCH .STEEPLE 



derived their power from the same supreme 
authority, namely, the Constitution. The 
Board of Regents was the only corporation 
whose powers were defined therein ; in the 
case of every other corporation provided for 
in the Constitution, it was expressly provided 
that its powers shall be defined by law. No 
other conclusion was, in his judgment, possible, 
than that the intention was to place the insti- 
tution in the direct and exclusive control of 
the people themselves, through a constitutional 
body elected bj- them. The maintenance of 
the power in the Legislature would give to it 
the sole control and general supervision of the 
University, and make the Regents merely 
ministerial officers, with no other power than to 
carry into effect the general supervision which 
the Legislature might see fit to exercise, or, in 
other words, to register its will.^ 

' Sterling v. Regents of the University, 1 10 Midi. Reports, 
369- 



General refused to pa}' more than six per 
cent., assigning as a reason that the Legisla- 
ture, in 1887, had made that the legal rate in the 
state. Failing to induce him to recede from 
this position, the Regents applied to the Su- 
preme Court for a writ of mandamus, com- 
manding him to pa}- the former rate, which 
the Court granted, on the ground that, when 
the acts creating the debt to the University 
were passed, the Legislature intended that the 
legal rate of interest should be paid, and there- 
by created a contract which the change of 
1887 did not affect.2 It may be added that 
back of the laws directing the payment of the 
University interest is a constitutional provision 
which not only guarantees its payment, but 
also strengthens the constitutional position of 
the University. This provision is that " all 
specific state taxes, except those received 

2 Regents of the University of Micliigan v. Auditor- 
General, 109 Mich. Reports, 134. 



Chap. XFI] 



HISTORY OF THE UN I VERS ITT 



H7 



from the mining companies of tlie Upper 
Peninsula, shall be applied to paying the 
interest upon the primary school, University 
and other educational funds, and the interest 
and principal of the state debt in the order 
herein recited," etc. 

This narrative, in which the refinements of 
la\v\-ers and judges have been avoided as far 
as possible, shows abundantly that the consti- 
tutional status of the University is a subject of 
no small or temporary interest. It shows that 
the Universit}- holds a unique place among the 



cannot invade the proper sphere of University 
operations. This central fact is more and 
more clearly perceived as time goes on. 

The contention between the Legislature and 
the Board, which goes back to the early days 
of the present Constitution, is in no way 
strange ; it is part of the old contention be- 
tween the law-making power and the other 
branches of government. The Regents, pur- 
suing a conservative policy, have shunned 
antagonism with the Legislature as far as 
possible, but the facts show that they have 




CA.\U'US ENTRANCE FROM THE NORlHWEbT 



state institutions. When the Constitution of 
1S50 created the Board of Regents and com- 
mitted to it " the general supervision of the 
I'niversit)', and the direction and control of 
all expenditures from the University interest 
fund." it created a department of the state 
government that, within its sphere, is co-ordi- 
nate with the legislative, executive and judicial 
branches. It is as independent of them as 
they are of it. The Legislature indeed holds 
the public purse ; it gives or withholds finan- 
cial assistance as it sees fit ; moreover, it 
imposes its own conditions upon its appropri- 
ations, which the Regents are not at liberty to 
disregard if they accept the money; but it 



taken higher ground with the passage of time, 
and that the Supreme Court has sustained 
them with increasing firmness. Still other 
questions will no doubt arise, involving the old 
issue. The Organic Act itself is a perfect 
arsenal of such questions, most of which, it is 
likely, will never be furbished up for use. But 
the general principle involved is now well 
established. 

It is a source of congratulation to the people 
of the state, as well as of credit to the Legis- 
lature, that that body has not, as a rule, been 
disposed to proceed to extremes. It has 
never withheld, or long withheld, needed ap- 
propriations from the University, because a 



148 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



[Chap, xrii 



majority of its members held one theory of the 
Constitution while the Regents held another 
theory. Had the Legislature been of a differ- 
ent temper, insisting upon denying appropria- 



tions unless the Regents should conform to its 
wishes, it would be difficult to imagine how 
different the historv^ of the Uni\crsit\' for the 
last thirt}' years would ha\e been. 



CHAPTER XVII 
Conspectus 



THE preceding chapters have dealt 
with the University of Michigan 
with as much detail as the scope of 
the present work will admit of — its concep- 
tion, organization, and results. It will, how- 
e\-er, be an advantage in this final chapter to 
throw some of its general features together into 
a conspectus, especially as this will make it pos- 
sible to bring forward some things that have 
been neglected, or have not been made promi- 
nent. 

The first thing for the reader to fi.K in his 
mind, if he would understand the subject, is 
the fact that the University is a state institu- 
tion and not a private corporation ; a Uni\er- 
sity organized, conducted and maintained b\- 
the State of Michigan ; a part of the state 
government and a constitutional institution. 
It rests immediately upon the Organic Act and 
the state constitutions, but ultimately upon 
the popular will. It is governed by a Board of 
Regents chosen by the people at the state 
elections. Besides the interest on the endow- 
ment fund, it depends for support upon the 
appropriations made by the Legislature. It is 
an integral part of the state system of public 
instruction. The connection between the Uni- 
versity and the lower grades of schools is much 
closer than it is between the Colleges and Uni- 
versities and the schools in the older states of the 
Union, where the State University is unknown 
and the higher schools are private corpora- 
tions. Even in Germany and other continen- 
tal countries the connection is practically looser 
than it is in Michigan, because in those coun- 
tries few of the pupils who are preparing for 
the University are found in the elementary 
schools, while a very great majority of the stu- 
dents found in the University of Michigan 



come up from the schools below. Accordingly, 
the University touches the life of the people at 
all points, it commands a wide, intelligent, and 
growing suffrage, and draws its life blood from 
the commonwealth. It may be considered as 
an expression of what the State of Michigan is 
able to accomplish in the sphere of higher 
education. This central fact it is necessary 
firmly to grasp, for it determines the character 
of the institution. 

An institution of learning that derives its life 
from an .American state, and particularly a 
Western state, could hardly fail to be demo- 
cratic in constitution, spirit and tendencies. 
.Some of the more striking facts showing that 
such is the case in the present instance will be 
mentioned. 

And first, there is the important matter of 
fees and expenses. The Western State L^niver- 
sities have striven to keep tuition fees and other 
charges at as low a point as possible. This is 
because these institutions are an organic part 
of the state system of free public instruction. 
Michigan has had much to do with establishing 
this polic}-. The Organic Acts of 1837 ^"d 
185 I both provided that the admission fee to 
the University should never be more than 
$10, and that it should be open to all resi- 
dents of the state who wished to enter it with- 
out charge of tuition, and to all others under 
such restrictions and regulations as the Re- 
gents should prescribe. At first each student 
was charged a matriculation fee of $10 and an 
annual ta.x of $7.50 for the use of his room 
and the services of the janitor. With the 
abandonment of the dormitory system, each 
student in every department was required to 
pa\- an annual fee of $5. In 1865-1866 the 
matriculation fee of non-residents was doubled, 



Chap. XV 11^ 



HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY 



149 



and the next year raised Lo :j^2 5 ; llu: aiinn.il 
tax was also made $10 to all student^. This 
was the first time that any discrimination had 
been made between resident antl non-resident 
students; but, once matlc. it was never aban- 
doned. The matriculation fees still stand as 
they were fixed in 1865-1867, but soon after the 
discrimination in 
the annual fee 
was doubled. A 
second discrimi- 
nation, but one on 
another line, came 
in [882-1883, 
when the annual 
fees in the Profes- 
sional Depart- 
ment were made 
somewhat higher 
than the fee in 
the Literar\' De- 
partment. 

After 1866 
raising the fees 
became a more 
frequent opera- 
tion: the con- 
stant growth of 
the Universit}- 
and the straitened 
financial circum- 
stances of the 
Board allowed of 
no alternati\e. 
Instruction be- 
came more e.x- 
pensive relatively 
as well as abso- 
lutely, owing to 




THE LONG WALK 



the schedule of .uinual fees was fi.\ecl as 
follows : 

111 the Department of Literature, Science 
antl y\rts, resident students $30 ; non-resident, 
$40. 

The Professional Departments; resident stu- 
dents $35 ; non-resident, $45. 

The diploma 
^, ', '^-.^'irV '"'"''-" '■'-■mained un- 
':14«..i<V changed, $10. 
.Special fees, as 
those charged 
for laboratory 
material, have al- 
ways stood on 
another footing. 

Here it may 
be observed that 
the treatment to 
be accorded to 
students f r o m 
beyond the state, 
" foreign stu- 
dents " as they 
are sometimes 
called, has caused 
some difterences 
of opinion. The 
(Organic Act of 
1837, and again 
the Organic Act 
of 185 I, declared 
that the Uni\'er- 
^it}- should be 
I >pen to all resi- 
dents of the state, 
without charge 
of tuition, under 
prescribed regu- 
othcr persons imder such 



the advance of salaries, the multiplication of lations, and t 
as.sistants, and the expansion of laboratory regulations and restrictions as the Regents 
methods. In 1894 the financial committee of might prescribe. These " regulations and re- 
the Board estimated the average per capita strictions " ha\'e been the subject of some con- 
cost of instruction, not including the lighting, troversy. At no time has it been proposed to 
heating, or repair of buildings, for three con- exclude non-residents from the University, or to 
secutive years, as follows: 1 892-1 893, $64.90; subject them to special regulations save in the 
1893-1894, $72.32; 1 894-1 895, $89.04. matter of fees. Why should the State of Mich- 
Accordingly, the years 1874, 1878, 1882, igan, it is demanded, pay twice as much for edu- 
1884 and 1896 marked new legislation in eating the sons and daughters of Ohio or Illinois 
regard to fees. At the last of these dates as it charges them in the form of fees? This 



UNIFERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



[Chap. XVII 



view of the case often comes to the front in 
the Legislature vvlien new appropriations are 
asked for, and it, no doubt, has considerable 
support throughout the state. To some extent 
the Regents iiave deferred to this feeling. The 
answers made to the question just asked are 
such as these: Michigan owes something to 
the Nation, for she received from the Nation 
the fund that constitutes the financial founda- 
tion of the University. Again, the question 
assumes what is not really the fact. The state 
would require an institution practically as well 
developed as 
the present i|^ 
one for hei' 
own children ; 
so that the 
e X t r a - s t a t e 
students do 
not add to 
the e.xpense 
at all propor- 
tionately to 
their number, 
and may even 
be regarded 
as a source 
of income. 
These a r (.■ 
political argu- 
ni e n t s ; but 
the more en- 
lightened 

friends of the University, rejoicing in its 
wealth and prosperity, love to contend that 
its mission is to advance knowledge and human 
cultivation, irrespective of state boundaries. 

On the whole, it will be admitted that the 
state has pursued a liberal policy in the mat- 
ter. Also that foreign students have contri- 
buted very greatly to the growth, reputation 
and usefulness of the University. While it may 
be true that the University would have needed 
an institution of learning as well developed for 
her own sons and daughters, it is not at all 
likely that she would have had such a one 
without the stimulus obtained from without. 
The foreign students have contributed to swell 
the stream of attendance, which has been so 
potent in drawing from the Legislature those 




Sr.ANl.sH .M<)kr..\K .AND FL.ACSr.AFF 



necessary appropriations which are chronicled 
in other parts of this history. 

Other items of expense cannot be reduced 
to definite terms. As respects the expenditure 
of students much depends upon the scale of 
living to which the student is accustomed, his 
supply of pocket money, his power of self- 
control, the company he selects or falls into, 
and the like. What is more, the amount of his 
expenditures, outside of a very limited circle, 
will have little effect in determining his univer- 
sity status, unless his lavishness or extravagance 

works to his 
disadvantage. 
It has often 
been said that 
the Univer- 
sity is the 
" poor boy's 
College"; a 
better state- 
ment of the 
fact would be 
that it is the 
College of 
the people of 
the state, a 
College in 
which the life 
of tlie people 
is, in this re- 
gard, fairly 
reflected. 
In the academical )-ear 1886-1887 President 
Angell, in order to test the truth of the allega- 
tion sometimes made that the University was 
the school of the rich rather than of those in 
moderate circumstances, undertook to gather 
statistics that would reveal the pursuits of the 
fathers of the students then in attendance. He 
sent a circular to every student, asking him to 
report the occupation of his father, and received 
replies from 1,406 persons: the total registra- 
tion for the year was but 1,572. The summary 
for the pursuits most largely represented ran 
as follows : farmers, 502 ; merchants, including 
tradesmen of all kinds, 171 ; lawyers, including 
six professors, 93 ; physicians, 83 ; manufac- 
turers, 52; mechanics, 54; clergymen, 51 ; real 
estate and insurance agents, 33 ; bankers and 



Chap, xrw] 



HISTORT OF THE UNirERSITT 



151 



brokers, 28; teachers, 26; lumbermen, 24; up from the bottom ; the pressure of tradition 

contractors and builders, 17; salesincn, clerks, and custom was less hea\'_\- than at the Mast; 

and bookkeepers, 17; druggists and chemists, while necessity made possible, and even com- 

16; tailors, 15; dealers in li\-e stock, 14; millers, ijelleti, innovations that in older communities 

14 ; commercial travelers, 14; dentists, 12 ; com- were difficult or wholl)- impracticable. It is 

mon laborers, 8. The President reached the true enough that the first colleges established 

conclusion that 45 per cent, of the fathers of in the West were after the old pattern ; the 

students gained their livelihood by manual toil. fact is, however, that the new pattern did not 

He insisted, therefore, that the figures showed begin to attract attention until the middle of 

what every one familiar with students knew to the centur\-, and that when the West recog- 




CAMPUS IN WlNrKK 



be true, that the sons and daughters of the rich 
did not form a very large percentage of the 
whole number. There could not be a more 
effective answer to the taunt sometimes heard 
that the interior life of the University was 
" aristocratic." 

The state paternity and connections of the 
University have exercised an unmistakable 
influence upon its ideals, instruction, and 
whole polic)'. It was natural enough that 
the modern and liberal educational ideas 
should take deep root in Western soil. So- 
ciety was new, and institutions had to be built 



nized it she hastened to adopt it in practice. 
The Legislature of Michigan had already taken 
one important step forward before Dr. Tappan 
arrived on the scene. Thenceforth, as long as 
he remained in Ann Arbor, he gave the move- 
ment both stimulus and guidance. Since that 
time, generally speaking, there has been no 
faltering. Some of the more prominent facts 
showing the power of the new spirit are these: 
the parallel courses of study crowned by ap- 
propriate degrees ; the wide range of elections 
within the several courses ; the prominence 
of modern studies ; the credit system, the uni- 



152 



uNif'ERsrrr of Michigan 



\_Chap. XI' 1 1 



vcrsity system and the gi-aduatc school ; the 
seminary, the library and the laboratory ; the 
admission of women ; the diploma system of 
admission ; the admission of special students. 
The early development of scientific instruction, 
with improved methods, had much to do with 
the growth of the University in the decade 
1 850-1 860. In all these matters the Faculty 
and Board of Regents have kept in touch with 
progressive public opinion. Professors have, 
indeed, looked out carefully for their several 
departments and favorite lines of work, but 
there has been no war of studies, no battle of 
the books. In this vital contact of the insti- 
tution and its constituency — this ready and 
sympathetic interpretation of either one by 
the other — lies the secret of its extraordinary 
growth. The constituency of the Uni\crsity 
has always been quick to respond to new steps 
in the direction of enlarged opportunity. What 
the results would have been had the opposite 
course been taken, — had the old straight and 
narrow way been persisted in, — Dr. Frieze 
pointed out in one of his reports twent}' 
years ago. 

" We should have witnessed here that false and fool- 
ish antagonism which elsewhere has been provoked 
between classical and scientific studies, and which, in a 
broad and liberal and true University would be absurd, 
and even impossible; and we should have found our 
University, or what in our old ' Colleges' is the same 
thing, its 'Academic Department,' entrenched and forti- 
fied against all progress and itself the most obstinate 
foe to its own advancement." 

Still other features of the free spirit remain 
to be mentioned. One is the total absence, 
from the beginning, of a marking system, and 
of a hierarchy of College honors, and the sole 
reliance upon natural incentives to secure 
study and win scholarship. In the early years, 
and in fact until the institution attained large 
proportions, students were subjected to an old- 
fashioned code of College rules ; but in time 
this code was thrown aside, and the student 
was thrown upon the common code of morals 
and manners, with an appeal to his good sense, 
self-respect and sense of honor, with an assur- 
ance that he was deemed worthy of regard and 
confidence until he proved the contrary. The 
free spirit prevailing in later \'cars has no 



doubt been an element in that improvement 
of manners and morals which has already been 
remarked upon. The advent of women and 
the constant increase of their number, has also 
tended to the extirpation of the grosser forms 
of disorder. The abolition of the dormitory 
and the housing of students in the homes of 
citizens have perhaps worked toward the dimi- 
nution of the college spirit, but they have 
certainly worked towards the better order. 

The story of the University lends no sup- 
port to the view that the educational policy of 
a democratic state, especially in so far as it 
aftects higher education, will necessarily be 
small, mean, and selfish. The people may 
support common schools liberally, because 
they use them, but what use have they for a 
University? it ma_\- be demanded. It was, no 
doubt, assumed in 1837 that the avails of the 
Congressional land grant would be abundantly 
sufficient to found the University and carry it 
on on a large scale. That was no way surpris- 
ing; first, because competent authorities esti- 
mated that the endowment would yield at least 
a capital of a million dollars and an annual in- 
come of sixty thousand dollars, which it would 
have done, if it had been wisely and honestly 
handled, and secondly because there was not 
then a College in the country that enjoyed 
an annual income equal to sixty thousand 
dollars a year.^ It may be true that the people 
of 1837 would have refused the land grant if 
they had foreseen the University appropria- 
tions at the close of the century, but so they 
would have refused many other things, if they 
had seen simply their cost disconnected from 

1 The small fina11ci.1l basis of the foremost Colleges in 
the country a half century ago now seems surprising. In 
1S42 President Wayland spoke of " the Trustees of the 
Colleges of New England alone" as being "invested with 
more than one and a half million dollars " especi.illy set 
apart for liberal education. — Thoughts on the Present College 
System of the United States, Boston, 1S42, p. 49. 

Eight years later the same authority says the amount of 
funds appropriated to the education of undergraduates in 
Harvard College is $467,162, producing, at 6 per cent., an 
annual income of $28,029. — Report to the Corporation of 
BroT.un University, etc., Providence, 1850, p. 25. 

In 1850, the invested funds of Brown University were 
$34,300, and the annual receipts, less contingent expenses, 
$7,300.— Ibid. pp. 42-48. 

At the same time, the annual income of Yale College 
from all sources, fees included, was but $21,000. 



Chap. Xr 11^ IlISTUlir Oh 

their benefits. No one then foresaw or could 
foresee the future growth of the state, educa- 
tion inchided. Again it may be said that tiie 
state was slow to wake up tu the needs of the 
institution, antl that it is not fully aiouscd 
e\cn now; but all such things arc relative, ,uid 
the onh^ fair and practical question is whether 
the people since it finally became apparent 
that the Legislature must appropriate money 
for the University have supported it with 
reasonable liberalit)-. The best answer to this 
question will be a brief account of lci4islati\e 
appropriations for the benefit of the Universit}'. 
The state appropriations to the Uni\'crsity, 
as respects their source or character, not 
counting the $100,000 loan of 1838, may be 
classified as follows: 

Law of 1867, one-twentieth of a mill, two 

years $30,796.60 

Law of 1869, $15,000 a year for five years 75,000.00 

1873-1893, one-twentieth of a mill . . . 803.1862.50 

1893-1S99, one-si.\th of a mill .... 1,121,699.98 

1899, one-fourth of a mill 276.295.00 

To cover deficit, 1873 13,000.00 

To pay outstanding warrants, 1875 . . 13,000.00 
Appropriations for specified buildings and 

improvement 553.2S9.08 

Homceopathic Department 238,750.00 

College of Dental Surgery 129.750.00 

University Hospitals 93.500.00 

Books for libraries 79.000.00 

Special salaries 36,600.00 

Repairs and contingent e-xpenses . . . 125,125.00 

Unclassified 78,765.94 

Total $3,668,434.10 

Men enlisted in carrying on State Universi- 
ties are not solely agreed as to the best form 
of legislative appropriations for their support. 
The current of opinion is no doubt, that a mill 
tax or a fixed rate on the tax duplicate of the 
state which is commonly expressed in fractions 
of a mill on the dollar, is to be preferred. 
This has long been the view held by the Presi- 
dent and Regents of the University of Michi- 
gan, the institution that first received assistance 
in this form, and has had most experience in 
the matter. President Angell stated the 
argument, briefly but suggestively, in 1877, 
although without mentioning it, when com- 
menting upon the failure of the School of 
Mines. 



THE UNUERSITT 



153 



'■Tile history . . . must impress all, who bestow any 
careful thought on the subject, with the desirableness of 
having legislative action which affects the University 
shaped, so far as possible, with relation to some fixed 
and definite plan of development of the institution. To 
establish a school, and just as it is fairly organized to de- 
.stroy it, not only disappoints and incommodes the teachers 
and students in that school, it must make it difficult to 
secure accomplished professors and earnest students 
for other schools in the University, since, rightly or 
wrongly, they infer that there is instability in the whole 
institution. Of course, one Legislature cannot control 
the arli(.)n of its successors. But reflection upon the 
evil re.suUs of a vacillating policy towards the Univer- 
sity must impress all wise legislators with the impor- 
tance of avoiding hasty atul frequent changes in its 
organization and work." 

It has been often asked whether state- 
foiuuled and state-managed institutions are 
likel}' to recei\"c generous gifts of money and 
other resources from private givers, or whether 
non-state institutions arc likely to absorb the 
major part of such beneficence. The question 
is an important one, because no state is likely to 
deal with its University so liberally as to make 
generous private gifts a matter of indifference. 
Another question is more or less bound up 
with this one, \-iz., arc the states of the Union, 
or any of them, likel}' to give their Universities 
that large financial support which is essential if 
they are to attain to the rank among the edu- 
cational institutions of the world which the 
name connotes, and to maintain that rank? It 
cannot be claimed that experience enables us 
to answer either question with absolute confi- 
dence. Upon the whole, it must be conceded 
that a number of states ha\e so far met reason- 
able expectations ; but, considering the extra- 
ordinary educational development of the times, 
involving cost, the question whether they will 
continue to do so is an an.xious one. There are 
citizens of Michigan who believe, rightly or 
wrongly, that the University has practically 
reached its greatest development as a state- 
supported institution. They say the time has 
come for men of wealth to step forward, bring- 
ing private endowments and other gifts in far 
greater abundance than they have ever done in 
the past. These views are sometimes met with 
in the press, especially. They are not confined, 
however, to critical and captious persons ; ex- 
cellent friends of the University have often taken 



'54 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



\_Chr,p. XV 11 



that view of the matter. Frequent appeals have 
been made, both pubh'cly and privately, to the 
public spirit and benevolence of the citizens 
of the state. For example, Acting-President 
Frieze, discussing " the sources of aid " in his 
report for the year 1870-1871, argued that the 
University could not properly expect to receive 
from the state alone that rapid accumulation 



now he would still urge, on occasion, the old 
arguments. This subject has never been left 
long to sleep since 1872. Time and again 
President Angell has pressed it upon the atten- 
tion of the Regents in his reports, and upon 
citizens in public addresses. In 1895 he as- 
signed three reasons why the State Universities 
had n<5t yet been so generously aided by private 




lI.D Fi;.\CI-: IN WIMIk 



of grants and endowments which would place 
it even within the next ten years on an equal 
footing with the wealthier Universities and 
Colleges of the East. He held that the state 
would continue to act in the liberal manner 
upon which it had alread\- entered, but that it 
could not be expected to furnish all the assist- 
ance that was needed. 

It is not probable that Dr. Frieze in 1872 
anticipated the extent to which the liberality of 
the state would go before the end of the cen- 
tury; but there is reason to think that if living 



munificence as could be desired. First, they 
were found in the younger states where wealth 
had not been accumulated as in the East, and 
where such wealth as existed, was urgently 
needed for other purposes ; secondly, the gross 
mismanagement of the University land grants in 
many cases, and the bitter controversy too often 
waged over the conduct of University affairs 
had discouraged men of means in respect to 
rendering them financial assistance ; thirdly, 
when the states began to contribute to their 
Universities with more liberalitv', men of means 



Chap, xyii] 



HISTORT OF THE UNIJ'ERSITT 



^55 



reposed in the belief that they would make 
provision for all their neetls and so sought 
other channels for their beneficenee. I le con- 
tended, however, that since all doubts of the 
permanence of these institutions had \-anished, 
since it had become apparent that, with one or 
two exceptions, the State University would be 
the strongest and most important University in 
each state west of New York and Pennsylvania, 
and since their usefulness was cunstantl}" be- 
coming more apparent, men and women of 
means would give much more freely to them in 
the future than they had done in the past. He 
looked upon the bequests and other gifts that 
the University of Michigan had received as only 
the harbingers of others more nuiiierous and 
more valuable that were _\et to follow. 

Everything considered, the gifts anti bequests 
made to the Uni\ersity ha\-e been quite as 
generous, perhaps, as cmikl ha\e been ex- 
pected. They anidunt in the aggregate to 
about three-quarters of a million i>f dollars. 

Previous to a practical test it might be 
thought that a democratic State L'liiversit)' 
would tend to low ideals of stud_\- anil scholar- 
ship, as well as to modern and practical in- 
struction. Michigan experience does niit 
confirm this \'iew. Modern courses do not 
mean inadequacy and superliciality any more 
than ancient courses mean the conlrar\'. At a 
particular time and under special conditions 
one class of studies may be better taught or 
worse taught than another class, but thorough- 
ness is not an attribute of studies as such. 
Still more, the democratic spirit while com- 
prehensive has not been axerse to the higher 
culture studies. So far fr<ini it, the provision 
of free teaching in these stntlies has been 
greatly appreciated by a large class of citizens 
who could not otherwise expect to see their 
children pursue them at all. The University 
has been considered, and is still considered a 
bulwark of classical studies in the West. It 
may be added that the anxiet\- which some 
scholars and teachers show lest classical 
studies will not fare well in a free competition 
with modern studies, and that they must be 
accorded some prescriptive rights does not 
show strong faith either in the Classics, or in 
the tendencies of the times. Perhaps the first 



place where we should search for proof of the 
idea that a democratic state institution is likely 
to incline to low ideals is professie)nal schoi^ls. 
Here the facts in the present case tell their 
own stor_\'. How courses of instruction have 
been siiccessfuU}' extended in these schools 
and the standards raised has been shown 
on previous pages. Furthermore, the efforts 
that are being made to raise the standards in 
these schools as well as in the Department 
of the Arts ha\e alwa)-s met with popular 
appro\al. 

There would be little profit in comparing 
institutions that ha\e grown uj) under such 
tlirt'ercnt en\-ironments as the old Colleges of 
the liast and the new L^iix'ersities of the West. 
It woukl be strange indeed, if in the latter the 
me)dern aiul practical elements of education 
had not upon the whole recei\'ed larger recog- 
nition than in the fi)rmer, but the)' have by no 
means been hostile or indifferent to the ideal 
and culture elements. 

In the Department of the Arts, the eff"ects 
of elcctix'e studies declare themselves in several 
ways. Students vary in scholarship in the 
same study as well as in the choice of studies; 
the differences of scholarship may not be far- 
ther apart under the new regime than uiuler 
the old one, but students tend more strcmglv 
toward the extremities of the scale. It will 
hardly be denied b_\- cx|)erienced College 
teachers that the class s}-stem operated to 
keep the class closer together, and so to 
pre\-ent scattering than the elective s}-stem 
operates. This fact is no doubt an argument 
for freedom of elections, as it conforms more 
nearlv to the order of nature. Again, the 
wide introduction of electives has broken down 
the class spirit to such an extent that there are 
only two or three tlays in the whole course 
when the class becomes a matter of real inter- 
est ; one is the day of the class organization, 
another the day on which it elects representa- 
tives to present the Class-Dav exercises, and 
the third is Class Day itself, when the members 
of the class, or rather so many of them as can 
or choose to do so, meet under the Tappan 
Oak, to listen to their orator, historian, poet 
and prophet, and to share in the social 
greetings. 



156 



UNJl'ERSrJT OF MICHIGAN 



[Ch.ip. XV 11 



Some students are preparing for professional 
schools or professional life; a still larger num- 
ber, perhaps, are getting ready for teaching; 
some do not know just what they are doing, 
for the very good reason that they are not 
doing anything in particular; while another 
class, and a large one, too, are in pursuit of a 



dents, as a whole, cannot help being interested, 
after graduation, in the College of their choice. 
The athletic spirit has grown greatly in 
strength the last few years, and the Greek 
letter influence, while not growing, is assuming 
more tangible forms, such as the multiplica- 
tion of fraternity houses, — the last fact being 



liberal education as a general preparation for looked upon in quite different ways by different 
life. This analysis applies to men and women professors. It is not impossible that the rela- 
alike, but fewer women, relatively speaking, tive number of students who do not know just 




WATFRMAN ( ;VMN ' 



.1 SOl'TinVFS 



are found in the first and third of the four 
classes. The students respond to the common 
motives that inspire and move students in 
other Universities. The tides of interest and 
feeling rise and fall much the same in different 
institutions of higher learning, only in large 
institutions students as a whole do not become 
as strongly attached to their teachers, to one 
another, and to Alma Mater as in smaller ones. 
Whether a state institution appeals to stu- 
dents and binds them to itself as strongly as a 
private one, may perhaps be doubted ; but how- 
ever that ma\' be. College and University stu- 



wh_\^ they are at the University is increasing, 
but the whole body shows a high average of 
purpose, application and attainment. That 
they are an earnest bod}-, no one can doubt 
who watches them as they move from room to 
room or along the walks of the Campus at the 
striking of the hours, and especially as they 
throng into the amphitheatre of the general 
Library to follow out the references and clews 
that the teachers have gi\'en them, or to engage 
in general reading. 

Michigan has always been a teaching Uni- 
versity in an eminent sense; the old ke_\-note 



Chap. Xril'] 



HISrORT OF THE UNIVERSriT 



'57 



was instruction and not research. I'hc original 
ideal did not embrace, in any prominent sense, 
the increase of knowledge, but looked rather 
to its diffusion, while the condition of the Uni- 
versity, as the great amount of teaching to be 
done compared with the number of men to do 
it, held the professors quite strictly to that 
ideal. Still, members of the Faculties at an 
early date appeared in tlie field of production, 
but not, perhaps, production of a \er\- high 
order. As conditions changed within and with- 
out, especially as the idea that the teachers of 
the academic youth should themselves be in- 
vestigators and discoverers became more com- 
mon, the libraries and laboratories of the 
University began to yield valuable contribu- 
tions to knowledge. It is impossible to speak 
of these contributions in quantitative terms, 
but they have been considerable. Perhaps 
the best quantitative expression that has been 
given was the e.xhibit of books and other 
publications written by professors and other 
teachers of the University, which was sent to 
the Columbian Exhibition at Chicago in 1893. 
The Committee having the exhibit in charge 
first aimed at a " collection of publications 
showing, so far as practicable, the entire liter- 
ary output of the University " ; but the scheme 
was afterwards so enlarged as to include all 
the writings, wherever produced, nl men who 
by long and important ser\ice had been iden- 
tified in the public mind with the Universit}', 
whether living or dead. The collection con- 
sisted of two hundred and fourteen volumes and 
one hundred and twenty-five pamphlets by 
ninety-two different writers. Many of these 
publications had onl\' a temporary value, but 
others had great value and form a part of the 
permanent literature of the countrw 

The growth of the Faculties in number and 
in size is not the only change which they have 
undergone in sixty years: the change in the 
personnel or character of their members is 
equally striking. The old-fashioned all-around 
man has disappeared, and the specialized man 
has taken his place, particularly in the profes- 
sional schools. The effect is seen in the coher- 
ence of the Faculties ; since not only Faculties 
but Professors within the same P"aculty tend 
more and more to fall apart, as specialization 



goes f(ir\\ar(_l, the personal relations of men 
turn e\en more ui)on personal than depart- 
mental affinit}-. The Faculties, it shutdd be 
said, have always worked harmonicjusly to- 
gether; in fact, there has been a singular 
absence of departmental jealousy. Perhaps 
the members of the Department of Literature, 
Science and the Arts, or a majority of them, 
would claim that their department, since it is 
by some years the oldest, since its work is gen- 
eral education, and therefore more fundamental 
than professional teaching, since it has counted 
more students than all the other departments 
put together, and continued to count more 
until the detachment of the Engineering 
School, since in numbers it far leads any other 
single department to-day, and since the general 
administration has ahva\-s been more closely 
connected with it than with any other, — per- 
haps they will claim for these reasons that it is 
the heart of the University ; but it is far from 
certain that members of the leading profes- 
sional Faculties would admit the claim. 

There can be little doubt that the literary 
students more than any dther single group, 
perhaps some would sa_\- more than all other 
groups, give the Universit}- its local character. 
Their habits and i)laces of congregation throw 
them more under the observation of the visitor. 
Again, the whole bod}- coming from widely 
separated localities, from different social classes, 
and from homes of \arious descriptions, com- 
bines man)' and di\ersified elements. As a 
body the\- arc \'cry democratic. Craduate 
students, while tending to absorption in their 
specialties, and so to segregation, mix with the 
upper classmen in lecture room, laboratory 
and librar_\-, and exercise a growing influence 
in directing the attention of undergraduates to 
graduate studies. The candidates for the dif- 
ferent bachelor's degrees lead the same courses 
of study, as far as they are common to them. 
Formerly, no doubt, the A. B. men were the 
strongest body of students in the group ; per- 
haps that is still true ; but professors who meet 
all the groups in non-classical lines of instruc- 
tion do not find their superiority so manifest 
as professors of the classics would probably 
claim. The fact is, some of the strongest stu- 
dents find an especial attraction in courses of 



158 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



[Chap. XV H 



study that offer wider range of electives than 
the classical course offers. The great majority 
of professional students are looking to the prac- 
tice of the professions that they are engaged in 
studying; but not all ; a considerable number 
of the law students, for example, and an in- 
creasing number, are looking ultimately to a 
business rather than a professional life. To 
describe with faithfulness the different groups 
of students would not be easy, perhaps it would 
be found in the end that there are onl}' three 
groups recognizable, but the professionals as a 
body, when compared with the literary stu- 
dents, are of a greater average age, and rela- 



te form an opinion either question or discard 
it. The President of the oldest and largest 
American University, speaking out of a ripe 
experience, has said : " In spite of the familiar 
picture of the moral dangers which environ the 
student, there is no place so safe as a good 
College during the critical passage from bo}-- 
hood to manhood." ' 

First and last, the severest criticisms that the 
State Universities have sustained have been on 
account of their real or assumed religious atti- 
tude and spirit. Such, at least, is the case 
with Michigan. The subject of religion at the 
University has been already mentioned more 




kki;i>;nis held, from the SOUTHWESI' 



tively stronger in native ability and character 
than in literary cultivation. While it cannot be 
denied that there has been some departmental 
jealousy among the students, it may be asserted 
that such jealousy has never entered deeply 
into discipline, and that it tends to disappear. 
The immediate effects, and even the ultimate 
effects, upon religious faith and moral life of 
residence at a great modern University is a 
matter about which men can hardly be ex- 
pected to agree. Much depends upon indi- 
vidual personal experience and observation. 
A limited number of facts is often made the 
superstructure of a universal conclusion, while 
post hoc and propter hoc are often confounded. 
It will be hard to convince the man whose 
son's morals have been wrecked at College, as 
he believes, that a College is a good place for 
boys. Popular opinion probably inclines to 
this view of the case, but it may well be 
questioned. Those who are most competent 



than once, but it now calls for fuller treat- 
ment. 

Obvioush', it is out of the question for an 
American State University to teach Theology, 
like the German Universities, or to maintain a 
sectarian cnltns and spirit, like our denomina- 
tional Colleges. But the founders did not 
therefore admit that it could not be, and 
should not be, a distinctly Christian school ; 
on the contrary they took careful pains to 
make it such a school. While the early policy 
of giving the professorships to clergymen was 
abandoned, still it cannot be said that the 
religious character of professors has ever been 
a matter of indifference. The two first Presi- 
dents were Doctors of Divinity, and a large 
majority of members of the Faculties have been 
members of churches. In fact, it is not easy 
to see how, everything considered, this side 

^ President C. W. Eliot, Educational Reform, New York, 
1898, p. 16. 



Chap. Xril] 



HlS'l'ORr OF THE UNIl'ERSlTr 



'59 



of tlic Universit}- rould lia\c been iimrc elTec- 
tually defended than it has been. 

At the same time, the University has sliared 
in the unmistakable movement of the last 
fifty \'ears. The ecclesiastical habit of mind 
has to a great extent given \va_\- to the scien- 
tific spirit; the institutions and functions t>f 
the state have become more secular ; even the 
denominational schools ha\e not preser\ed 
their ancient character, some of the most 
prominent of them, in fact, tlenyinc^ it ; clergy- 



upon chapel and church, and the exemption 
tended to weaken the hold of these obser\'- 
ances upon others. As late as 1 87 1, however, 
the rule still stood in the catalogue : " The 
undergraduate students are required to attend 
prayers daily in the College Chapel, and public 
worship on the Sabbath at any one of the 
churches in the City of Ann Arbor which they 
or their parents or guardians may select."' 
The ne.xt )-car this rule disappeared, and 
attendance upon prayers and church became 




WArriNG FOR IHK SIGN.AI. 



REOKNTS FIELD, FROM i'HE NORJ'HWKST 



men are less numerous relativeh' in Faculties 
and on Boards of Control, while the profes- 
sorial function has been specialized. Then 
the American College is much less a seminary 
for preparing ministers of religion and far 
more a school of secular learning than it was 
even a half century ago. With all the rest, the 
College regimen, especially in the great insti- 
tutions, has changed ; the rules that were 
cheerfully obeyed by the students of the old 
institutions would produce an instant revolt 
if an effort were made to enforce them to-da}\ 
Still more, at Ann Arbor the professional 
schools have done much to break down the 
regimen and spirit that were first established. 
From the first, the students attending them 
were exempted from compulsory attendance 



wholh' voluntary, in both law and fact, as in- 
deed attendance upon church had long been in 
fact. Daily prayers were, howexer, maintained, 
with a relatively small and slowly diminishing 
attendance, until 1895, when the}- were dis- 
continued and semi-weekly vesper services, 
with voluntary attendance, were substituted in 
their room. 

A state institution moving along these lines 
could not fail to provoke opposition, especially 
as several of the leading churches of the state 
had schools of their own that competed with 
the University for students. In 1857 the 
Board of Regents formally referred to the 
Faculty some resolutions that the two Methodist 
Conferences of the state had adopted, express- 
ing doubt, or something stronger, as to the 



i6o 



UNllERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



{^chap. xrii 



moral and religious soundness of the Univer- 
sity, and asked what it had to say in the 
premises. Since then similar criticisms, some 
of them much more severe, have been made, 
and have occasionally called out replies. 

It is interesting to note that at a later day 
the University was assailed from the opposite 
quarter. The Legislature at one time actually 
sent a Committee to Ann Arbor to investigate 



abolition of the old compulsory rule in regard 
to Chapel and Church. 

Several religious censuses of the University 
have been made, none of them possessing 
much more than a formal value, since the 
religious spirit eludes such tests. However, 
we shall glance at two or three of them. 

In 1870 Acting President Frieze reported 
that one-third of the students in the Acade- 




BAKBOLR GV.MXASIUM — KR( iM IHK NORTH 



the charge that it was sectarian in management 
and spirit. A brief extract from the report of 
this Committee will express the essential facts 
in the case, as fairly as they can be stated. 

" The teachings of the University are those of a lib- 
eral and enlightened Christianity, in the general, high- 
est, and best use of the term. This is not, in our 
opinion, sectarian. If it is, we would not have it 
changed. A school, a society, a nation, devoid of 
Christianity, is not a pleasant spectacle to contemplate. 
We cannot believe the people of Michigan would denude 
this great University of its fair, liberal, and reasonable 
Christian character, as it exists to-day." 

This subject was one that engaged the seri- 
ous attention of Dr. Frieze, who denied that 
real religion had suffered detriment from the 



mica! Department were members of churches, 
and that sixteen were preparing for the min- 
istr\'. 

In 1890 President Angell discussed the gen- 
eral subject of religious life in State Universi- 
ties.' Relative to Chapel attendance, he said : 
" Where, as at the University of Michigan, the 
average age of the Freshman on entering Col- 
lege is 19.5, it is at least open to discussion 
whether the spiritual welfare of undergraduates 
will be promoted by their being driven to 
religious service under fear of a monitor's 
mark." He reported that in twenty state in- 
stitutions sevent}'-one per cent, of the teachers 
I The .\ndover Review, June, 1890. 



Ch„p. Xl'll^ 



HISTORV OF THE UNiyERSITT 



i6i 



were members of churches, and not a few of 
the others were earnestly and actively rehgiotis 
men, who had not formally joined any com- 
munion. The University of Michigan had 
sent out twenty-five missionaries to foreign 
fields ; fourteen had gone as medical mission- 
aries, of whom eight were women. He ex- 
pressed a doubt whether a really better state 
of religious life had ever existed in our princi- 
pal Colleges and Universities than at the time 
he wrote his article. To be sure, the type of 
religious character had somewhat changed ; 
but never, within his recollection, had it been 
more wholesome or vigorous; he found no 
good ground for the despondent \iew of the 
religious condition of students which some men 
seemed to take. 

Much the most thorough inquiry into this 
matter that has ever been made formed part 
of the attempt to take a religious census of the 
State Universities and certain Colleges put forth 
in 1896-97. The three tables showing the 
principal results attained at the University of 
Michigan are summarized below. If the sta- 
tistics may be trusted, and if they ha\e any 
ethical value, the religious state of the Uni- 
versity has improved since 1870. The com- 
piler found that for the half-century ending in 
1894 three hundred and one students went out 
from the University to become clergymen 
and missionaries, an ax'erage of si.x for every 
graduating class. 





Men 


Women 


Total 


Church members . 
Church adherents . 
Not adherents . . 
Unreached . . . 


1,185 
71S 
298 
62 


461 
1 68 
31 


1,646 

8S6 

3-9 

64 


Total 


-\r6;, 


UU2 


-■9-5 



The percentages of students reached who 
were church members, were: of men. 5,v8; 
of women, 69.8; of all, 57.5. 

The subject should not be dismissed without 
mention of one of Dr. Tappan's dreams, and of 
what has been done in later \-ears to make it a 
reality. Holding at once that Theology is a 
noble department of learning, and that a Theo- 
logical Facult}' is impossible in an American 



State University, he said it was to be hoped 
that schools of Theology would be established 
in Ann Arbor; in some Departments of Theo- 
logical Science it might be possible for the 
difterent denominations to unite in establishing 
common professorships; in others they would 
naturally choose to have separate professor- 
ships ; but every one would perceive at once 
the advantages to be derived from collecting 
all the learned Faculties in one place, where 
the students could enjoy the comnnui benefit 
of the University Library, and attend, at their 
pleasure, while engaged in particular profes- 
sional stud\% lectures on other branches of 
literature and science. Thus. too. a more 
general spirit of scholarship would be awak- 
ened and a general competition be kept alive. 
While this large plan has never been carried 
out, some things have been done that may well 
prove to be advances in that direction. In 
several of the churches, societies consisting 
chiefly of graduates have been organized for 
moral and religious culture and for social en- 
tertainment. The Hobart Guild, an Episcopal 
Society organized in connection with St. An- 
drew's Church, is established in Harris Hall, a 
building well adapted to its purposes, and two 
lectureships have already been endowed ; the 
Baldwin Lectures for the Establishment and 
Defence of Christian Truth, and the Slocum 
Lectures in Christian Evidences. The Tappan 
Association, a Presb}'terian organization, is 
quartered in McMillan Hall, a building also 
well adapted to its uses. This Association 
owns a Theological Library of several thousand 
\olumes and furnishes courses of lectures on 
church history and church work. The Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church supports the Wesleyan 
Guild, and has a permanent fund for the main- 
tenance of a lectureship. Tentative steps have 
also been taken looking to the building of a 
home for this society. The Unity Club and the 
Foley Guild are the organizations in which the 
Unitarians and Roman Catholics have respec- 
tively expressed their practical interest in re- 
ligious matters. The Christian Church, some- 
times called the Disciples of Christ, through 
its Woman's Board of Missions, maintains, in 
connection with the local congregation, an or- 
ganization known as the English Bible Chairs 



l62 



UNIJ'ERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



\_Ckip. Kill 



for teaching the Bible to University students 
and others seeking such instruction. 

It was hoped by those who were most active 
in founding the University that the churches 
of the state would look to it for the higher 
teaching, and not set up independent schools, 
except for theological purposes. The preva- 
lent opinion in the University has always been 
one of keen regret that this course was not fol- 
lowed. Under the circumstances the hope 
was a futile one ; the time has not yet come 
when the people of a great American State 
will be content to relegate the higher education 
wholly to state institutions. Some of the 
church colleges are almost as old as the Uni- 
versity itself. It was inevitable that more or 
less friction would grow out of the situation. 
It may, however, be fairly said that the Uni- 
versity has striven to cultivate friendly rela- 
tions with these schools, and that the College 
men, as a whole, have reciprocated the feeling. 
It is gratifying to know that the state of feeling 
becomes more friendly as time goes on. 

A careful study of the attendance upon the 
University as respects residence and other 



Years 


Michigan Students 


Total StiRleats 


1870-71 . . 


5'5 


II 10 


1S75-76 . . 


565 


1127 


1SS0-81 . . 


680 


' 5,54 


18S5-S6 . . 


7'7 


1401 


1890-91 . . 


1 162 


24.-0 


1895-96 . . 


162S 


29 [7 


1S9S-99 . . 


iS6g 


3.9^ 



antecedents, including the election of depart- 
ments and studies, could not fail to be most 
instructive, from the social as well as the edu- 
cational point of \icw. Such a study cannot 
be entered upon in this work. ()ne or two 
facts only can be mentioned. With the com- 
ing of Dr. Tappan, in 1852, the University of 
Michigan began to take the first place among 
the institutions of higher learning in the West: 
in its own sphere it came to have, for a time, 
no real competitor. But this state of things 
could not be lasting ; the development of 
younger institutions challenged leadership and 
brought a new and a keener- competition. 
Unfortunately, the catalogues previous to 



1 870-1 87 1 did not classify the students by 
states, and the distribution could not now be 
ascertained without much labor. Beginning 
with that date, however, the results, at intervals 
of five years, are shown in the preceding table. 

It will be seen that notwithstanding the 
growing competition the foreign students still 
continue to increase in number. But they do 
not increase as rapidly as the resident students. 
Commenting upon the movement of the two 
classes of students in 1896, when the ratio of 
residents to non-residents was 55 to 45, the 
President said he did not regret the propor- 
tional decline in the number of foreign stu- 
dents, finding his reason in the gratifying 
proof afforded that Michigan students are 
more and more appreciating the advantages 
that are presented to them by the State Uni- 
versit). In 1 898-1 899 the number of foreign 
students had fallen to forty-one per cent, of 
the total numbers. Every state but Delaware 
was represented, while there were forty-four 
students from foreign countries. " Notwith- 
standing the improN'ement in Colleges and 
Universities in all sections of the countr)-," 
the President said, " this University continues 
to draw students from all parts of the land, 
and from other lands." 

One of many interesting illustrations of 
the way in which the State of Michigan and 
the State University have grown up together 
is furnished by the statistics of population and 
University attendance for a term of years, that 
is, attendance from the state. 









Ratio of 


Year 


ropulaticin of 


Michigan Stu- 


.Michigan Stu- 




State 


dents 


dents to 
Population 


1870 


1,184,059 






1871 




5'5 


I : 2,300 


18S0 


1,636,937 


680 


I : 2,407 


1890 


2.093,889 


1,162 


I : 1,802 


1900 


2,420,982 


2,006 


1 : 1,206 



To a greater extent than is commonly ap- 
preciated, is the State University dependent 
for its success or failure upon its governing 
board. Thore is an obvious difference in this 
respect between such an institution and a 
denominational College. How the Michigan 



Chap. Xl^II} 



HISTORT OF THE UNIVERSITY 



163 



Board has been constituted at ditil-i-ent times, 
and how appointed or chosen, has been full\- 
shown in the course of this work, and the facts 
need not be recapitulated ; but a general 
characterization of the way the Hoard has done 
its work will not be out of place. 

Since 1837 there have been 127 Regents, 
a considerable number of whom have served 
more than one term. As may be supposed, 
these men have presented a considerable vari- 
ety of ability, character, and fitness for their 
work. Few of them have been professional 
educators, or men devoted to scholarship or 
science, but many have been men of liberal 
education ; a majority have been men of affairs 
and professions. Ministers of religion have 
not been numerous on the Board, the last 
minister retiring in 1886. Many of the Re- 
gents have been distinguished in public or pri- 
vate life. Some of them have been grossh- 
incompetent, some indifferent to their trust, 
some selfish users of their power to promote 
private or partisan ends: but these men are 
the e.Kception. In general the Regents have 
devoted themselves with intelligence and hon- 
est zeal to their responsible work, desiring to 
advance the best interests of the institution. 
As the University has grown the demands upon 
a Regent's time and thought, if he does his 
duty, have greatly increased, so that ser\'ice is 
now onerous, especially as it is wholly uncom- 
pensated. Some of the Regents have held the 
office and performed its duties in a spirit of 
genuine self-sacrifice. No doubt mistakes 
have been made through thoughtlessness or 
inattention ; there has been more or less bad 
judgment ; but the State University may safely 
challenge comparison with any other state 
institution in respect to the efficienc)- and 
integrity of its management. 

We may apply a test that will be final. The 
Board of Regents has always controlled the 
institution, deferring more or less to the advice 
and influence of the Faculties. Sometimes it 
may have been headstrong; sometimes it 
would probably have done better to yield more 
to advice and influence, sometimes possibly it 
should have yielded less; but it has never 
been a nodding committee; it has legislated 



and administered, and it may justly claim a 
large share of credit for the great success of 
the Uni\ersity. 

Few institutions, perhaps, are more affected 
by age than a great seat of learning. Time 
mellows and softens it, gives the imagination a 
background on which it can work, supplies 
materials for poetry and romance, produces 
tradition as well as history, and furnishes firm 
supports for the associating activities of the 
mind. Time does far more than simply to 
produce materials for the poetic imagination 
to work upon ; it exerts its spell upon the 
minds of students and forms or tempers char- 
acter. It even controls, to a degree, the choice 
of studies and the manner in which they are 
carried on. It is true enough that the young 
imagination tends to counterfeit the glamour 
that the past casts over the present,; that stu- 
dents think of their seniors by but a few years 
as being already old, and affectionately call the 
school of their choice " the old school " regartl- 
less of its age; still this is true only within 
limits ; there is something in Eton and Oxford, 
and in New Haven and Cambridge, that out 
prosaic minds miss in the new institutions of 
learning built in the forests and on the prairies 
of the West. 

Some persons may say that the hand of Time 
becomes heavy; that old seats of learning tend 
unduly to conservatism; that younger schools 
are better attuned to the spirit of the times. 
This is not the place to canvass this interesting 
subject. It will hardly be denied, for one thing, 
that an old school is more likely than a new 
one to impress the student with a true sense 
of historic perspective and proportion, and of 
his own relations with the world of human 
society ; as it certainly will not be that such 
an institution furnishes a richer subject to the 
historian who knows how to improve his oppor- 
tunity. 

American Colleges and Universities suffer in 
this respect in comparison with the great 
schools of the Old World. Historically, they 
do not possess the same rich elements of inter- 
est. This is especially true of the Colleges of 
the West. Young in \ears, planted and sup- 



1 64 



UNIFERSm' OF MICHIGAN 



[Chap. XVII 



ported b\' practical democratic societies to do 
their pressing work, having often views of the 
future that are shorter than their own past, they 
make a much feebler appeal to the literary and 
the historic sense. This characterization ap- 
plies to the University of Michigan, as it ap- 
plies to the class of schools to which it belongs. 
Even the most skilful pen would not find it 
altogether easy wholly to cover the realism 
that it presents to the writer's view. It is true 
enough that materials for this purpose are not 
wholly wanting. Sketch-writers in numbers 
have found congenial themes in the history 
and life of the University; an occasional novel- 
ist has drawn from it a scene or found in it the 
materials for a plot, while poets and musicians 
have set its more ideal elements to verse and 
to music. A College that has given birth to so 
fine a College song as " The Yellow and The 
Blue " is not destitute of such elements. These 
things are evidences that time is already telling 
on the ideal side of the University, and also 
promises of the rich fruitage yet to come. 

But, on the other hand, the State Universi- 
ties of the West ha\'e elements of interest that 



are almost peculiar])- their own. They point 
to the early existence in the body politic of a 
high educational ideal, and to strenuous eftbrts 
to fix this ideal in enduring institutions. They 
show how firmly the belief that the state should 
furnish facilities for educating its \-outh, in the 
higher studies as well as the lower ones, has 
taken hold of men's minds. The)' have done 
great things for the states that have created 
them, and for the country at large. They 
already exert an appreciable influence upon 
the old schools of the East. They are of deep 
interest as examples of what the enlightened 
and energetic states of the West have accom- 
plished in the field of higher education, in the 
very face of the wildness of nature. They are 
of still deeper interest as promises of what the 
future will bring forth. They need only the 
influence of Time to ripen and mature their 
culture in the measure of its present strength 
and practical \'alue. Howe\'er it may be with 
the subtler and finer elements of story, it is 
hoped that this history adequately portrays 
this more practical and instructi\-e side of the 
University of Michigan. 



REGENTS 



F'oR the constitution of the first Board of Regents see pages 26 and 2S. Under the Acts of March iS and June ;t, 
1837, the 13oard was originally made up of eighteen members, six ex officio, and twelve by appointment of the Governor with 
the advice and consent of the Senate. Of the twelve Regents named by Governor Mason, March 21, 1S37, tiiree were to 
hold office for one year, three for two years, three for three years, and three for four years ; thereafter the term was four 
years. In 1838 an additional Justice of the Supreme Court was authorized, which increased the members to nineteen ; but 
in 1S47 the office of Chancellor of State was abolished, thus reducing the total to eighteen again. The Governor was Presi- 
dent of the Board; in his absence the Lieutenant-Governor. In case of the absence of both, a President /ro A-m/ure was 
chosen by the Board. These conditions held till Januai-y i, 1S52, when a new Board chosen under the Constitution of 
1850 took office. (See Chapter VI.) 

The Constitution of 1850 provided that the Regents should be elected by the people voting at the Apiil election of 
i85t, on the same ticket with the Circuit and Supreme Courts, one Regent to be chosen from each Judicial Circuit, to hold 
office for six years from January i following the election. In case of death or resignation, the vacancy was filled by popular 
election. In practice vacancies were not promptly filled, sometimes not at all. The first Board chosen under this arrange- 
ment took office January i, 1852, and consisted of eight members. Six years later the number was increased to ten. In 
1S61 the Constitution was amended so as to provide for a Board of eight Regents to be chosen on a general ticket at the 
April election of 1S63 and to take office January i following. These were to be divided into four classes to serve two, 
four, six, and eight years respectively. Thereafter two were to be elected every second year, at the April election, for the full 
term of eight years. In case of vacancy from any cause the Governor was to appoint. This arrangement still continues. 
(See page 49.) 

In all, one hundred and thirly-one persons have borne the title. A few appear not 10 have attended a single meeting 
of the Board, and a few others to have attended but one or two meetings. In the early days when travel was much more 
difficult and tedious, the attendance was naturally less regular and continuous than it has been latterly. Of the entire num- 
ber, thirteen have served for ten years or more. The longest period was eighteen years (Edward Carey Walker, 1S64-1882) 
and the next longest seventeen years (Elon Karnsworth, 1S37-1S42, 1846-185S). 

The biographical sketches are here arranged in three groups, according to priority of original service : 

1. Regents, ex officio, subdivided into Governors, Lieutenant-Governors, Chancellors, and Justices (1837-1852). 

2. Regents by appointment of Governor and Senate (1837-1852). 

3. Regents by election and by appointment of Governor to fill vacancies (since 1852). 



REGENTS, EX OFFICIO 

STEVENS THOMSON MASON was born but to submit to the powers, and when, at a banquet 
in Virginia in 1812. When Lewis Cass resigned the to the late Governor, the elder Mason appealeil to 
office of Territorial Governor in 1831 there were many the guests to "give the boy a trial," over their wine 
men in the Territory fitted by experience to succeed they promised him their support. Finally George 
him, but the appointing power was at Washington, and B. Porter, of Pennsylvania, was appointed Gover- 
President Jackson was taking care of his friends, nor ; but he was a lawyer in large practice, his en- 
He appointed John T. Mason, of Virginia, Terri- gagements keeping him away from the Territory 
torial Secretary ; and as no one had been appointed nearly all the time, and Mason was virtually the 
to succeed General Cass, by law the new Secretary Governor throughout the remaining existence of the 
would be Acting Governor. Mr. Mason wishing to Territory. The boy Governor was conciliatory in 
go abroad in the interest of some private persons, his way ; there was little for him to do until the 
persuaded the President to transfer the appointment boundary controversy with Ohio broke out ; and 
to his son, Stevens T. Mason, a youth nineteen years when it did, he so pleased the people by the zeal 
of age. Naturally there was loud protest from the with which he defended the rights of the Territory 
people, but the voice from the woods of Michigan that, when the State government was organized, he 
was feebly heard in the White House in Washing- was elected Governor by popular vote. His history 
ton. There was nothing for the new settlers to do in connection with the banks and banking interests 

165 



i66 



UNI VERS IIT OF MICHIGAN 



and witli the internal improvements of tlie State, 
shows that he made some grievous mistakes ; but 
witl\ the interests of the University he displayed 
great wisdom. He appointed John D. Pierce 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, the most judi- 
cious appointment that could have been made. 
Tlie Regents of the University appointed by him 
also proved to be wisely chosen. When the Uni- 
versity lands were in danger of being sacrificed at 
one dollar and a quarter an acre, under the Pre- 
emption Law of Congress, a bill having passed 
both branches of the Legislature to that effect, he 
promptly vetoed the bill. He did not seek re- 
election to the Governorship, and at the expiration 
of his term, in January, 1840, he removed to New 
York City to engage in the practice of the law. He 
died there January 4, 1843. The Legislature of 
1905 provided for the removal of his bones to 
Detroit ; and re-interment in Capitol Square Park 
was carried out with appropri.ate ceremonies on 
June 4 of that year. (For portrait, see page 30.) 



EDWARD MUNDY was born in Middlesex 
County, New Jersey, in i 794, and was graduated from 
Rutgers College in 1S12. He began the practice 
of the law in his native county, but in 18 19 emi- 
grated with his family to Illinois, at that time an 
almost unexplored region, .-^fter many hardships 
and some success his property was lo.st by fire, and 
he returned to New Jersey and engaged in business. 
But visions of the West haunted him, and he re- 
moved to Michigan and settled at Ann Arbor in 
1 83 1. He was a member of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1835. He was elected Lieutenant- 
Governor of the State in 1835, and was re-elected 
in 1837. In 1844 he was appointed Regent of the 
University, and served for the full term of four 
years. He was .\ttorney-General of the State for 
the year 1S47. In 1S48 he was appointed a Justice 
of the Supreme Court, and died in office in 1S51. 



WILLIAM WOODBRIDGE was born at 
Norwich, Connecticut, .August 20, 1 7S0. His 
father, Dudley Woodbridge, a graduate of Vale, 
was educated for the Bar. The breaking out of 
the Revolutionary War closed the courts of jus- 
tice ; so the legal career was abandoned and the 
prospective lawyer became a minute-man of Con- 
necticut. .At the close of the war he removed with 



his wife to Marietta, Ohio, but their children were 
left at school in Connecticut. In 1791 the son 
William joined them. He remained some four or 
five years, most of which time was spent at Marietta 
and among the French colonists at Gallipolis. He 
then returned to Connecticut to take up the study 
of the law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1805. 
Almost immediately upon his return to the North- 
west Territory he was elected to the General As- 
sembly of Ohio, thus beginning an active political 
career. From 1809 to 181 4 he was a member of 
the State Senate, and left that duty to accept an 
appointment to the Secretaryship of the Territory 
of Michigan, proffered by President Madison. He 
now took up his residence in Detroit. In 1819 
he was delegate to Congress from the Territory. 
Through his efforts appropriations were made for 
fitting out an expedition to explore the Indian 
country in the region of Lake Superior. He re- 
signed from Congress in 1820, and was again made 
Secretary of the Territory, serving in that capacity 
eight years in all. In 1828 Presiilent Adams ap- 
pointed him Chief Justice of the Territory, which 
position he held for four years. He was the only 
Whig elected from his district to the Convention 
which met in 1S35 to form a State Constitution. 
In 1838 he was a member of the State Senate, and 
in 1839 was elected Governor. He resigned the 
Governorsliip in February, 1841, on his election to 
the United States Senate ; and on the expiration 
of liis term in 1847 he retired from public life. 
His professional attainments were of the highest 
order. He was also a scholar in the broad sense 
of the word, and his name is intimately connected 
with the early educational history of Michigan. He 
was instrumental in procuring from Congress the first 
land grants for the University, and as Acting Gov- 
ernor of the Territory he signed the Act establishing 
the Catholepistemiad. He ilied in Detroit, October 
20, 1861. 



JAMES WRIGHT GORDON w.as born at 
Plainfield, Connecticut, in 1S09. His father re- 
moved to Geneva, New York, but the son was sent 
back to the East to be educated. He was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts at Trinity College, Hartford, in 
1 8 29, and returned to Geneva to accept a Pro- 
fessorship in the College there. He began the 
study of law and was admitted to practice in the 
Supreme Court of New York. He came west in 
1S35 and settled at Marshall, Michigan, where he 



REGENTS EX OFFICIO 



167 



continued in the practice of the law. He was a 
member of the State Senate in 1839, and the same 
year was elected Lieutenant-Ciovernor of the State, 
succeeding to the governorship when Crovernor 
Woodbridge was elected to the United States Sen- 
ate in February, 184 1. In 1846 he was the Whig 
candidate for Congress from his district, but was 
defeated. A change of climate seemed necessary 
because of failing health; so, in 1S49 he accepted a 
consulship to Pernanibuco, South America, offered 
by President Taylor. He was not much benefited 
by the change and died at Pernambuco, December, 
1853- 

JOHN STEWARD BARRY was born in 
Vermont, January 29, 1802. He was educated 
ill the public schools of his native state, and pre- 
pared in a private office for the legal profession. 
He removed to Michigan at an early day, and 
turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. He 
was a leading member of the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1835. He served as State senator from the 
organization of the State Government to 1839 and 
again in 1841, and was President pro tempore of the 
Senate for two sessions. He was chosen governor 
of the State in 1S41, and was re-elected in 1843, and 
again in 1849. He was also a presidential elector 
at large in 1848 and in 1852. He was the Demo- 
cratic candidate for governor in 1854, and again in 
i860, but in those days his party was in a hopeless 
minority. He died at his home in Constantine, 
Michigan, January 15, 1870. 



ORIGEN D. RICHARDSON was born at 
Woodstock, Vermont, July 20, 1795. He studied 
law and was admitted to the Bar in his native state. 
In 1826 he removed to Michigan and settled at 
Pontiac, where he continued in the practice of his 
profession. He turned his attention to politics, and 
in 1836, and again in 1S41, was a representative 
in the State Legislature. From 1842 until 1846 he 
was Lieutenant-Governor of the State. He con- 
tinued in the practice of the law at Pontiac until 
1854, when he removed to Omaha, Nebraska. He 
died there November 30, 1876. 



study of the law, and was admitted to the Bar, at 
Bangor, in 1830. About 1833 he came West and 
settled at Monroe, Michigan. Here he opened a 
law office and soon became one of the prominent 
men of the community. He was elected a repre- 
sentative to the first legislature of the State. In 
1840 he was the Democratic candidate for Congress, 
but was defeated at the polls. In February, 1842, 
he was appointed Auditor-General of the State, but 
resigned within a few weeks to accept an appoint- 
ment to the State Supreme Bench. This position he 
resigned in November, 1845, on his election to the 




ALPHEUS FELCH was born in Limerick, 
Maine, September 28, 1804. He prepared for 
college at Phillips- Exeter Academy, and was grad- 
uated from Bowdoin in 1827. He took up the 



ALPHEUS FELCH 

governorship. He served as governor from Janu- 
ary I, 1846, to March 3, 1847, when he resigned 
the office to take his seat in the United States Senate, 
to which he had been elected a month before. At 
the close of his term, in 1853, President Pierce ap- 
pointed him a member of the Board of Commis- 
sioners to settle the claims in California, under the 
treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. He was the Demo- 
cratic candidate for governor again in 1854, but the 
change in the political complexion of the State cut 
short his public career and he henceforth devoted 
himself actively to the practice of the law. In 1879 
he accepted a professorship of law in the Univer- 
sity, lecturing on real estate and the estates of de- 
ceased persons, for the next four years, when he 



i68 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



resigned. He died at Ann Arbor, June 13, 1896. 
Perhaps no one man connected with the early his- 
tory of the University of Michigan kept in such 
close touch with the institution throughout his life 
as Alpheus Felch. From 1843 until the time of his 
death in 1896 he made his home in Ann Arbor, and 
retained his warm interest in the University to the 
last. In 1877 Bowdoin College conferred upon 
him the degree of Doctor of Laws. 



WILLIAM L. GREENLY was born at Ham- 
ilton, New York, September 18, 18 13. His parents 
were Thomas and Nancy Greenly, who were able to 
educate their son liberally and give him a fair start 
in his profession. He was prepared for college at 
the Hamilton Academy, and in 183 1 received the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts from Union College. He 
then entered a law office as a student in Hamilton 
and remained three years. He was admitted to the 
Bar at Albany in 1834, and practised law in Eaton, 
Madison County, until October, 18.36, when he re- 
moved to Adrian, Michigan, and established himself 
in his profession. He represented his district in the 
State Senate in 1839 and 1840, and again in 1S42 
and 1843, being chosen President pro tempore dur- 
ing his second term. In 1845 he was elected Lieu- 
tenant-Governor on the ticket with Alpheus Felch 
for Governor. He served until March 3, 1847, 
when, by the election of Governor Felch to the 
United States Senate, he succeeded to the Gover- 
norship. During his administration the bill was 
passed removing the Capital of the State from 
Detroit to Lansing. He was married three times : 
first, to Sarah A. Dascomb, of Hamilton, New York, 
in December, 1S34; a second time, June 11, 
1840, to Elizabeth W. Hubbard, of Northampton, 
Massachusetts, by whom he had a son, Marshall H. ; 
and a third time, October 25, 1859, to Maria 
Hunt. He was twelve years Justice of the Peace in 
Adrian. He was also Mayor of the city in 1S5S. 
He died at Adrian, November 29, 1883. 



EPAPHRODITUS RANSOM was born at 
Slielburne Kails, Massachusetts, in 1797. He re- 
moved to Vermont, where he worked on a farm 
summers, and attended or taught school winters. He 
was graduated from Chester Academy, Windsor, 
Vermont ; also, from the Law School at Northamp- 
ton, Massachusetts. He came to Michigan in 1834 
and settled at Kalamazoo. When Michigan was 



admitted into the Union, he was appointed Asso- 
ciate Justice of the Supreme Court, and in 1843 
he was appointed Chief Justice to succeed Chief 
Justice Morell. He was elected Governor in 1847 
by a majority vote of every county. On the ex- 
jiiration of his term in January, 1850, he was 
appointed Regent of the University for two years, 
in place of Edwin M. Cust, resigned. He repre- 
sented Kalamazoo County in the State Legislature 
in 1853-1854. The following year he accepted an 
appointment as Receiver of the United States Land 
Office in Kansas and removed to that Territory. 
He died at Fort Scott, Kansas, November 9, 1859. 



WILLIAM MATTHEW FENTON was 

born at Norwich, New York, December 19, i8o8. 
He was the son of a prominent banker of the town. 
He entered Hamilton College when fourteen years of 
age, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1826. 
His health now seeming to detnand an outdoor 
life, he shipped from Charleston, South Carolina, as 
a common sailor, and followed the sea for eight 
years. His health having greatly improved, he re- 
turned home, married, and shortly afterwards came 
to Michigan. For two years he was a merchant at 
Pontiac. He then removed to Genesee County, and 
purchased the property where the village of Fenton, 
which bears his name, now stands. In 1839 he be- 
gan to read law, and was admitted to the Bar in 
1842. He soon became a leader in the Democratic 
party. He was State Senator for 1S46 and 1847, 
and Lieutenant-Governor from 1848 to 1852. In 
1850 he removed to Flint, and three years later was 
appointed Register of the Lhiited States Land Office 
at that place, which position he held until the office 
was removed to Saginaw. When the country was 
threatened with civil war Mr. Fenton worked heart- 
ily for the preservation of the Union. He was 
active in enlisting and organizing troops, and was 
commissioned Colonel of the Eighth Michigan In- 
fantry in 1861 ; but after two years of very active 
service in the field, he was compelled to retire on 
account of failing health. In later life he did much 
towards the growth and prosperity of Flint. He 
died at Flint, November 12, 187 i. 



ELON FARNSWORTH was born at Wood- 
stock, Vermont, February 2, 1799, and was edu- 
cai-ed in the public schools of New England. In 
1822 he moved to Detroit, Michigan, and began the 



REGENTS EX OFFICIO 



study of the law. He held a number of public posi- 
tions, the first one being a seat in the Legislative Coun- 
cil of the Territory, 1 834-1 835. He served as Stale 
Chancellor from 1S36 to 1842, and for a brief time 
in 1 846 -1 84 7 till the Court was abolished by law. 
He was Attorney-General of the State from 1843 to 
1845. He was also Regent by appointment from 
1847 to 1852. Under the constitution of 1850 he 
was elected Regent from the Third Judicial Circuit, 
being the only member of the outgoing Board to 
find a place in the new Board. He was a very in- 
fluential man in the Board, and had a large part in 
electing Henry Philip Tappan to the Presidency. 
The University of Vermont conferred upon him the 
honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1844. He 
died in Detroit, March 24. 1877. 



169 

Regents he was a resident of Ann Arbor, and was 
always an active and influential member of the 
Board. He died at Ann Arbor in August, 1853. 



RANDOLPH MANNING was born at 
Plainfield, New Jersey, May 19, 1S04. He 
studied law in New York City, and settled at Pon- 
tiac, Michigan, in 1832. He was a delegate from 
Oakland County io the Constitutional Convention of 
183s, and was a member of the Committee on the 
Judiciary in that body. He was a State Senator for 
the session of 1837. From 1838 to 1840 he was 
Secretary of State. In February 1842, he was 
appointed Regent of the University, and, shorUy 
after. Chancellor of State, and filled these offices 
with distinction till 1846. Under the ."^.ct of 1857 
reorganizing the Supreme Court of the State, he was 
chosen a member of the Court, and served continu- 
ously till his death, August 31, 1864. 



WILLIAM A. FLETCHER was born in 
New Hampsliire in 1788. When a young man he 
engaged in mercantile pursuits at Salem, Massachu- 
setts. He afterwards removed to the county of 
Schoharie, New York, where he studied law. In 
1 82 1 he came to Detroit, Michigan, and entered 
upon the practice of his profession. In 1833 all 
the organized counties of the Territory except 
Wayne were made into one Judicial Circuit, and 
over the Court thus created Mr. Fletcher was ap- 
pointed Judge. Upon the organization of the State 
government in 1837 he was appointed Chief Justice 
of the Supreme Court, but resigned the office in 
1842. In April of that year he was ap])ointed 
Regent of the University in place of Randolph 
Manning resigned, and served till 1846. During 



GEORGE MORELL was born in Len.ix, 
Berkshire County, Massachusetts, March 22, 1786. 
He was graduated Bachelor of Arts from Williams 
College in 1807 and took up the study of the law 
at Troy, New York. He was admitted to the liar 
in 1 8 10 and settled in Co'operstown, New York, 
where he became distinguished in his profession. 
He was twice appointed Judge of the county of 
Otsego ; but resigned that office on being appointed 
a United States Judge for the Territory of Michigan 
in 1832. He held this office till the State was 
admitted into the Union. He was then appointed 
Justice of the Supreme Court of the State and served 
from 1837 to 1842. On the resignation of Chief 
lustice Fletcher in April, 1S42, Justice Morell was 
appointed to the vacancy, and held the office for a 
little over a year. He died in Detroit, March 9, 

CHARLES W. WHIPPLE was bom in 

1S05. He was the son of Major John Whipple, of 
the United States Army, and was educated at W'est 
Point. He did not enter the army, but studied law 
and in 1829 began the practice of his profession in 
Detroit. He was Secretary of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1835. He was a member of the 
first State House of Representatives and was chosen 
Speaker. In 1838 he was appointed a Judge of the 
Supreme Court, and in 1848 Chief Justice. Under 
the Constitution of 1850 he was chosen one of the 
Circuit Judges of the State and of the Supreme 
Court. He died in office at Detroit, October 25, 
1855, after seventeen years of continuous service 
on the Bench. 



DANIEL GOODWIN was born at Geneva, 
New York, November 24, 1799. He was the son 
of Daniel Goodwin, and the seventh in descent 
from Ozias Goodwin, who settled at Hartford, 
Connecticut, in 1635. His mother, Lucretia Collins, 
was granddaughter of Timothy Collins, the first 
Pastor of Litchfield, Connecticut. The young 
Daniel entered Union College and was graduated 
Bachelor of .'\rts in 1819. He fitted himself for the 
legal profession and began practice in his native 
town. In 1825 he removed to Detroit, Michigan, 
the entire nine years of his service on the Board of and soon acquired a high standing at the Michigan 



/' 



UNIFERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



Bar. In 1S34 he became Uniteii States District 
Attorney for the Territory ami continued in this 
office for several years. In 1S43 he was appointed 
Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, but re- 
signed the ofifice in 1846. In 1851 he was elected 
Judge of the District comprising the Upper Penin- 
sula of Michigan and adjacent islands, and was 
continued in office by successive re-elections till 
1 88 1. He resided in Detroit many years, and died 
there August 25, 18S7. 



WARNER WING was born at Marietta, 
Ohio, in 1805, son of Kuoch and Mary (Oliver) 
Wing. Both parents were from New England. 
When a boy he removed to Detroit and resided in 
the family of his brother, Austin Eli Wing. He 
began his legal education in the office of William 
Woodbridge, and continued it in the Law School at 
Northampton, Massachusetts. He began the prac- 
tice of his profession in Monroe, Michigan. He 
was a Representative in the first State Legislature 
in 1837, and State Senator in 1838 and 1839. In 
1845 he was appointed Justice of the State Supreme 
Court to succeed Justice Felch, and held the office 
till 1852. Under the new Constitution he was 
chosen Judge of the Circuit Court and of the 
Supreme Court for a term of six years, but resigned 
the office in 1S56 in order to become General 
Counsellor of the Michigan Southern and Northern 
Indiana Railroad. He remained in this employ- 
ment until his death at Monroe, March 10, 1876. 



GEORGE MILES was born at Amsterdam, 
Montgomery County, New York, April 5, 1789. 
He was admitted to the Bar in 1822, and served 
as District Attorney of Allegany County for a time. 
In 1837 he removed to Ann Arbor, Michigan, 
where he continued the general practice of his 
profession until appointed Justice of the Supreme 
Court, to succeed Justice Goodwin, in 1846. He 
died in office, at .Ann Arbor, .August 25, 1850. 



SANFORD MOON GREEN was born at 
Grafton, New York, .May 30, 1807. He was 
educated in the common schools and under pri- 
vate teachers. In his early life he worked on 
a farm during the summer, and taught in the 
country districts in winter. Later he turned his at- 
tention to the study of the law, and began the 
practice of his profession at Brownville, New York. 



In 1837 he removed to Michigan and settled at 
Owosso. He was a State Senator in 1843, and 
again in 1846. In 1848 he was appointed Justice 
of the Supreme Court of the State for four years. 
LIndcr the new Constitution he was chosen Circuit 
Judge and Justice of the Supreme Court for six 
years from January i, 1852, but resigned the 
office in 1857. He returned to the Bench later 
and was for many years Circuit Judge for the Bay 
City District. He revised the statute laws of 
Michigan and published works on the practice of 
the Circuit Court and the Courts of Common Law 
in Micliigan. His last publication was a work en- 
titled. Crime : Its Nature, Causes, Treatment, and 
Prevention. He died at Bay City, Michigan, August 
13. 1901- 

ABNER PRATT was born at Springfield, 
Otsego County, New York, May 22, 1S04, the 
son of Abiier and .Mary (Cook) Pratt. He was 
self-educatecL He read law at Batavia, New York, 
and later took up the practice of his profession in 
Rochester, remaining in that city until 1839, when 
he removed to Marshall, Michigan. He was a State 
Senator in 1844 and 1S45, ^^'^ ^ Representative in 
the Legislature in T863. In 1850 he was appointed 
Justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan, for two 
years, to succeed Justice Miles. Lhider the new 
Constitution he was elected Circuit Judge and 
Justice of the Supreme Court for six years, but 
resigned the office in 1857, being Chief Justice 
at that time. In 1858 he was appointed United 
States Consul to Honolulu and served till 1862. 
He died at Marshall, Michigan, March 7, 1866. 



GEORGE MARTIN was born in Middle- 
bury, Vermont, in 181 5. He was graduated from 
Middlebury College in 1833. He then studied 
law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1S36. The 
same year he began the practice of his profession 
at Grand Rapids, Michigan. In 1851 he was ap- 
pointed Justice of the Supreme Court to fill the 
vacancy caused by the death of Justice Mundy, 
and thus became Regent of the University for 
a few months. Under the new Constitution he 
was elected Circuit Judge and Justice of the 
Supreme Court from 1852 to 1858. In 1857 he 
was elected Justice of the newly organized Supreme 
Court, and drew the two-year term; but in 1859 he 
was re-elected for the full term of eight years. He 
died in office, at Detroit, December 15, 1867. 



REGENTS Br APPOINTMENT 



171 



REGENTS BY APPOINTMENT OF GOVERNOR AND SENATE 



THOMAS FITZGERALD was bom at 
Germantovvn, New York, April 10, 1796. He was 
educated for the Bar and came to Michigan at 
an early day. He practised his profession at St. 
Joseph and later removed to Niles. He was ap- 
pointed a member of the first Board of Regents 
for two years, but resigned the oflfice June i, 
1837, a few days before the Board held its first 
meeting. He was a member of the State House 
of Representatives in 1839. In June, 1848, he 
was appointed United States Senator in place of 
Lewis Cass resigned, and served for a brief term, 
General Cass having been returned to the seat 
early in 1S49. He died at Niles, March 25, 
1855- 

ROBERT MCCLELLAND was born at 
Greencastle, Pennsylvania, August i, 1S07. He 
was graduated from Dickinson College in 1829. 
In 1S33 he removed to the Territory of Michigan 
and engaged in the practice of the law at Monroe. 
He was a member of the Constitutional Convention 
of 1835. In 1837 he was appointed a member of 
the first Board of Regents of the University for the 
term of four years, but resigned the following De- 
cember. He was a Representative in the Legisla- 
tures of 1838, 1840, and 1843, and during the last 
year was Speaker of the House. He represented 
Michigan in the Twenty-eighth Congress, and was 
re-elected to the Twenty-ninth and the Thirtieth 
Congresses. He was one of the few Democrats 
associated with David VVilmot in bringing forward 
the celebrated Wilmot Proviso. On leaving Con- 
gress in 1849 he returned to the practice of his pro- 
fession at Monroe. In April, 1850, he was again 
appointed Regent of the University, and served till 
January i, 1852. He was a member of the Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1850. At the first election 
under the new Constitution he was chosen Governor 
for one year, and was re-elected for two years in 
1852. He resigned the office in March, 1853, to 
accept a seat in President Pierce's Cabinet as Sec- 
retary of the Interior. At the close of that admin- 
istration he returned to Michigan and settled in 
Detroit. He represented Wayne County in the 
Constitutional Convention of 1867. He continued 
to reside in Detroit and died there August 30, 
1880. 



JOHN FREDENRICH PORTER was 
born at .Mbany, New Vork, March 17, 1806, of 
German parentage. He came to Michigan in 1835, 
and settled at St. Joseph where he developed a large 
commission and shipping business. About 1845 he 
removed to Niles. He was State Commissioner of 
Internal Improvements in 1846 and represented the 
State in the disposal of the Michigan Central Rail- 
road. From 1853 to the time of his death he was 
the New York City agent of the Michigan Southern 
Railroad. He was appointed Regent of the Univer- 
sity June 2, 1837, in place of Thomas Fitzgerald 
resigned, but after a brief term of service he in turn 
laid down the office. He died in Brooklyn, New 
York, November 16, 1866. A daughter, Mrs. 
M. \. Manchester, resides at Beloit, Wisconsin. 



MICHAEL HOFFMAN was born at Clifton 
Park, New York, in 1788. He studied law and 
was admitted to the Bar at Herkimer, New York. 
He was a Representative in Congress from his 
district from 1825 to 1833. In 1836 he was ap- 
pointed Register of the United States Land Office 
at Saginaw, Michigan. In 1837 he was appointed 
Regent of the University and drew the three-year 
term ; but he soon resigned the office and returned 
to Herkimer, New York. He afterwards served in 
the New York Legislature three terms, was a mem- 
ber of the State Constitutional Convention of New 
York in 1S46, and later was Naval Officer of New 
York City. He died in Brooklyn, New York, Sep- 
tember 27, 1848. 



LUCIUS LYON was born at Shelburne, Ver- 
mont, February 26, 1800, son of Asa and Sarah 
(.^twater) Lyon. He was educated in the common 
schools of his native town, and entered upon the 
study of engineering and surveying in the office of 
John Johnson, of Burlington, Vermont. In 1822 
he was appointed by the United States Surveyor- 
General one of his de]iuties for the district north- 
west of the Ohio River. He immediately removed 
to Detroit and continued in this office until 1832. 
He was a delegate to Congress from the Territory 
of Michigan, and a member of the first convention 
for framing the State Constitution. The first Legis- 
lature chose him to represent the new State in the 



172 



UNivERsrrr of Michigan 



National Senate, an honor due to liis character and 
to his general knowledge of the conditions anti 
necessities of the Northwest. He was appointed 
Regent of the University in March, 1837, and 
drew the two-year term. He was re-appointed for 
the full term, but resigned the office within a few 
weeks. In 1842 he was elected Representative to 
Congress. Upon the expiration of his term in 1845, 
he was appointed United States Surveyor-General for 
the States of Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana, and 
continued in that office up to the time of his death. 
He died at Detroit, September 24, 1851. 



JOHN NORVELL was born near Danville, 
Kentucky, December 21, 1789. He was the son 
of Lipscomb Norvell, a Virginian, who served as an 
officer in the Revolutionary War. The son, advised 
by Thomas Jefferson to learn a traiie, went to Balti- 
more and became a printer. At the same time he 
studied law and was soon admitted to the Bar. He 
became a journalist and politician, and after the close 
of the War of 181 2 became the editor of a Demo- 
cratic paper in Philadelphia, where he resided six- 
teen years. In May, 1832, he was appointed by 
President Jackson, Postmaster of Detroit, Michi- 
gan. He was a delegate from Wayne County to 
the Constitutional Convention of 1835. He was 
chosen one of the first United States Senators from 
the new State and served from 1S37 to 184 1. It 
was the wise management of Mr. Norvell, and Jiis 
colleague, Lucius Lyon, that secured to the State 
the LTpper Peninsula, with its vast mineral w'ealth, 
to compensate for a narrow strip of land on the 
southern boundary. He was appointed Regent of 
the University in 1837, and drew the one-year 
term. He was re-appointed for the full term of 
four years, but resigned the office in 1S39. .After 
the expiration of his term as Senator in 1841, he 
resumed the practice of the law in Detroit. He 
represented Wayne County in the State Legislature 
of 1843. In 1845 he was appointed L'nited States 
District .Attorney for Michigan and held that office 
until 1S49. He died at his home in Hamtramck, 
near Detroit, April 11, 1850. 



JOHN JOHNSTONE ADAM was born at 
Paisley, Scotland, October 30, 1807. He was grad- 
uated from the University of Glasgow in 1826, 
and emigrated the same year to the United States, 
settling at Tecumseh, Michigan. He immediately 



became identified with the history of liis adopteil 
country, and in 1835 was a member of the State 
Constitutional Convention. He was a member of 
the State House of Representatives in 1S39, in 
1847, and again in 1871-1872. Duriui; the years 
1S37 and 1838 he was Secretary of tlic Slate Senate, 
and was a State Senator in 1.S40 and in 1841. He 
was State Treasurer from 1842 to 1845 ; and Audi- 
tor-General of the State from 1845 to 1846, and 
again from 1S48 to 1850. In 1837 he was ap- 
jiointed a member of the first Board of Regents and 
drew the one-year term. He was re-appointed for 
the full term of four years, but resigned the office 
early in 1840. From 1844 to 1846, and from 1848 
to 1S51, he was Treasurer of the University. Dur- 
ing the period of his Regency he was nearly always 
present at the meetings of the Board and took an 
active part in the proceedings. He died at Tecum- 
seh, July 8, 1 888. 

SAMUEL DENTON was born at Wallkill, 
New York, July 2, 1803. He was graduated at 
Castleton Medical College, Vermont, in 1825, and 




SAMUEL DENTON 



shortly after removed to .^nn Arbor, Michigan. He 
occupied several positions of trust in his adopted 
State. He was appointed a member of the first 
Board of Recrents of the L^niversitv and drew the 



REGEN'JS BV APPOINTMENT 



173 



three-year term. From i<S45 to 1848 inclusive, he 
represented Washtenaw C'ounty in tlie State Senate, 
and (hning the last session was President pro 
ti-inpoi'f. He was Professijr of the Theory and 
I'ractice of Medicine and of Pathology in the Medi- 
cal Department of the University from its organiza- 
tion in 1S50 until his death. He died at Ann 
Arbor, August 17, 1S60. 



GIDEON OLIN WHITTEMORE was 

born at St. Albans, Vermont, Augu-.t 12, iSoo. 
He studied law, and was admitted to the Bar at an 
early age, entering upon the practice of his profes- 
sion at I'ontiac, Michigan. He held for a time the 
office of Judge of Probate for Oakland County. 
From 1S46 to 1S48 he was Secretary of State. 
Later in life he became interested in the lumber 
business, and removed to Tawas City. He died 
suddenly at the residence of his son, James O. 
Whittemore, in Tawas City, Michigan, June 30, 
1863. He was a member of the first Poard of 
Regents of the University and served from 1S37 to 
1S40. 



HENRY ROWE SCHOOLCRAFT was 

born at Albany, New V(.)rk, March 28, 1793. He 
was educated at Middlebury College, Vermont, and 
at Union College. He had a decided bent towards 
the study of Mineralogy and Geology and early 
began to examine the drift and rocks of his native 
county. In 181 7 he began the stu Iv of the Geog- 
raphy, Cleology, Mineralogy, and Fthnology of the 
Mississippi Valley, and in 1S19 published A View of 
the Lead-Mines of Missouri. In 1820 Mr. Calhoun, 
a member of President Monroe's Cabinet, offered 
him the position of Geologist and Mineralogist with 
an exploring expedition under General Cass to 
the sources of the Mississippi. He published an 
account of this expedition in 1821, giving the 
earliest scientific knowledge of the copper-mine 
region of Lake Superior. In 182 i he made further 
explorations along the rivers of Indiana and Illinois, 
made a study of the Galena deposits, and followed 
the Des Plaines to Chicago. Here, as Secretary for 
the Government, he conferred with the Indians con- 
cerning the cession of their lands. In 1825 he pub- 
lished an account of this exploration under the title. 
Travels in the Central Portions of the Mississippi 
Valley. In 1822 he was appointed by President 
Monroe .Agent for Indian .Affairs on the North- 



west l-'ronlier. In October, 1S23, he married Jane 
Johnston, whose fuher, an Irish gentleman of good 
standing and fortime, had married a daughter of 
Waboojeeg, a celebrated war sachem. 'I'he daughter, 
Jane, at nine years of age, had been sent to P^urope 
to be educated, and returned a beautiful and accom- 
plished lady. She was well versed in both the 
I'jiglish and .Algonquin languages and was of material 
service to him in dealing with Indian matters. 
From 1S28 to 1832 he was a member of the Terri- 
torial Legislature of Michigan, where he secured the 
passage of several laws respecting the treatment of 
the Indian tribes. In 1832 he made a second 
expedition to the sources of the Mississippi and 
discovered and named Lake Itasca. He published 
an account of this discovery in 1834. In 1836 he 
made an Indian treaty which secured sixteen million 
acres of land to the United States. In 1839 he 
published a collection of oral Indian legends under 
the title .Algic Researches; in 1844, Oneo.ta, Char- 
acteristics of the Red Race of .America, and in 1846 
Notes on the Irocjuois, authorized by the Legislature 
of New Vork. Besides these he was the author of 
many other works relating to the Northwest. In 
1847 an appropriation was made by Congress 
authorizing the Secretary of U'ar to collect the sta- 
tistics of all the Indian tribes within the Union, 
together with materials to illustrate their history, 
condition, and prospects. Mr. Schoolcraft was 
selected to conduct this inquiry in connection with 
the Indian Bureau. He began to publish his results 
in 1 85 1 under the title Historical Information Re- 
specting the Condition and Prospects of the Indian 
Tribes of the United States, and the work when 
finished contained six brge volumes (1851-1855). 
He was chosen a member of the various American 
Philosophical, Geological, and Antiquarian societies ; 
also of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 
the Royal Society of Northern .Antiquaries of Copen- 
hagen, and the Ethnological Society of Paris. In 
1S46 the University of Geneva conferred on him the 
degree of Doctor of Laws. His first wife having 
died in 1S42, in 1847 he married Mary Howard, of 
Beaufort. South Carolina, who was of great assistance 
to him in revising and copying his writings for the 
press. He died in Washington, December 10, 
1864. He was appointed to the first Board ot 
Regents of the University in 1837, and served the 
full term of four years. He attended the meetings 
of the Board with much regularity, took a prominent 
part in its deliberations, and had great influence in 
shaping the early policy of the University. 



174 



UNIVERS1T7' OF MICHIGAN 



ROSS WILKINS was born at Pittsburgh, 
Pennsylvania, in 1799. He studied law, and was 
admitted to the Bar at the age of twenty-one. In 
1832 President Jackson appointed him Justice of 
the Territorial Supreme Court of Michigan. He 
was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 
1S35. When the State was admitted to the Union 
in 1837, he became United States District Judge ; 
and when the State was divided into two judicial 
districts, he became Judge of the Eastern District. 
He held this office until he retired voluntarily in 
1870. He died at Detroit in 1S72. He was ap- 
pointed a member of the first Board of Regents of 
the University and drew the one-year term ; and in 
1838 he was re-appointed for the full term of four 
years. 

ISAAC EDWIN CRARY was born at Pres- 
ton, Connecticut, October 2, 1S04, son of Elisha 
and Nabbey (Avery) Crary. He was educated at 
Bacon Academy, Colchester, and at Trinity College, 
Hartford, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts at 
the latter institution in 1827. For two years he was 
associated in the editorial work of " The New Eng- 
land Review" with George I). Prentice, subsequently 
the well-known editor of Louisville, Kentucky. He 
studied law, and ui 1833 removed to Michigan, set- 
tling at Marshall. He was delegate to Congress 
from the Territory of Michigan from 1835 to 1837, 
and was the first Representative of the State in 
Congress, 183 7-1 841. He was a member of the 
State Legislature from 1842 to 1S46 and was 
Speaker of the House during his last term. He 
was a member of the Convention that drafted 
the first Constitution of the State. In this Conven- 
tion he was Chairman of tiie Committee on Educa- 
tion, and drafted the Article on that subject. He 
had made a study of Cousin's Report on the Prussian 
System of Education, and under the influence of 
that study sketched in the Article a most compre- 
hensive plan. It provided for the appointment of a 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, an officer 
then unknown to any of the states ; for a library for 
each township ; for a University ; and, in general, 
for the promotion by the Legislature of intellectual, 
scientific, and agricultural improvement. Through 
Mr. Crary's influence the Reverend John D. Pierce 
was appointed the first Superintendent of Public 
Instruction for the State. (See page 16.) Gov- 
ernor Mason appointed him a member of the first 
Board of Regents of the University. He drew the 
two-year term and was re-appoint<^d in 1839. and 



again in 1843, each time for four years. He re- 
signed the office early in 1S44. He was a member 
of the .State Board of Education from March, 1850, 
to the time of his death, which occurred at Mar- 
shall, May 8, 1S54. 



ZINA PITCHER was born in Washington 
County, New York, .'\pril 10, 1797, son of Na- 
thaniel and Margaret (Stevenson) Pitcher. He 
received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from 
Middlebury College in 1822. Immediately after 
graduation he was appointed Assistant-Surgeon in 
the United States Army, and in 1830 was pro- 
moted to the rank of Surgeon. While occupying 
this position he was stationed upon the Great Lakes, 
and also in the Arkansas Valley, among the Choc- 
taw, Creek, and Cherokee Indians. He was de- 
tailed to Fortress Monroe, and was made President 
of the Army Medical Board in 1835. In 1824 he 
married Anna Sheldon, of Kalamazoo County, and 
thereafter was more or less identified with Michigan. 
He was appointed a member of the first Board of 
Regents, and held the office by successive re- 
appointments till 1 85 2. For his part in the es- 
tablishment of the Department of Medicine and 
Surgery, see page 91. He was Mayor of Detroit in 
1840, 1 84 1, and 1843, ^"fi '" 'his relation was able 
to secure the enactment of the law authorizing the 
establishment of the public school system of the 
city of Detroit. He was a regular contributor to the 
various medical journals, and for many years was 
editor of " The Peninsular Journal of Medicine." 
.At the close of his long period of service as Regent 
of the University, he was honored with the appoint- 
ment of Emeritus Professor of the Institutes of 
Medicine and Obstetrics in the Department of 
Medicine and Surgery. He died at Detroit, April 
5, 1872. (For portrait, see p. 31.) 



SEBA MURPHY was born at Scituate, Rhode 
Island, July 25, 1788. After receiving a common 
school education he decided to enter upon a busi- 
ness career. When quite young he was connected 
with the large mercantile house of De Graff, Walton, 
and Company, of Schenectady, New York. In 
1835 he removed to Monroe, Michigan, where he 
soon became piominent in local affairs and filled 
both town and county offices. He served in turn 
as County Commissioner, Register of Deeds, and 
County Treasurer. On the resignation of Regent 



REGENTS Br ./PPOINTMENT 



^75 



McClelland, December i, 1.S37, he was appointed 
to the vacancy and served till July 1, i S39, when 
he resigned the office. He was a member of the 
State Senate in 1840 and in 1S41. He died at 
Monroe, November 16, 1856. 



GURDON C. LEECH was born at West 
Bloomfield, New York, February 8, 181 1. He re- 
ceived a common school education, and turned his 
energies to mercantile pursuits. He started in 
business at Palmyra, New York ; but after a few 
years emigrated to the West. In 1830 he settled at 
Utica, Michigan, where he engaged in the milling 
and dry-goods business. He became a prominent 
citizen of the place and was elected to various local 
offices. In March, 1838, he was appointed Regent 
of the University in place of Michael Hoffinan re- 
signed, and served out the remainder of the term, 
retiring in 1840. In 1S41 he represented his dis- 
trict in the Lower House of the State Legislature. 
He died at Utica, May 10, 1841. 



JONATHAN KEARSLEY was born in Vir- 
ginia in 17S6, and was graduated from Washington 
College in 181 1. In 181 2 he was appointed, by 
President Madison, First Lieutenant of the Second 
Artillery Corps. He was promoted in turn to the 
rank of Captain, Major, and Assistant Adjutant- 
Ceneral. He was engaged in the battles of Stony 
Creek and Chrysler's Field, and lost a leg in the 
sortie from Fort Erie. In 1817 he was appointed 
Collector of Revenue Taxes in Virginia, and in 18 19 
was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys for the 
District of Michigan. He now removed to Detroit 
and continued in the public service there for nearly 
his entire remaining life. In March, 1838, he was 
appointed Regent of the University in place of 
John F. Porter resigned, and continued to hold the 
office under successive re-appointments till January 
I, 1852. He was Chairman of the Committee on 
Buildings for many years, and superintended the 
construction of the North and South Wings of 
University Hall and of the original Medical Build- 
ing. The solid walls of these structures still attest 
his honesty and fidelity. He died at Detroit, 
August 31, 1859. 

JOSEPH W. BROWN was born in Bucks 
County, Pennsylvania, November 26, 1793. He 
was of Quaker descent. In 1824 he removed to 



Michigan, and organized the company of Brown, 
Evans, and Wing. The company bought the village 
site of Tecumseh, and in 1826 erected at that place 
the first saw-mill and the first grist-mill in the county. 
He was also interested in the staging route between 
Detroit and Chicago. He was the first Judge of 
Lenawee County, in 1826; Colonel of the Eighth 
Regiment Michigan Militia, in 1829; Commander 
of Michigan troops in the Toledo War ; and Register 
of the Land Office at Ionia in 1836. July i, 1839, 
he was appointed Regent of the University in place 
of Seba Murphy resigned, but he in turn laid down 
the office within a few months. He appears to have 
attended but a single meeting of the Board. He 
dieil at Tecumseh, Michigan, December 9, 1880. 



CHARLES CHRISTOPHER TROW- 
BRIDGE was born at Albany, New York, Decem- 
ber 29, I Soo, son of Luther antl Elizabeth ( Tillman) 
Trowbridge. He was of New England ancestry. 
He came to the Territory of Michigan in 181 9 and 
early became associated with General Lewis Cass, 
whom he served in various relations, especially in 
negotiating treaties with the Indians. From 1825 
to 1835 he was Cashier of the Bank of Michigan 
and later its President. He was the Whig candi- 
date for Governor of the State in 1837, but was de- 
feated by a narrow margin at the polls. In June, 
1837, he was appointed Treasurer of the University, 
but declined the office. July i, 1839, he was ap- 
pointed Regent, in place of John Norvell resigned, 
and served till the close of the term in February, 
1842. From 1844 to 1853 he was President of the 
Michigan State Bank. In 1853 he became the Sec- 
retary, Treasurer, and Resident Director of the 
Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad Company, and was 
President of this Company from 1863 to 1875. In 
1826 he was married to Catharine Whipple Sibley, 
daughter of Solomon Sibley, a Justice of the Supreme 
Court of the Territory. He died in Detroit, April 
3, 1883, where he had been a prominent figure for 
more than sixty years. 



GEORGE DUFFIELD was born at Strasburg, 
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, July 4, 1794, son 
of George and Faithful (Schleiermacher) Duffield. 
His father was a merchant, an elder in the Presby- 
terian Church, and his grandfather, of the same 
name, a graduate of Princeton College in 1752. He 
entered the University of Pennsylvania and was 



1-6 



UNlJERSirr OF MICIIIGJN 



graduated Bachelor of Arts in tSii. I'he degree 
of Master of Arts followed in 1S15. He proceeded 
from the University to the Theological Seminary of 
New York City, where he studied for three years, 
and in iiSi5 was licensed to preach by the Presby- 
tery of Philadelphia. The following December he 
accepted a call to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and served 
the Presbyterian Church there for nineteen years. 
He was then pastor of the Fifth Presbyterian Church 
of Philadelphia for two years, resigning this charge 
to accept one at the Broadway Tabernacle of New 
York City. In 1838 he removed to Detroit at the 
invitation of the First Presbyterian Society, and was 
pastor of that church until his death in 1868. He 
was appointed Regent of the University of Michigan 
July I, 1839, in place of Lucius Lyon resigned, 
and served out the term, retiring in February, 1S43. 
March 12, 1844, he was appointed Regent for the 
full term of four years. He was the first clergyman 
to sit in the Board. His high idealism, his wide 
culture, and his enthusiasm for the cause of higher 
education, all rendered him an especially influential 
and valued member of the Board at this formative 
period of the University. He published the follow- 
ing : . Regeneration, Claims of Episcopal Bishops 
Kxarained, Travels in the Holy Land, and numerous 
discourses and addresses. In 1841 he received the 
degree of Doctor of Divinity from the LTniversity of 
Pennsylvania. He died at Detroit, June 26, 186S, 
being struck with glottal paralysis while addressing a 
Convention of the Young Men's Christian .Associa- 
tion in that city. His wife was Isabella Graham 
Bethune, of New York City, and there were thirteen 
children. Only six of these reached adult years, of 
whom three are still living : William Ward, of Wash- 
ington ; Samuel Pearce ( .A. B. 1854, A. M. 1857, 
Ph.D. [Giessen] 185S, M. D. [Detroit] 1S71), of 
Dearborn, Michigan; and Henry Martyn (A. I1. 
[Williams] 1861), of Detroit. George (Regent, 
1877-1886), D. Bethune, and Isabella Graham 
(Mrs. Morse Stewart) have been deceased for some 
years. 

MICHAEL A. PATTERSON was born at 
Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1805. He studied medicine 
and settled as a physician at Tecumseh, Michigan, 
early in the history of the Territory. He took an 
active part in the organization of the University 
Branch at that place and gave it careful oversight 
while it existed. February 4, 1840, he was ap- 
pointed Regent of the University in place of John 
J. Adam resigned, and served till the ex])iration of 



the term, February 1842. Under the Constitution 
of 1850 he was elected Regent from the Tecumseh 
District and served the full term of six years from 
January i, 1852 to 1858. He retired from profes- 
sional life in 1875, and removed to Henrico County, 
Virginia, where he died, April 17, 1877. 



WILLIAM DRAPER was born at Marlboro, 
Massachusetts, February 12, 1780. He was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Arts from Harvard College in 1803 
He chose the profession of the law and practised at 
Marlboro until 1833. He then removed to Pontiac, 
Michigan, where he continued in the practice of his 
profession until his death. He was appointed Re- 
gent of the University February 4, 1840, and served 
the full term of four years. He died while on a visit 
to Fort .Alackinac, in July, 1858. A grandson, 
Charles Stuart Draper, was also a Regent of the 
Universit\'. 



DANIEL HUDSON, a retired physician of 
Marshall, Michigan, was appointed Regent of tiie 
University, February 20, 1840, to succeed Joseph 
\\'. ISrown resigned, lie died at Marshall shortly 
after the expiration of his term in 1841. 



FRANCIS JOHN HIGGINSON was born 
in Massachusetts about the year 1804. He was 
gratluated Bachelor of Arts from Harvard C'oUege in 
1825, and Doctor of Medicine from the Harvard 
Medical School in 1828. h\ 1835 he removed to 
Grand Rapids, Michigan, at that time a mere frontier 
settlement with a sparse population largely made up 
of Indians. After practising his jirofession in this 
wilderness for a few years he finally wearied of fron- 
tier life and returned to Massachusetts. He died 
at Boston in 1S72. February 20, 1840, he was ap- 
pointed Regent of the L'niversity for the full term, 
but resigned the otifice early in the following year. 



SAMUEL WILLIAM DEXTER was born 
in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1792, son of the lawyer 
and statesman, Samuel Dexter. He was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts from Harvard College in 181 2, 
and settled at Athens, New York. From there he 
removed to Michigan in 1S24, settling in the vicinity 
of the present village of Dexter. In 1829 lie es- 
tablished at Ann Arbor "The ICmigrant," the first 
newspaper jniblished in Washtenaw County. He 
was appointed Justice of the County Court by Gen- 



REGENTS Hr APPOINTMENT 



•77 



eral Lewis Cass, and held the first court fi^r the 
county of Washtenaw at the house of Erastus Priest, 
in Ann Arbor, on the third Monday of January, 
1.S27. He laid out Saginaw City in the year 1825 ; 
and also Byron, Shiawassee County ; in the same 
year he located lands in the vicinity of Tecumseh. 
February 20, 1840, he was appointed Regent of the 
University for the full term, but resigned after a sin- 
gle year's service. He died at Dexter, February 6, 
1863. 

OLIVER CROMWELL COMSTOCK 

was born at Warwick, Khode Island, March i, 
I 78 1. He studied medicine, and practised his pro- 
fession at Trumansburg, New York, for some years. 
He was a Representative from New York in the 
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Congresses 
(1813-1 Sig ). In 1820 he was ordained to the 
ministry of the Baptist church, and was settled as 
pastor of the First Baptist Church in the city of 
Rochester for several years. In 1834 he was ap- 
pointed Chaplain to the United States House of 
Re])resentatives. Later he removed to Michigan 
and settled at Detroit as pastor of the First Baptist 
Church. In March, 1841, he was appointed Regent 
of the University in place of Samuel W. Dexter re- 
signed. Two years later he in turn resigned the 
office to accept the State Superintendency of Public 
Instruction, and occupied that position from 1843 
to 1845. He died at Marshall, Michigan, January 
TI, i860. 

MARTIN KUNDIGwas born November 19, 
1805, at Schwyz, in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzer- 
land. He made his classical studies and part of his 
theological course at the colleges in Rinsiedeln and 
Lucerne. In 1827 he went to Rome to continue 
his studies. There he was found by Bishop Fen- 
wick, of Cincinnati, in 1828, and was immediately 
engaged by him for his American missions. On his 
arrival in this country he completed his studies at 
Bardstown, Kentucky, and was ordained to the 
priesthood February 2, 1829. He was at once ap- 
pointed rector of St. Peter's, Cincinnati, and the 
following year was placed over the missions in 
Wayne County, Ohio. Late in 1833 he came to 
Detroit, having been assigned to St. Anne's Church, 
at that time the only Catholic church in the place. 
He was pastor of St. Anne's for several years 
and during that time built St. Mary's and Holy 
Trinity churches. During the frightful cholera 
epidemic of 1834 he labored most heroically, and 



converted one of the churches into a temporary 
hospital. March 18, 1841, he was appointed Re- 
gent of the University and proved a very punctual 
and efficient member of the 15oard till his removal 
to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the summer of 1842. 
There is no record of his resignation, and no suc- 
cessor was appointed till the close of the term in 
1845. On his removal to Milwaukee in 1842 he 
became rector of St. Peter's, then the only Catholic 
church in the city ; and two years later he was 
made Vicar Cmeral of the diocese, an office that 
In- retaiiu-d u|) to the time of his death. For 
many years he was a kind of wandering missionary 
over a wide range of country in the Northwest, 
where he established many parishes and churches 
all over the land. He died at Milwaukee, March 6, 
1879. 



JOHN OWEN was born near Toronto, Canada, 
March 20, i8oy. He came to Detroit with his 
widowed mother in 181 8. Karly thrown upon his 
own resources, he showed such energy, fidelity, and 
strength of character, that at the age of twelve he 
was admitted into the employ of Dr. Marshall 
Cha])i]), a well-known physician and druggist of the 
city. He acted as druggist's clerk until the autumn 
of 1829, when he was admitted as a partner in th.e 
business. He continued in this relation until the 
death of Dr. Chapin nine years later, when he be- 
came sole proprietor. By steady application to 
business he was enabled to retire with a competence 
in 1853. March 18, 1841, he was appointed Re- 
gent of the University in place of Francis J. Higgin- 
son resigned, and at the expiration of the term, in 
1844, was re-appointed for the full terra of four 
years. From 1861 to 1867 he was State Treasurer. 
He was a man of large affairs and generous im- 
pulses. He died at Detroit, March 31, 1892. 



GEORGE GOODMAN was born in Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania, September 29, 1793. He 
settled at Niles, Michigan, in 1836. He kept a 
bookstore there, and was for many years agent of 
the .'Vmerican Express Company. During the ad- 
ministration of President Fillmore he was Post- 
master of the place. Ajiril 5, 1841, he was 
appointed Regent of the University for the full 
term of four years, but after two years' service 
resigned the office. He died at Niles, April 10, 
1862. 



178 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



ANDREW MASON FITCH was born at 
Cherry Valley, Otsego County, New York, March 15, 
1815, son of Gurdon and Hannah (Peck) Fitch. 
He was fifth in descent from the Rev. James Fitch, 
who was born at Bocking, Essex County, England, in 
1622, and who came to Connecticut about 1638. 
His grandfather, Andrew Fitch, was Captain of the 
Fourth Connecticut Infantry in the War of the Rev- 
olution. His parents removed to Cleveland, Ohio, 
in 1826. He there received a common school edu- 
cation, after which he entered Norwalk Seminary in 
1834. He was ordained a Deacon in the Methodist 
Episcopal Church in 1838 and an Elder in 1840. 
He held pastorates at Lima and Toledo, Ohio ; and 
was then called to Michigan, where he was pastor of 
churches at Monroe, Adrian, Detroit, Jackson, Ann 
Arbor, and Grand Rapids, and Presiding Elder of 
the Marshall District. February 16, 1842, he was 
appointed Regent of the University and served the 
full term of four years. From 1851 to 1856 he was 
Financial Secretary of the Western Seamen's Friends 
Society, and from 1856 to 1861 was United States 
Indian Agent for Michigan. For many years he was 
a Trustee of the Wesleyan Seminary and of its suc- 
cessor, Albion College. He served for a time on 
the School Board of Albion. He was married in 
1 84 1 to Cornelia Chittenden, of Adrian, who died in 
1858, leaving three children : William Mason, Emma 
Chittenden (Mrs. Sackett), and Cornelia Abby. 
In 1862 he was married to Susan C. Searles, uf 
Newark, New Jersey. He died at his home in 
Albion, Michigan, January 8, 18S7. 



ELISHA CRANE was born at Bethel, Ver- 
mont, November 2, iSoo. He entered the minis- 
try of the Methodist Episcopal Church and removed 
to Detroit in 1834, where he preached two years. 
He was afterwards pastor in succession of the 
churches in Marshall, Ann Arbor, Monroe, and 
Ypsilanti. He was Presiding Elder of the Detroit 
district for a time, and later was pastor in succession 
of the churches at Coldwater, Constantine, and 
Litchfield. He was active in establishing Albion 
College, and was for many years President of its 
Board of Trustees. He was a member of the Board 
of Regents of the University of Michigan from 1842 
to 1S46. He died at Litchfield, Michigan, April 22, 



Middlebury College and was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts in 1834. He studied at the Yale Law School, 
and was admitted to the Bar in 1836. He immedi- 
ately removed to Romeo, Michigan, and practised his 
profession there for twenty years. He was a member 
of the State House of Representatives in 1840, 1844, 
and 1846, and State Senator in 1841 and 1842. 
March 8, 1843, he was appointed Regent of the 
University in place of George Goodman resigned, 
but after one year's service he in turn laid down the 
office. He was a delegate to the Constitutional 
Convention of 1850. In 1857 he laid out the vil- 
lage of Capac, St. Clair County, to which he re- 
moved. Here he passed many years of prosperity 
and influence, and here he died August 17, 1904. 
During his residence at Capac he served four years 
as Probate Judge of the county. 



MARVIN ALLEN was born at Fabius, New 
York, November 4, 1800, son of Peter and Rowena 
(Pierce) Allen. His early life was spent on a farm. 




DEWITT CLINTON WALKER was 

born at Clarendon, Vermont, in 181 2. He entered 



MARVIN ALLEN 

He studied at Hamilton College, New York, and 
was graduated from the Theological Department in 
1826. After holding pastorates in the Baptist 
churches at Williamson, Manchester, and Canandai- 
gua. New York, he came to Michigan in 1837 and 
was settled as pastor over the Baptist Church at 



REGENTS BT APPOINTMENT 



'79 



Adrian. In 1843 he accepted a call to the Baptist 
Church in Ann Arbor, where he remained three 
years. In 1S46 the State Baptist Convention ap- 
pointed him general missionary to the churches of 
the State, and he spent the next four years travelling 
over the State, forming new churches and encourag- 
ing the feeble ones. In 1850 lie took up his resi- 
dence in Detroit, where he conducted a bookstore 
and published "The Michigan Christian Herald." 
He was appointed Regent of the University, March g, 
1843, and was continued in office by successive re- 
appointments till January i, 1852. He was an un- 
usually punctual and active member of the Board. 
He died at Detroit, June 13, 1861. September 12, 
1826, he was married to Julia Ann Green, of 
Auburn, New York, and they had four children : 
Ann Maria (Mrs. Stone), Jane Eliza (Mrs. Marsh), 
Mary Lavinia (Mrs. Caleb Ives), and Marvin 
Augustus. 

LEWIS CASS was born at Exeter, New 
Hampshire, October 9, 1782. Having received a 
classical education at Exeter Academy, he began 
his active life as a teacher. Reports of a growing 
West attracted the young man ; and when nineteen 
years of age, he left New England, crossed the 
Alleghanies on foot, and settled at Marietta, Ohio. 
Here he began the study of the law, and was ad- 
mitted to the Bar in 1S02. In 1806 he was elected 
to the Ohio State Senate and served in that body 
from 1807 to 1812. From 1807 to 181 2 he also 
served as United States Marshal for Ohio. On the 
breaking out of the War of 1 8 1 2 he was placed at 
the head of the Third Volunteer Regiment of Ohio. 
He marched to the frontier and did efficient service 
in recapturing Detroit. Later he was appointed 
Governor of the Territory of Michigan and moved to 
Detroit. While holding this office he showed him- 
self exceptionally well fitted to deal with the Indi- 
ans and negotiated twenty-one treaties with them. 
He was instrumental in organizing a canoe expedi- 
tion to explore the region around Lake Superior. 
Mr. Cass began a wider political career in 1831 
when he was made Secretary of War by President 
Jackson. In 1836 he received the appointment of 
Minister to France. During his absence he trav- 
elled extensively, visiting most of the European 
countries and Palestine. He returned to America 
in 1842. In 1845 ^^^ fif"^ him in the United States 
Senate from Michigan ; but he resigned his seat in 
1848 upon becoming a candidate for the Presi- 
dency. Failing to be elected, he was returned to 



the Senate the following year and retained his seat 
until 1857. He then became Secretary of State in 
the Cabinet of President Buchanan ; but strained 
relations between him and the President, due to 
their differing attitudes towards the Southern States, 
impelled him to resign his office in December, i860. 
This practically ended his political career. He re- 
turned to Detroit much enfeebled in health and 
died June 17, 1866. April i, 1843, he accepted 
an appointment as Regent of the University of 
Michigan to succeed Oliver C. Comstock resigned, 
and served out the term, retiring in 1844. He was 
regular in his attendance on the meetings of the 
Board and gave the weight of his counsels and of 
his great name to the cause of the new and strug- 
gling University. 



ROBERT RANSOM KELLOGG was born 

at Hudson, New Vuik, May 18, 1S13. He received 
the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the University 
of the City of New York in 1 835. He was ordained 
to preach in 1838, his first charge being in Brook- 
lyn, New York. In 1840 he removed to Michigan 
and was for some years pastor of the Presbyterian 
Church in Romeo. March 11, 1844, he was ap- 
pointed Regent of the University in place of DeWitt 
C. Walker resigned, and served out the term, re- 
tiring in 1845. During the years 1848- 185 2 he was 
pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church in Detroit, 
and from 1853 to 1855 he was Secretary of the 
American and Foreign Christian Union. From 
1 86 1 to J 866 he was a pastor at Milford, Pennsyl- 
vania, and died there September 25, 1866. 



ALEXANDER HEMAN REDFIELD 

was born at Manchester, New York, October 5, 
1805. He studied three years at Hamilton College, 
but spent his fourth year at Union College, where 
he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1829. 
He read law with General James Lawrence of Onon- 
daga County, New York, and was admitted to prac- 
tice in the Supreme Court of New York in 1830. 
In 1 83 1 he removed to Cass County, Michigan, 
and engaged in the practice of his profession. He 
helped found the city of Cassopolis, and in 1837 
was its first Postmaster. He was State Senator from 
1848 to 1850, and again from 1857 to 1859. He 
was appointed Regent of the University March 11, 
1844, to succeed Isaac E.Crary resigned, and held the 
office by successive re-appointments until January i, 
1852. He died at Cassopolis, November 24, 1S69. 



i8o 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN- 



MINOT THAYER LANE was born in 
Marlboro, New Hampshire, March 12, 1807. He 
came to Michigan in 1831 and settled near Romeo. 
He was a member of the Lower House of the State 
Legislature in 1S38, and again in 1S4S. He re- 
moved to Detroit in 1 S4S and became active in the 
politics of the city. From 1S61 to 1865 he was 
Justice of the Police Court of Detroit. INLarch i 7, 
1845, he was appointed Regent of the University 
and served the full term of four years. He died at 
Detroit, February 23, 1875. 



in Kalama/.oo, where he died February i, 1S55. 
March 16, 1846, he was appointed Regent of the 
University and served the full term of four years. 



AUSTIN ELI WING was bo.n at Conway, 
Massachusetts, February 3, 1792, son of P2noch and 
Mary (Oliver) Wing. When a mere lad he accom- 
panied his parents to l\Larietta, Ohio. He was pre- 
pared for college at Chillicothe and at Athens 
Academy. He entered Williams College in 1810, 
and was graduated Bachelor of .Arts in 1S14. He 
returned to Marietta immediately and entered the 
law ofifice of the Honorable William Woodbridge, 
then one of the most prominent and influential law- 
yers of the West. On the advice of General Cass 
and Mr. Woodbridge, he accompanied them to De- 
troit, where he entered the law office of the latter 
and soon rose to distinction in his profession. He 
represented the Territory of Michigan in Congress 
from 1825 to 1829, and again from 1831 to 1833. 
He served one term as United States Marshal for 
Michigan. He represented Monroe County in the 
Legislature of 1842. March 17, 1845, he was ap- 
pointed Regent of the University for four years, and 
was re-appointed in 1849, but did not live to serve 
out the second term. He died at Cleveland, Ohio, 
August 25, 1849. He married Harriet, daughter of 
Benjamin Skinner, of Williamstown, Massachusetts, 
and they had six children, of whom the last survivor, 
Mrs. Charles T. Mitchell, of Hillsdale, Michigan, 
died May 7, 1906. 



CHARLES COFFIN TAYLOR was born 
at Rowley, Massachusetts, February 16, 1805. He 
was graduated Bachelor of Arts from Bowdoin Col- 
lege in 1833. He studied theology and was or- 
dained to the Episcopal ministry in 1S38. He 
removed to Michigan, and during the years 1844- 
1850 and 1852-1853, was rector of St. Andrew's 
Church in Ann Arbor. He was President of St. 
Mark's College, in Grand Rapids, in 1850-185 1. 
Afterwards he became rector of St. Lukc-'s Church 



ELIJAH HOLMES PILCHER was born 
at .Athens, Ohio, in 1810. He early entered the 
ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church and 
in 1830 removed to Michigan and was assigned 
to the Ann Arbor Circuit. He rode live years 
upon circuits in southern Michigan at a time when 
there were no bridges spanning the streams, and 
no roads except the Indian trails, and when the 
paths were rnarked by blazing the trees. He was 
promoted to be Presiding P21der of the Marshall dis- 
trict, and subsequently presided over several Michi- 
gan districts. He built up many congregations, 
dedicated their meeting houses, and lived to dedi- 
cate beautiful church edifices which in time super- 
seded the old ones. He found time to do many 
things outside the pulpit. While stationed at Ann 
Arbor he studied medicine and received the degree 
of Doctor of Medicine from the University in 1859. 
In 1 860-1 86 1 he attended lectures in the Law 
Department of the University, and shortly after was 
admitted to the Bar of the LTnited States Court. 
The public school systems of several places were 
largely due to his efforts. He was appointed Re- 
gent of the University in 1846, and was re-appointed 
in 1850, serving till January i, 1852. He was an 
early advocate in the Board of the policy of dis- 
continuing appropriations to the various Branches 
and centralizing all the funds on the support of 
the University proper. He was one of the first 
to agitate the establishment of the State .Agricul- 
tural College, and was a fountler of the Wesleyan 
Seminary out of which grew Albion College. In 

1878 he published Protestantism in Michigan. In 

1879 his right side was palsied, but he recovered 
sufficiently to prepare with his left hand The Three- 
quarter Centenary of Methodism in Detroit, which 
he left in manuscript. He died April 7, 1889, at 
the home of his son in Brooklyn, New York. In 
1S48 Ohio Wesleyan University conferred upon him 
the honorary degree of Master of .Arts and in 1865 
the degree of Doctor of Divinity. 



JOHN GUEST ATTERBURY was born 
in liialtimore, Maryland, February 7, 181 1, son of 
Louis and Katherine (Boudinot) Atterbury. His 
paternal ancestors were English ; on the mother's 
side he was descended from a French Huguenot 



REGENTS Ur APPOINTMENT 



i8l 



family. After a preparatory training in the public 
schools of Newark, Xew Jersey, he entered Yale 
College, and was grailuated Bachelor of Arts in 
I S3 1. In 1S43 he also received the degree of 
Master of Arts from Yale. He studied law and 
was admitted to the Bar in New \ork City, and 
began to practise his profession there ; but he 
soon removed to Detroit, Michigan, where he re- 
linquished the practice of law to enter the Christian 
ministry. He was called to the pastorate of the 
Presbyterian church of Flint, Michigan, and held the 
position for six years, when, owing to failing health, 
he sought a change of climate and removed to New 
Albany, Indiana. Here he remained as pastor of 
the Second Presbyterian church till a further failure 
of health made it necessary for him to give up this 
charge. After a season of rest he was appointed 
Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Education, 
with residence in New \ork. He held this posi- 
tion until the reunion of the old and new schools 
in 1870. Returning to Detroit he organized the 
Calvary Church and acted as its pastor for three 
years. February 14, 1848, he was appointed Re- 
gent of the University and served till January i, 1852. 
In 1863 Marietta College conferred upon him the 
degree of Doctor of Divinity. He was married 
September i, 1S40, to Catherine Jones Larned, 
and there are five surviving children : Charles, of 
New York ; Henry, of St. Louis ; Allen, of Detroit ; 
William Wallace, of Philadelphia ; and Mrs. Katha- 
rine Conner, of Rye, New York. He died in Detroit, 
August 24, 1887. 



JUSTUS GOODWIN was born at West- 
moreland, New York, April 3, 1 796. He was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts from Hamilton College 
in 1824. He was a member of the Bar in New 
York and in Pennsylvania before coming to Michi- 
gan. He was the first Postmaster of Union City, 
Michigan, and also practised his profession for sev- 
eral years at that place. He was a member of the 
State Legislature in 1837, 1842, 1S43, and 1847, 
and was Warden of the State Penitentiary in 1849- 
1850. From 1848 to 1852 he was a Regent of the 
University. He died at Uvalde, Texas, Septem- 
ber 6, 1858. 



(Hawkins) \Vitherell. His father, born at Mans- 
field, Massachusetts, in 1759, served as a soldier 
throughout the Revolutionary War, and settled at 
Fair Haven about 1789. There he obtained con- 
siderable prominence and was a Representative 
from Vermont in the Tenth Congress. He resigned 
this office in 1808, having been appointed Territorial 
Judge of Michigan, and removed to Detroit. The 
son studied law in the office of William Woodbridge 
in Detroit and was admitted to the Bar in 1819. 
From 1S30 to 1840 he was Prosecuting .Attorney 
of Wayne County, Michigan. He was a State 
Senator in 1841 and in 1842. From 1843 to 
1851 he was a District Judge of the Criminal Court. 
He was appointed Regent of the University in Feb- 
ruary, 1848, and served till January i, 1852. He 
was a member of the State Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1850. In 1857 he was chosen Circuit Judge 
of the Detroit district, and continued on the bench 
till his death, which occurred at Detmit, June 26, 
1867. In 1824 he was married to Mary .\. 
Sprague, of Poultney, Vermont, who died in 1832, 
leaving him four children: Martha E., James 1!., 
Harriet C. M., and Julia A. His second wife was 
Delia A. Ingersoll, whom he married in 1837, and 
who died in 1847, leaving a son, Charles Ingersoll. 
In 1848 he was married to Cassandra Brady, 
daughter of General Hugh Brady. 



EDWIN M. GUST, an Englishman by birth, 
settled near Hamburg, Livingston County, Michi- 
gan, in the early history of the State. He was a 
State Senator for four sessions, 1842-1845, and 
was President pro tempore for the session of 1844. 
February 2, 1849, he was appointed Regent of the 
University for the full term, but resigned the office 
before the end of the year, without having attended 
a meeting of the Board. He died soon after. 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN HAWKINS 
WITHERELL was born at Fair Haven, Ver- 
mont, August 4, 1797, son of James and Amy 



GUSTAVUS LEMUEL FOSTER was 

born at Royalton, Niagara County, New York, May 5, 
18 1 8. He studied theology at Auburn Seminary, 
and at the Yale Theological School. He was or- 
dained a minister in the Presbyterian Church in 
1842. He did pastoral work at Dexter, Jackson, 
Clinton, Ypsilanti, Coldwater, Howell, and Lapeer. 
March 2. 1850, he was appointed Regent of the 
L^niversity in place of Austin E. Wing deceased, 
and served to the end of the term, January i, 1852. 
He died at Lapeer, Michigan, September 9, 1876. 



l82 



UNIVERSITI' OF MICHIGAN 



REGENTS BY ELECTION 



MICHAEL A. PATTERSON. (See Re- 
gents by Appointment, page 176.) 



EDWARD SHAW MOORE was born near 

Trenton, New Jersey, June 4, 1S05. He attended 
a private school for a few terms, where he learned 
the rudiments of the common English branches. 
In 1824 he spent the winter in Philadelphia, looking 
for an opening in business. Becoming acquainted 
with some engineers who were surveying a route for 
the Pennsylvania Canal, he conceived the idea of 
forming a company to take contracts for the build- 
ing of bridges and locks. The company was formed 
in 1825 and became the largest construction com- 
pany engaged in the work of the canal. In 1834 
he removed to Michigan, and soon after established 
a mercantile and milling business. This business 
prospered and in 1864 he organized the First 
National Bank of Three Rivers. He had an im- 
portant part in securing the Michigan Southern 
Railroad from Constantine to Three Rivers. He 
was a member of the Convention for framing the 
State Constitution of 1850. In 1852 he was elected 
Senator from St. Joseph County, and during his term 
in the Senate was Chairman of the Committee on 
Public Education. In 185 i he was elected Regent 
of the University for six years and served the full 
term. He died at Three Rivers. Michigan, May 2, 



ELON FARNSWORTH. 

Ex Officio, page 168.) 



(See Regents 



JAMES KINGSLEY was born at Canterbury, 
Connecticut, January 6, 1797. He studied law, and 
was admitted to the Bar at Brooklyn, Connecticut. 
In 1823 he went to Virginia and for some three 
years was a private teacher in the family of L.udwell 
Lee, son of Richard Henry Lee. In 1S26 he settled 
in the town of Grand Gulf, Mississippi ; but on the 
breaking out of the yellow fever shortly afterwards 
he removed to Ann Arbor, Michigan, and began the 
practice of the law, being the first lawyer admitted 
to practice at the Ann Arbor Bar. In 1828 he was 
appointed Judge of Probate for Washtenaw County, 
and was continued in the office for eight years. 



He was a member of the Legislative Council of the 
Territory from 1830 to 1834. He is said to have 
been largely instrumental in securing the location of 
the University at .'\nn Arbor. In 1837 he was a 
member of the Lower House of the State Legisla- 
ture, and a member of the State Senate in 1 838, 1 839, 
and 1842. While a member of the Senate in 1842, 
he drew the first charter of the Michigan Central 
Railroad under which it went into operation. In 



^ 




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f^- „ 








i^J^'^^ 


^ 


^^^^H ^^^^^^^^jF 


r 


Wmjf 


m^ 




% 



JAMES KINGSLEY 



1848 he was again a member of the House. He 
was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 
1850. in which he served on the Judiciary Com- 
mittee. From 1852 to 1858 he was Regent of the 
University. In 1869-1870 he again sat in the Lower 
House of the Legislature, which was his last official 
position. He died at Ann Arbor, August 17, 1878. 



ELISHA ELY was born in 1784. He came 
to Michigan while it was still a Territory and founded 
the town of Allegan, where he developed a prosper- 
ous milling and mercantile business. He was a 
member of the State House of Representatives in 
1835, 1836, and 1837. He was chosen a Regent 



REGENTS BT ELECTION 



of the University by his district in A])ril, 1851, for 
the full terin of six years and served from the fol- 
lowing January to the time of his death. He died 
at Allegan, November 2, 1S54. The vacancy caused 
by his death was not fiUetl till the end of the 
term. 



CHARLES HENRY PALMER was born 

at Lenox, New York, in 1S14. He was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts from Union College in 1837. He 




CHARLKS HLNKV I'AI,.M1-.R 

was Principal of the Academy at Fredonia, New 
York, for a time, and afterwards of the Academy at 
Geneseo. In 1847 he removed to Michigan to be- 
come Principal of the Academy at Romeo, which he 
conducted successfully for many years. He was 
chosen Regent of the University by his district in 
iS5t and served the full term of six years from 
January i, following. He acted as Secretary of the 
Board in 1852, was Chairman of the special com- 
mittee on the presidency, and had a prominent part 
in the selection of Henry Philip Tappan as President 
of the University. From 1853 until his death in 
April, 1 88 7, he was a resident of Pontiac. He was 
interested in mines in the Upper Peninsula and also 
in building canals and railroads in that part of the 
State. 



ANDREW PARSONS was born at Hoosick, 
New York, July 12, 1S17. He came to Michigan 
in 1S35 and settled at .^nn Arbor, where he taught 
school for a term. He then removed to Corunna, 
Michigan, where he was County Clerk from 1836 to 
183S, and County Register of Deeds from 1838 to 
1S46. He was State Senator in 1847 and in 1848. 
In 1852 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, and 
on the resignation of Governor McClelland in March, 
1S53, became Governor for the remainder of the 
term. He was chosen Regent of the University for 
the Seventh Judicial Circuit in 1851, to serve six 
years from January i, following; but on his acces- 
sion to the Governorship he resigned the office. On 
retiring from tlie Governorship, January i, 1855, he 
became a member of the Lower House of the State 
Legislature. He died at Corunna, Michigan, June 
5, '855- 

WILLIAM UPJOHN was born at Shaftes- 
bury, Dorset, England, ^Llrch 4, 1S07. son of \Vil- 
liam and Mary (Stnnilard) Ujijnhn. He received 




WILLIAM Ul'JOHN 

his early education at the Bluecoat School of Shaftes- 
bury and later was given a collegiate training. In 
1 82 8 he came to America in company with his 
brother, LIriah, and pursued medical studies in New 
York He then came West and entered upon the 



1 84 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



practice of his profession in Barry County, Michigan. 
November i, 1863, he was appointed Surgeon of 
the Seventh Michigan Cavalry, and later was pro- 
moted to be Surgeon-in-Chief of the First Brigade 
of the First Cavalry Division of the Army of the 
Potomac. He was with Kilpatrick in his raid on 
Richmond and accompanied General Sheridan in 
his raid up the James River. At the close of the 
war he returned to Hastings, Michigan, and resumed 
the practice of his profession. He was Register of 
Deeds for Barry County in 1S53 and 1854, and 
Coroner in 1880. He was married in 1842 to 
Afifa Connett, no children of this union surviving. 
In 1847 he was married to Lydia Connett, by whom 
he had three children, one of whom, Marie Edna 
(Mrs. John Beamer) survives. An older daughter. 
Affa Northcote (Mrs. George S. Davis), died Octo- 
ber 8, 1S84. A third daughter died in infancy. 
He was Regent of the University from 1852 to 1858. 
In 1872 the University conferred upon him the 
honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine. He died 
at Hastings, August 2, 1887. 



sity. He remained three years in this position, and 
at the same time studied law with Perley Bills, Esq., 
with whom he later entered intd a law partnership 



HENRY HORATIO NORTHROP was 

born at Galway, Saratoga County, New York, June 
13, 1 8 14. He entered Union College at the age of 
sixteen and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1834. 
He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, re- 
moved to Michigan, and was settled as pastor over 
the following churches in succession, — Dexter, 
White Pigeon, Homer, Monroe, and Flint, In 1854 
he was chosen Regent of the University in place of 
Andrew Parsons, who had resigned the office about 
a year before. He thus served nearly four years 
and took a prominent part in the proceedings of the 
Board. He was Chaplain of the Thirteenth Michi- 
gan Infantry from January to December, 1862. In 
1873 he resigned the pastorate of the first Presby- 
terian church at Flint and from that tiipe on lived 
in comparative retirement. He died at Flint, Feb- 
ruary 25, 1905. 



BENJAMIN LEVI BAXTER was born at 
Sidney Plains, Delaware County, New York, April 7, 
1815. In 1831 his father removed to Tecumseh, 
Michigan. Here the son completed his preparation 
for Dartmouth College, where he studied three 
years. In 1843 he returned to Michigan to take 
charge of the Tecumseh Branch of the State Univer- 




DENJAIUN LEVI B.AX11-:R 

that continueil twenty-five years. He was a Regent 
of the University from 1858 to 1S64. From 1869 
to 1 87 1 he was a Representative in the State Legis- 
lature. He died at Tecumseh, Michigan, June lo^ 
1902. 



JAMES EASTMAN JOHNSON was born 
in 1805. He was admitted to the Bar of St. Joseph 
County, Michigan, in 1837, and practised his profes- 
sion there over half a century. In 1S57 he was 
elected Regent of the University from the Second 
Judicial Circuit and served the full term of six years 
from January i, following. He was re-elected under 
the amended Constitution in 1863 and drew the six- 
year term. In 18S4 he was Presidential Elector 
from his district. He died at Niles, Michigan, 
March 14, 1888. 



LEVI BISHOP was born at Russell, Hamp- 
den Comity, Massachusetts, October 15, 1815. He 
removed to Michigan in 1835, and settled in Detroit 
in 1837. He studied law in the office of Justice 



REGENTS BY ELECTION 



185 



Daniel Goochviii ami was adniitted to the Bar la 
1842. He served on the Detroit School ISoard ten 
consecutive years, during seven of which lie was 
President of the Board. This service is commemo- 
rated by the school building which bears his name. 
He was instrumental in founding the State I'ioneer 
Society and served as its President ten years. From 
1 85 8 to 1864 he served on the Board of Regents of 
the University. He died in Detroit, December 23, 
1881. 



DONALD McINTYRE was born at Johns- 
town, New York, June 5, 1.S07, son of Donald and 
Anne Mclntyre. He prepared for the profession of 




DDNAI.U McINTNUK 

the law, was admitted to the Bar of his native state, 
and in 1838 became the first Judge of Fulton 
County. In 1845 he removed to Michigan. He 
settled in Ann Arbor, engaged in the banking busi- 
ness, and became a succcessful business man. He 
was a Representative in the State Legislature in 
1S55. He took great interest in popular education 
and was for many years a member of the School 
Board of Ann Arbor. In 1857 he was elected Re- 
gent of the University for the full term of six years 
from January i, following, and served out the term. 
After retiring from the Regency he served the Uni- 
versity as Treasurer from 1864 to 1872. In 1830 



he was married to Jane Maria Eachu, of Johnstown, 
New York, and of this union four children survive : 
Anna M. (Mrs. John H. Burleson, of Niagara I'alls) ; 
Martha A. (Mrs. William W. Wetmore, of Ann 
Arbor) ; Jennie (Mrs. M. J. I'omeroy, of Baldwin, 
Kansas); and Donald ( LL. B. 1S72), of Cadillac, 
Michigan. Mrs. Mclntyre died in 1861, and on 
August 7, 1875, he was married to Anna V.. 
Robinson, of Detroit. He died at Ann Arbor, 
December 21, 1891. 



EBENEZER LAKIN BROWN was born 
at Plymouth, Vermont, in 1S09, His early educa- 
tion was obtained in the district school of his native 
place. In 1830 he retnoved to Michigan, stopped 
first at Ann Arbor, and the following year settled at 
.Schoolcraft, where he resided nearly seventy years. 
For many years he followed mercantile pursuits, but 
spent his declining days upon a farm. He became 
Ultimately connected with the growth and develop- 
ment of his adopted State. In 1837 he was elected 
a member of the Board of County Commissioners; 
in 1 84 1 he was a member of the State House of 




1-;BENEZER LAKIN BROWN 



Representatives; and in 1S55, and again in 1879, a 
member of the State Senate. He was elected Re- 
gent of the University in 1857, and served the full 



i86 



UNirERSIlT OF MICHIGAN 



term of six years from January i, following. He 
was twice married: in 1837 to Amelia W. Scott, 
who died leaving him with one daughter ; and in 
1852 to Mary Ann Miles, of Vermont, by whom he 
had two sons: Edward Miles (Ph. B. 1880), now 
Professor of the English Language and Literature in 
the University of Cincinnati ; and Addison Make- 
piece (A. B. 1883), now Secretary of the Michigan 
Agricultural College. He died at Schoolcraft, April 
I 2, 1S99. 



LUKE H. PARSONS was born at Hoosick, 
New York, February 12, 181 2. He studied law and 
was admitted to the Bar at Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 
1S35. He removed to Corunna in 1839, and 
became a law partner of his brother, Andrew Parsons, 
afterwards Regent and Governor. In 1857 he was 
elected Regent of the University and held the posi- 
tion from January i, 1858, to the time of his death. 
He died at Corunna, Michigan, February 19, 1862. 
The seat was left unfilled to the end of the term. 



JOHN VAN VLECK was born of Dutch 
ancestry at Shawangunk, Ulster County, New York, 
in 1828. He was graduated Bachelor of Arts from 
Rutgers College in 1S52, and from the Theological 
Seminary of the Reformed Church in New Bruns- 
wick, New Jersey, in 1855. He was immediately 
called to the Principalship of the Holland Academy 
(now Hope College) at Holland, Michigan. He 
held that position till 1859, when he resigned it to 
take charge of an academy at Kingston, New York. 
After three years in that position, his health having 
become impaired, he gave up teaching, and for the 
next two years was pastor of churches at Middleport, 
New York, and at VVawarsing, New York. He died 
in Ulster County, New York, March 15, 1865. In 
April, 1857, he was elected Regent of the University 
of Michigan, and entered upon his duties the follow- 
ing January. He attended only a single meeting of 
the Board, and on October 2, 1858, resigned the 
office. He was a teacher of superior qualifications 
and power, and his work at Holland, amid the pri- 
vations of pioneer life, was an influence for good the 
lasting effects of which are felt to this day. He 
married a Miss Falkner, and one son survives, Mr. 
John Van Vleck, a civil engineer, of New York 
City. 



HENRY WHITING was born February 7, 
181 8, at Bath, Steuben County, New York. He 
was graduated from the United States Military Acad- 
emy at West Point in 1840, and was assigned as 
Second Lieutenant to the Fifth Infantry stationed at 
Fort Snelling. From Fort Snelling his regiment 
was ordered South, first to Florida, afterwards to the 
Lower Mississippi, and from there to Fort Mackinac, 
Michigan. He went with his regiment to Texas in 
1845, and remamed at Corpus Christi until Febru- 
ary, 1846. He now resigned from the army and 
opened a school at St. Clair, Michigan. In 1848 he 
engaged in the lumber business at St. Clair and 
built up a prosperous trade. On the breaking out 
of the Civil War he offered his services to the 
Covernment, and was appointed, June 26, 1861, 
Colonel of the Second Vermont Regiment ; and 
October 23, 1862, he was placed in command of 
the Vermont Brigade. February 14, 1863, he re- 
signed his commission and resumed his business at 
St. Clair. He was elected Regent of the University 
November, 1858, in place of George W. Pack, who 
had been elected to the office, but who had removed 
from the State and had failed to qualify. He served 
out the term, retiring January i, 1864. While on 
a visit to his niece at Ypsilanti, Michigan, he died 
suddenly June 23, 1887. 



OLIVER LYMAN SPAULDING was 

born at Jaffrey, New Hampshire, August 2, 1833, 
son of Lyman and Susan (Marshall) Spaulding. He 
was graduated Bachelor of Arts from Oberlin Col" 
lege in 1855. He began his active work as a 
teacher, giving his leisure time to the study of the 
law. He was admitted to the Bar in 1858 and 
began his practice at St. Johns, Michigan. At the 
November election of that year he was chosen 
Regent of the University in place of the Reverend 
John Van Vleck, who had been elected to the office 
but who had resigned in October after a brief term 
of service. He filled out the term, retiring January 
1, 1864. In 1S62 he enlisted as Captain in the 
Twenty-third Michigan Infantry, and passed through 
all the grades to the rank of Colonel. In 1865 he 
was in command of the Second Brigade of the 
Second Division of the Twenty-third Army Corps 
and was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was 
Secretary of State for Michigan for two terms, 1867- 
1871. In 1875 he was appointed special agent of 
the United States Treasury Department, in which 



REGENTS BT ELECTION 



187 



office he continued until he was nominated for 
Representative to Congress in 1880. He served in 
Congress from 1881 to 1883, and in 1885 he again 
filled the position of special agent for the Treasury. 
In 1883 he served as chairman of a commission 
sent by the government to the Sandwich Islands, to 
investigate alleged violations of the Hawaiian Reci- 
procity Treaty. From 1890 to 1893 he was Assist- 
ant Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, 
and was again appointed to the same position in 




ULUKR LV.MAN bl'AULDIXi; 

1897. He married the daughter of John Swegles, 
former Auditor-General of Michigan, and they had 
five children : Frank M., a merchant at St. Johns, 
AFichigan ; Edna C. (A.B., Wellesley) ; Oliver 
Lyman, Jr. (.\.B. 1895, LL.B. 1896), Captain in the 
United States Artillery Corps; John Cecil (.\.B. 
1897), an attorney-at-law, Detroit; and Thomas 
Marshall (A.B. 1905), a graduate of West Point 
and now a Lieutenant in the United States Artillery 
Corps. 



WILLIAM MONTAGUE FERRY was 

born at Michilimackinac, Michigan, July 8, 1824, 
elder son of the Reverend William Montague and 
Amanda (White) Ferry. In 1834 he removed with 
his parents to Grand Haven, which continued to be 
his home for over forty years. He received his 



early training in his father's library. He also had a 
year's instruction at the Sanderson Academy of .Ash- 
field, Massachusetts, under Henry L. Dawes, after- 
wards United States Senator, and spent one year at 
the Kalamazoo Branch of the University of Michigan. 
Active life began for him at the age of fifteen, when 
he was placed in charge of large gangs of men as 
manager of his father's lumber business on the 
Grand River. He learned the trade of machinist, 
and in 1850 built the Ottawa Iron Works at Ferrys- 
burg, Michigan. He became widely known as 
machinist, inventor, and hydraulic and mechanical 
engineer. In .-\pril, 1857, ^^ ^^s elected Regent 
of the University for the term beginning January 
I, following, and served the full term. In August, 

1 86 1, he enlisted at Grand Haven as private in the 
Fourteenth Michigan Infantry, and the following 
December was promoted to First Lieutenant and 
Quartermaster of his regiment. On the 30th of June, 
1S62, he was appointed Captain and Assistant Com- 
missary of Subsistence. On March 13, 1865, he 
was brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, United 
States Volunteers, " for faithful and meritorious ser- 
vices during the war." After the surrender of Lee's 
army he resigned his commission and was honorably 
mustered out of the service .•\pril 24, 1865. He 
was with his regiment at Pittsburg Landing in April, 

1862, and participated with it in the siege of 
Corinth. He served on the staffs of Generals Rose- 
crans and McPherson, and was wounded at Vicks- 
burg during the siege. He was afterwards put in 
charge of the Depot Commissary at Memphis, 
where he remained until his resignation. He was 
the originator of the system of commutation of rations, 
which has now been included in the regulations of 
the army, having received the formal approval of 
Congress. In 1870 he was the Democratic nominee 
for Governor of Michigan, and in 1873 Governor 
Bagley appointed him one of the members of the 
commission to revise the State Constitution. He 
was elected Mayor of Grand Rapids in 1876. In 
1878 he removed to Park City, Utah. Here he 
became actively interested in the mining operations 
of the Territory and was one of the original owners 
of the Quincy Mine. From 1884 to 1892 he rep- 
resented Utah on the National Democratic Com- 
mittee. In 1893 he was Commissioner of the 
World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. In 
1904 he was nominated for Governor of Utah on 
the American ticket, and ran over one thousand 
votes ahead of the ticket. He was a member of 
the Society of the .Army of the Tennessee, and of 



i88 



UNII'ERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. He was 
married October 29, 1851, to Jeannette HoJlister, 
of Grand Rapids, Michigan. There were six chil- 
dren, of whom only two survive : Mrs. Mary M. 
Ferry Allen and Mrs. Kate H. Hancock. He died 
at Park City, LItah, January 2, 1905, and is buried 
at Grand Haven, Michigan. 



GEORGE BRADLEY was born at Hope- 
well, Ontario County, New York, May 31, 1810. 
In 1837 he was licensed to preach by the Northern 
Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
and the following year, at Tiffin, Ohio, he was ap- 
pointed "junior preacher" to the Copley circuit, 
then included in the Michigan Conference. In 
1839 he was appointed to the Saline circuit, which 
brought him to Michigan. From 1841 to 1844 he 
held charges in the Plymouth, Milford, and Bir- 
mingham churches, and from 1845 to 1847 he was 
Missionary to the Indians, with headquarters at 
Flint, Michigan. During the two following years 
he was Presiding Elder of the Grand River District, 
which extended across the State from Saginaw to Lake 
Michigan. In 1850 this district was divided, and 
he was made Presiding Elder of the eastern half, 
still residing at Flint. In 1852 he was placed in 
charge of the Methodist work in Lower Saginaw, 
now Bay City, where he built the first Methodist 
church. From 1853 to 1857 he labored at Albion, 
Marshall, and Jackson; and from 1857 to 1859 he 
was Presiding Elder of the Indian Mission District 
and Missionary to the Indians in Isabella County. 
For the following two years he was Presiding Elder 
of the Lansing district, and in 1862 he was super- 
annuated. He died April 15, 1S71, being at the 
time in New York City, whither he had gone on 
business for the Indian Agency. He was buried at 
Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, his home for some years 
prior to his death. He was married in 1832 to 
Miss Sophia Blakesly. He was elected Regent of 
the University in 1857 and took his seat the follow- 
ing January, serving the full term of six years. 



but when fifteen years of age decided to become a 
civil engineer and joined the engineer forces that 
were working on the Chenango canal. In two 
years' time a broken knee ended this career, and the 
young man came to Detroit. He was now desirous 
of continuing his academic studies and attended the 
Detroit Branch of the University. In 1840 he was 
admitted to Yale College as a junior and took his 
degree in 1842. Returning to Detroit he taught in 
the Branch of the University, but soon began the 
study of the law. This course was completed under 
the instruction of Judge Story and Professor Greenleaf 
at Harvard. He was admitted to the Bar at Detroit 
in 1845, and followed his profession there until his 




EDWARD CAREY WALKER was born 
at Butternuts, Otsego County, New York, July 4, 
1820, son of Stephen and Lydia (Gardner) Walker. 
He was prepared for college at Hamilton Academy, 



EDWARD CAREY WALKl-.R 

death, December 28, 1894. Mr. Walker was never 
active in politics but was always interested in educa- 
tional movements. For many years he served as 
Secretary of the Detroit Board of Education, and 
from [anuary i, 1864 to 18S2 was a leading member 
of the Board of Regents of the University, having 
been twice re-elected to the office. He was also a 
member of the State House of Representatives in 
1867. In 1852 he was married to Lucy Bryant^ 
of Buffalo, and they had two children : Bryant (A.B. 
1876, LL.B. 1S79), of the Detroit Bar; and Jessie 
R., now the wife of the Reverend Wallace Radcliffe, 
of Washington, D. C. 



REGENTS nr ELECTION 



189 



GEORGE WILLARD uas born at Bolton, 
Vermont, Marcli 20, 1824, son of Allen and Eliza 
(Barron) Willard. His father emigrated to Michi- 
gan in 1836, taking his young son with him. In 
icS44 the son completed the course at the Kalama- 
zoo Literary Institute, which became KalauKuoo 
College a few years later. After teaching for a 
short time he entered the ministry of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church and became successively rector 
of St. Mark's Church in Coldwater, of St. Thomas's 
in Battle Creek, and of St. Luke's in Kalamazoo. 
Owing to a change in his religious views he with- 
drew from the ministry and accepted a Professor- 




GEORGE WILLARD 

ship of Latin at Kalamazoo College. In 1856 he 
was chosen a member of the Michigan State Board 
of Education and served six years. During this 
period the State Agricultural College was organized 
at Lansing. He was elected Regent of the Univer- 
sity in 1863 and drew the two-vear term. He was 
re-elected for the full term, thus serving in all ten 
years. He drew the resolution for opening the 
University to women, which was passed by the Re- 
gents in January 1871, and actively favored the 
establishment of the Homceopathic Department. It 
was largely through his instrumentality that Presi- 
dent Angell's services were secured to the Univer- 
sity. He was a member of the Lower House of the 



State Legislature in 1867, and was Chairman of the 
Committee on luiucation. In 1872 he was elected 
to the Forty-third Congress ami was re-elected in 
1S74. He became proprietor and editor of "'I'he 
Battle Creek Weekly Journal " in 1868, and in 1872 
established " The Daily Journal." He continae<l the 
proprietorship of these papers up to the time of liis 
death, which occurred at Battle Creek, March 26, 
1901. 



THOMAS DWIGHT GILBERT was born 
at Greenfield, Massachusetts, December 13, 1S15. 
He received his early education in the common 
schools, and afterwards attended an academy in 
Deerfield. In 1830 he entered the store of the 
philanthropist, John Clark of Northampton, and re- 
mained with him five years. In 1S35 he removed 
to Michigan. He entered a business firm at Grand 
Haven, but the financial crisis of 1837 destroyed 
the concern and left him with no resources except 
health and experience. In 1S44 he entered the 
lumber and shipping business with a younger 
brother, and in this enterprise he was liighly suc- 
cessful. In 1858 he settled at Grand Rapids He 
served in the Lower House of the Michigan Legis- 
lature in 1 86 1. In 1863 he was elected Regent of 
the University. 1 le drew the four-year term and was 
re-elected for the full term. During the entire twelve 
years he served as Chairman of the Finance Com- 
mittee. In 1S65, when tlie City National Bank of 
Grand Rapids was organized he was chosen its 
president. He was also President of the Board of 
Public Works of Grand Rapids for many years. 
He married Mary A. Bingham, daughter of the 
Reverend Abel Bingham, who for thirty years was 
a missionary among the Ojibway Indians at Sank 
Ste. Marie. He died at Grand Rapids, November 
18, 1894. 



THOMAS JEFFERSON JOSLIN was 

born at Cohocton, Steuben County, New York, 
.April 29, 1829, son of Thomas and Mary Ann 
(Sleeper) Joslin. His paternal ancestors came 
from Wales and settled in Rhode Island in Colonial 
times ; on the mother's side he was descended from 
the Pennsylvania Quakers. He received his early 
training in the public schools. After completing a 
High School course he took up special theological 
studies under the direction of the Detroit Confer- 
ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church, on the 



190 



VNIVERSriT OF MICHIGAN 



completion of which he was ordained a minister in 
that denomination and continued in active service 
till he retired in September, 1903. His labors have 
been confined to the Detroit Conference, where he 
has held some of the most important pastoral 
charges. He held the office of Presiding Elder for 
fourteen years and was a delegate to the General 
Conference of 18S0. He was elected to the Board 
of Regents of the University in April, 1863, and en- 
tered upon the duties of the office January i, 
following. He drew the four-year term, and at the 
end of that period did not seek re-election. He 
was married December 24, 1849, to Susan Willover, 
of Holly, Michigan, and they have had five children, 
of whom three are living : John H. ; Hattie W., 
now Mrs. J. L. Heathcock, of Adrian ; and Arthur 
E., who graduated from the Veterinary College of 
Toronto, Ontario, and is now practising his pro- 
fession at Pontiac, Michigan. Grace Osborne, a 
granddaughter, was graduated Bachelor of Arts from 
the University of Michigan in 1905. 



HENRY C. KNIGHT was born at East 
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, September 3, 181 7, son 
of Jonathan and Ann Knight. He was graduated 

; Bachelor of Arts from Jefferson College in 1836. 

'.He studied law at Yale the following year and was 
admitted to the Bar in 1S39. He then settled at 
Pontiac, Michigan, where he practised his profes- 
sion until 1848. In 1849 he entered the ministry 
of the Presbyterian Church. He preached, and at 
the same time taught a classical school, until 1853, 
when he resumed the practice of the law in Detroit. 
He served for some years on the Board of Educa- 
tion, and at the time of his death was Prosecuting 
Attorney of Wayne County. On April 21, 1841, he 
was married to Francis A. Snow. He was elected 
Regent of the University in 1S63 to serve from 
January i, following. He drew the six-year term, 
but did not live to complete it. He died in Detroit, 
March 26, 1867. 



ALVAH SWEETZER was born at Gray, 
Maine, February 9, 1801, son of John and Jane 
(Rideout) Sweetzer. He was of Dutch ancestry. 
He was given a good academical education, and 
spent some time in teaching. He then entered upon 
a business career in Portland, Maine, from which 
place he removed to Michigan. In 1845 he became 
co-partner with his brother-in-law, James W. San- 



born, the firm doing an extensive business in 
lumbering, merchandise, and real estate, with head- 
quarters, after 1847, at Port Huron. He was a man 
of scholarly tastes and a zealous advocate of public 
education. He served for a time on the Port Huron 
School board. He was elected Regent of the Uni- 
versity in 1863 and drew the long term of eight 
years ; but he lived to attend only a single meeting 
of the Board. He died at Port Huron, February 7, 
1864. He was married while in Portland to Mary 
Jane Sanborn, daughter of Dr. William Sanborn, of 
Falmouth, Maine. 



JAMES ALBERT SWEEZEY was born 
at Brook Haven, New York, September 19, 1828. 
In 1834 his parents came to Michigan and settled 
in Jackson County. In June, 1853, he was admitted 
to the Bar at Grand Rapids, and took up the prac- 
tice of his profession at Hastings, Michigan. He 
was for several years Prosecuting Attorney of Barry 
County and represented his district in the Lower 
House of the State Legislature in 1863, 1864, and 
1867. In 1863 he was elected Regent of the Uni- 
versity and served the full term of eight years from 
January i, 1864. He died at Hastings, Michigan, 
February 13, 1898. 



CYRUS MOSES STOCKWELL was born 
at Colesville, New York, June 20, 1823. He was 
educated at Oxford, New York, and began life as a 
school-teacher. He subsequently studied medicine 
and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from 
the Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield, Massachu- 
setts, in 1850. In 1852 he emigrated to Michigan 
and settled in Port Huron, where he practised his 
profession until 1S95, retiring then on account of 
advancing years. He passed through all the rugged 
experiences of the pioneer physician. At the out- 
break of the Civil War he entered the army as 
Surgeon of the Twenty-seventh Michigan Infantry, 
but resigned in November, 1863. After the close 
of hostilities he rendered service for a time as 
Assistant Surgeon at Fort Gratiot. In 1866 he was 
instrumental in founding the Michigan State Medical 
Society and became the first President of the organ- 
ization. He was several times President of the 
Northeastern District Medical Society, and was 
prominently identified with the professional interests 
of the State. He was appointed Regent of the 
University early in 1865 to fill the vacancy caused 



REGENTS BT ELECTION 



191 



by the death of Alvah Sweetzer nearly a year before, 
and served till the end of the term, January i, 1872. 
He was twice married. His children are : Doctor 
Charles B. Stockwell, of Port Huron ; Doctor George 




CVRUb JMOSEb STOCKWELL 



Archie Stockwell (died January 28, 1906) ; Mrs. 
Walter McMillan, of Chicago; and Mrs. H. E. 
Hyde, of Buffalo. He died at Port Huron, De- 
cember 9, 1899. 



JOHN MAHELM BERRY SILL was born 
at Black Rock, New York, November 23, 1831, son 
of Joseph and Electra (Berry) Sill. HewasofNew 
England ancestry, being descended from John Sill 
who came from England to Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts, in 1637. Early left an orphan he removed to 
Jonesville, Michigan, where he enjoyed the benefits 
of the common schools. He prepared to enter the 
State University, but was prevented through lack of 
means. After two years of study in the newly 
organized State Normal School at Ypsilanti, he was 
graduated with the first class in 1854. He was 
immediately appointed to the teaching staff of the 
School, where he remained nine years. In August, 
1863, hebecameSuperintendent of the public schools 
of Detroit. After three years of service he resigned 
this position to take charge of the Detroit Female 
Seminary. He continued in that work ten years and 



then returned to the Superintendency of the Detroit 
schools. In 1S86 he again resigned this position to 
accept the principalship of the State Normal School 
at Ypsilanti. He remained there until 1894, when 
he was appointed United States Minister to Korea. 
He resigned this office in 1897 and returned to 
Detroit. He was thoroughly identified with the 
teacher's profession in Michigan. He was an earn- 
est worker in the State Teachers' Association, and 
was its president in 1861. In 1S76 he was elected 




JOHN JLAHKLM BLRKV SILL 

Presiilent of the Detroit Scientific Association. On 
the death of Regent Knight, in 1867, Mr. Sill was 
appointed to the vacancy and served out the term, 
retiring January i, 1S70. At the following Com- 
mencement, the Regents conferred upon him the 
honorary degree of Master of Arts. He was married 
March 22, 1854, to Sally Beaumont, of Jonesville. 
Two children survive : Alice Beaumont and Joseph 
(A.B. 1897, M.D. 1899). He died in Detroit 
Michigan, April 6, 1901. 



HIRAM AUSTIN BURT was born in the 
township of Avon, Oakland County, Michigan, 
December 31, 1839, son of John and Julia Ann 
(Calkins) Burt. He is of mixed ancestry, English, 
Scotch, Dutch, and Irish. His paternal ancestor, 



I 92 



UNII'ERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



Richard Burt, came from England and settled at 
Taunton, Massachusetts, about the middle of the 
seventeenth century. The seventh in line from this 
Richard, William Austin Burt, grandfather of Hiram 
Austin, came to Michigan as early as 181 7, and was 
a pioneer land surveyor under Government employ 
for many years. In 1840 he was commissioned to 
survey the Northern Peninsula of Michigan and was 
assisted in this work by his oldest son, John. It is 
said that they made the first discovery of the rich 
iron deposits of Marquette County. Later these men 
became very active in promoting the building of a 
ship canal at Sault Ste. Marie. John Burt touk up 




HIRAM AUSTIN BURT 

his residence in Detroit, where the son was prepared 
for college. He entered Kalamazoo College in 
1858, and after two years changed to the University 
of Michigan, where he was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts in 1862. The degree of Master of Arts fol- 
lowed in 1865. He settled at Marquette, Michigan, 
where he became prominent in mining and other 
iron interests. In 1867 he was elected Regent of 
the University and served the full term of eight years 
from January i, following. He was chairman of 
the Committee on the Museum and on the Literary 
Department. From 1869 to 1874 he was Collector 
of Customs for the Lake Superior District. Latterly 
he has been living in retirement at Gardiner, 
Maine. 



JOSEPH ESTABROOK was born at Bath, 
New Hampshire, in 1820, son of Joseph an<l 
Susannah (Merrill) Estabrook. His early education 
was had in the common schools. At the age of 
eighteen he came to Michigan. By teaching and 
studying alternate terms he was finally prepared 
for college, and in 1843 he entered Oberlin Col- 
lege, where he was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 
1847. He turned his attention to theology and was 
ordained to preach in the Congregational Church. 
He began his work in the ministry in 1850, but 
combined it with teaching ; and after a few years 
the schoolroom had overshadowed the pulpit. In 
1852 he took charge of the Ypsilanti Union Semi- 
nary and made it one of the foremost preparatory 
schools in the West. In the fall of 1866 he was 
called to East Saginaw, Michigan, as superintendent 
of the city schools. After five years he relinquished 
this position to become Principal of the State Nor- 
mal School at Ypsilanti. He held that place for 
nine years and then accepted the professorship of 
Logic and English Literature at Olivet College. 
He remained in this position until 1886, when 
he was elected Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion for the State of Michigan. He was re-elected 
two years later, and at the end of his second term 
he returned to Olivet College and ended his active 
life as he had begun it, with teaching and preaching. 
He was a Regent of the University from 1870 to 
187S. He was twice married: first to Emily G. 
Wells, of Clinton, Michigan, who died in 1859; 
two years later, to Katharine M. Clayton, of Ypsi- 
lanti. He died September 29, 1894, at Olivet, 
Michigan. Oberlin College conferred upon him 
the degree of Doctor of Divinity in June, 1894. 



JONAS HARTZELL McGOWAN was 

born at North Benton, Mahoning County, Ohio, 
April 2, 1837, son of Samuel and Susanna (Hart- 
zell) McGowan, his father being Scotch and his 
mother German. His early education was received 
in the district schools. He also had one terra in 
the Academy at Orland, Steuben County, Indiana, 
where his parents had settled in 1854. Three 
years later he entered the University of Michigan, 
from which he was graduated Bachelor of Science 
in 1 86 1. In the same year he went to Coldwater, 
as a teacher in the city schools. In August, 1862, 
he enlisted in the Fifth Michigan Cavalry as a pri- 
vate. In the fall of 1862 he was commissioned 



REGENTS Bl' ELECTION 



93 



Captain in the ninth Michigan Cavalry. He took part 
in the chase of John Morgan through Kentucky and 
Ohio, was with Burnside in his East Tennesee cam- 
paign, and was engaged in the battles of Carter 
Station, ]5hie Spring, and Rheatown. He received 
a severe injury in a cavalry charge on the Morgan 
raid which finally disabled him from cavalry ser- 
vice and led to his resignation in February, 1864. 
Two years later he began the stuily of law with 
the Hon. C. D. Randall, of Coldwater, and was 
admitted to practice in 1867. He spent the fol- 
lowing year in the Department of Law at the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, and received the degree of 




JONAS HARTZELL McGdWAN 

Bachelor of Laws in 1868. For the next fifteen 
years he was an active member of the Branch 
County Bar. He was elected Prosecuting Attorney 
of Branch County in 1868, and was re-elected two 
years later for a second term. He was also a di- 
rector of the Coldwater School Board for several 
years, and held other local offices. From 1873 to 
1875 he was State Senator and did important ser- 
vice in securing the enactment of the twentieth-of- 
a-mill bill for the aid of the University. He was 
elected Regent of the University in 1869 for the 
term of eight years, and took his seat in the following 
January. He resigned this position January 2, 1877, 
having been elected to the Forty-fifth Congress from 



the Third Michigan District at the November elec- 
tion. After serving two terms in Congress, he 
retired to the practice of the law in the city of 
Washington. He is a member of the Grand Army 
of the Republic and of the Military Order of the 
Loyal Legion. His Alma Mater conferred on him 
in 1 90 1 the Degree of Doctor of Laws. He was 
married September 27, 1862, to Josephine Pruden, 
and they have had three children, of whom but one 
daughter, Ruth, survives. 



CLAUDIUS BUCHANAN GRANT was 

born at Lebanon, York County, Maine, October 25, 
1835, son of Joseph and Mary (Merrill) Grant. 
He was prepared for college at Lebanon, and in 
1855 entered the University of Michigan, where 
he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1S59. 




CLAUDIUS BUCHAXAX i;kAN'l 

For the next three years he taught in the Ann Arbor 
High School, serving as principal for the last two 
years. In 1862 he resigned this position and en- 
listed for the Civil War, going to the front with the 
rank of Captain of the 20th Michigan Lifantry. He 
saw very active service, was engaged in many battles, 
rose to the rank of Colonel, and resigned his com- 
mission April 12, 1865. He returned to Ann Arbor, 
and took up the study of the law. He was admitted 



194 



UN I VERS ITT OF MICHIGAN 



to the Bar in 1866, and began to practise with his 
father-in-law, ex-Governor Felch. He was Post- 
master of Ann Arbor from 1867 to 1870. In 
1S70 he was elected to the Lower House of the 
State Legislature, and was re-elected for the fol- 
lowing term. He was the author in 1871 of the 
bill appropriating $75,000 for the erection of Uni- 
versity Hall, which became a law and which pro- 
vided much needed rooms for recitation and 
administrative purposes as well as an adequate 
auditorium. Two years later he was largely instru- 
mental in securing the passage of the bill laying a 
tax of a twentieth-of-a-mill on the assessed valua- 
tion of the State for the support of the University, 
a measure of prime importance in the history of 
the institution. He soon after removed to Hough- 
ton, Michigan, where he became a leader in his 
profession. He was Prosecuting Attorney from 
1877 to 1879, and later served as Judge of the 
Twenty-fifth Michigan Circuit for eight years. He 
was elected to the Supreme Bench of the State in 
1889, and ten years later was re-elected for a sec- 
ond term. He was elected Regent of the Univer- 
sity in 187 1 and served the full term of eight years 
from January i, following. He has always main- 
tained a warm interest in the University and has 
been one of its staunchest defenders. In 1S91 
the Regents conferred upon him the degree of 
Doctor of Laws. He was married in 1S63 to 
Caroline L. Felch, eldest daughter of the Hon- 
orable Alpheus Felch, of Ann Arbor. Five chil- 
dren have been born to them, two of whom survive: 
Emma, now Mrs. Mason .\. Noble ; and Virginia C. 
A son, AlpheUs F., and two daughters — Mary F. 
(Mrs. James Pendill) and Helen T. (Mrs. Edward 
\V. Sparrow) — are deceased. 



CHARLES RYND was born in Donegal 
County, Ireland, December 28, 1S36, son of Charles 
and Anna (Coulter) Rynd. In his fifteenth year 
he came to Canada alone and settled at St. Mary's. 
Here he worked on a farm for a time, and was then 
engaged in teaching for about five years. Mean- 
while he studied medicine under the instruction 
of Dr. Daniel Wilson, of St. Mary's, and later 
entered the University of Michigan, where he was 
graduated Doctor of Medicine in 1859. He began 
practice at Adrian, Michigan, the same year, and 
continued to reside there. He served on the Com- 
mon Council for four years and also on the Board 
of Education. In April, 187 i, he was elected Re- 



gent of the University and served the full term of 
eight years from January i, following. He took an 
active part in politics and was a delegate to the Na- 
tional Republican Convention at Cincinnati in 1876. 
He was a fluent speaker and a ready writer. He 
was married three times: In 1859, to Elizabeth 
Hughes, of Ann Arbor, by whom he had two chil- 
dren, Charles and I'>a ; .August 1866, to Sarah 
Thomas, of Chatham, Ontario, by whom he had five 
children, Fred, Lena, Fannie, Anna, and Burke; and 
in 1879, to Jessie Reid, of Adrian, by whom he 
had one son, Paul. He died suddenly at Adrian, 
August 20, 1S84. 



ANDREW CLIMIE was born at Whitestone, 
New York, February 4, 1834. He was educated at 
Vernon .\cademy, New York. In i860 he removed 
to Michigan, and settleil in Leonidas, St. Joseph 
County, where he engaged in tlie lumbering and 
milling business. He was a Representative in the 
State Legislature from 1871 to 1875. He was 
elected Regent of the L^niversity for the full term 
beginning January i, 1S74, but resignetl the office 
October i, 1881, to become superintendent of the 
new Library building of the University then in pro- 
cess of construction. He died at Pontiac, Michigan, 
May 14, 1897. A daughter, Mary (B.S. 1886), died 
April 26, 1892. 



BYRON MAC CUTCHEON was born at 
Pembroke, Nevv Hampshire, May 11, 1836, son of 
James and Hannah (Tripp) Mac Cutcheon, grand- 
son of Frederick Mac Cutcheon, a Revolutionary 
soldier, and Anna (Brown) Mac Cutcheon. He is 
descended from Scotch-Irish stock. He received 
a preparatory training at Pembroke Academy, and 
at the Union Seminary, Ypsilanti, Michigan. He 
entered the University of Michigan, and was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Arts in 1861. The following year 
he was Principal of the Ypsilanti Lhiion Seminary. 
Meantime he read law in the office of his brother, 
the Hon. S. M. Cutcheon, of Ypsilanti. In July, 
1862, he entered the United States service as Lieu- 
tenant of the Twentieth Michigan Infantry, and was 
almost immediately advanced to the rank of Cap- 
tain. He took part in the Maryland campaign of 
September and October of that year. October 14 
he was promoted to the rank of Major, and was en- 
gaged in the campaign of November and December 
against Fredericksburg, Virginia. His regiment 



REGENTS Br ELECTION 



95 



having been ordered West, he took jiart in the Ken- 
tuci<y campaign of the spring of 1863, in the Vicks- 
burg campaign of the following summer, and in the 
East Tennessee campaign from August, 1S63 to 
March, 1S64. On November 16, 1S65, he was 
made Lieutenant-Colonel of his regiment, and 
Colonel on January 8, following. At the opening of 
the campaign of 1864 his regiment was recalled to 
Virginia to participate in General Grant's advance 
on Richmond. On ^^ay 10, at Spottsylvania Court 
House, he was twice wounded and lay in the 
hospital for several weeks. Recoxering from his 
wounds, he rejoined his regiment and went through 




liVRON MAC CmCHEON 

the Petersburg campaign from July 7, 1864 to 
March 6, 1865. August 18, 1864, he recei\'ed the 
brevet of Colonel of United States N'ulunteers, " for 
conspicuous gallantry in action at the Wilderness 
and Spottsylvania, and in the present operations be- 
fore Petersburg, Virginia." December 18, 1864, 
he was transferred to the Colonelcy of the Twenty- 
seventh Michigan Infantry, continuing in com- 
mand of the Second Brigade, First Division, Ninth 
Army Corps, from October 15, 1864, to March 6, 
1865. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted Briga- 
dier-General for conspicuous gallantry. He also 
received the Congressional Medal of Honor for 
distinguished bravery in leading a charge at Horse 



Shoe Bend, Kentucky, on May 10, 1863. He now 
returned to the study of the law, and received the 
degree of Bachelor of Laws from his Alma Mater in 
1866 and also the degree of Master of .\rts. In the 
same year lie was admitted to the liar at .Ann Arbor. 
For one year he practised his profession at Ionia. 
He then removed to Manistee, where he remained 
in active practice till 1883. He was President of 
the Soldiers' Home Commission, 1866-1S67; a 
member of the State Board of Control of Michigan 
Railroads, 1866 1883, and Presidential Elector in 
1868. He served on the Common Council of 
Manistee, 1869- 18 70, was City .Attorney, 1870-187 1, 
County .Attorney in the following year, and Post- 
master, 1 87 7- 1 883. From 1883 to 1S91 he was 
member of Congress from the Ninth District of 
jAlichigan, and during his last term was chairman of 
the Committee of the House on Military Affairs. 
He was Civilian Member of the United States Board 
of Ordnance and Fortification, 1891-1895. In 1891 
he took up his residence in Grand Rapids, Michigan, 
and engaged in the practice of the law. He was 
elected a member of the Board of Regents of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan in 1875 for the full term, but re- 
signed the office January, 1S83, having been elected 
to Congress in November. He is a member of the 
Sons of the .American Revolution, of the Grand 
Army of the Republic, of the Military Order of the 
Loyal Legion of the United States, and of the Medal 
of Honor Legion. He is also a member and vice- 
president of the Scotch-Irish Society of America, 
and a member of the Michigan Historical Society. 
He was married June 22, 1863, to Marie Amnie 
'■Varner, of De.xter, Michigan, and they have five 
children: Frank Warner (A.B. 1885),- Charles 
Tripp, lAIax Hartranft, Frederick Richard (B. S. [E. 
E.] 1896), and Marie Louise. The oldest son is a 
member of one of the largest law firms of New York 
City. 



SAMUEL SNOW WALKER was born at 
Fredonia, New York, June 11, 1S41. His father, 
Alvah H. Walker, emigrated with his parents from 
Rhode Island to Fredonia in 1S05. For many 
years he was a merchant at that place, and was 
Trustee and Treasurer of the celebrated Fredonia 
Academy. In 1855 the family removed to Detroit, 
Michigan. The son was prepared for college 
mainly at the Fredonia .Academy. He entered the 
University of Michigan in 1857 and was graduated 
Bachelor of Science in 1861. After graduation 



196 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



he settled at St. Johns, Michigan, where he was in- 
terested with his father in merchandising. In 
January, 1865, he opened a bank under the name 
of S. S. Walker and Company, and the following 
October merged the business into the First National 
Bank, of which he was cashier for many years. 
While resident at St. Johns he was elected President 
of the village for three successive terms, and for 
twelve years was a member of the school board. 
He was interested in many local enterprises and 
was extensively engaged in lending money on 
landed security. From 1S75 to 1877 he repre- 
sented Clinton County in the Lower House of the 
State Legislature. At the spring election of 1875 
he was elected Regent of the University for the full 
term of eight years from January i, following, and 
served out the term. At the annual meeting of the 
Society of the Alumni at the Commencement of 
1889, he was appointed Treasurer of the Society 
and was continued in the office till 1894. In 1890 
he removed to Old Mission, Grand Traverse County, 
Michigan, where since. 1S93 he has given his entire 
time and attention to the cares of an extensive fruit 
farm. He was married January 14, 1864, to Mary 
M. Chapin, of Ann Arbor, daughter of Volney 
Chapin, Esq., at one time Treasurer of the Univer- 
sity. Their children are : Susie May, Mary Eloise 
(A. B. 1893, M. D. 1896), and Mrs. Minerva Snow 
Van Arsdale. 



H. McGowan resigned ; but he in turn resigned the 
office on September 24 of the same year. At the 
spring election of 1S77 he had been chosen Regent 



VICTORY PHELPS COLLIER was born 
at Victor, New York, April 25, 1820. He was 
educated in the common schools and at a seminary 
at Lima, New York. In 1S35 he removed with his 
parents to Battle Creek, Michigan, and in 1837 to 
Johnstown, Michigan. At twenty years of age he 
began to teach school, and tanght for three succes- 
sive winters. In 1847 he returned to Battle Creek 
and entered mercantile business. His success was 
immediate and for many years he was a leading 
merchant of the place. He also engaged in bank- 
ing and was President of the First National Bank of 
Battle Creek for a number of years. He was ac- 
tively interested in politics and held several offices. 
From 1865 to 1867 he was State Senator. He was 
for some time a member of the State Republican 
Committee and was State Treasurer from 1S71 to 
1875. ^^ ^^5 Mayor of Battle Creek in 1875. 
In 1876 he was United States Centennial Com- 
missioner at Philadelphia. March 8, 1877, he was 
appointed Regent of the LTniversiiy in jilace of Jonas 




VICIORY PHELPS COLLI KR 



for the full term from January i, following, but de- 
clined to qualify. He died at Battle Creek, June 
28, 1898. 



GEORGE DUFFIELD was born at Carlisle, 

Pennsylvania, September 12, 18 iS, son of the Rev- 
erend George and Isabella Graham (Hethune) 
Duffield. His father was one of the early Regents 
of the LTniversity of Michigan. He was prepared 
for college largely under the tutorship of his father 
and entered the sophomore class at Yale in 1834. 
Three years later he was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts, being the youngest member of a class that 
afterwards became famous. He took up the study 
of theology at LInion Seminary, New York, and com- 
pleted the course there in 1840. He was immedi- 
ately settled as pastor of a church in Brooklyn, and 
remained there seven years. He then accepted a 
call to the Presbyterian church in Bloomfield, New 
Jersey, and continued in that pastorate for six years. 
In 1853 he removed to a church in the Northern 
Liberties of Philadelphia where he found a wiile 
field for pastoral work. About the time of the 



REGENTS Bl' ELECTION 



197 



Civil War he came to Michigan and was settled, first 
at Adrian, and later over the Lansing church. On 
the resignation of Regent Collier in September, 1S77, 
he was appointed to the vacancy ; and at the end of 
the year was reappointed for the full term, Regent Col- 
lier who had been elected to the office the preceding 
April having declined to qualify. On October 22, 
1S40, he was married to Augusta Willoughby, of 
Brooklyn, New York, and they had three children : 
Samuel Willoughby, Edward Pierpont, and Marga- 
retta (now Mrs. Tunnicliff). He died at Bloomfield, 
New Jersey, July 6, 1888, and was buried in the 
family lot in Elmwood, Detroit. 



time in the study of architecture and higher mathe- 
matics. He tiicn returned to his former home, 
entered the Albany Academy, and further pursued 
the study of architecture and kindred branches. In 
1 844 he went to (Copper Harbor and built Fort 
W'ilkins. In 1S46 he went to Montgomery, Ala- 
bama, and obtained work upon the State Capitol, 
then in process of erection. .\s soon as his knowl- 
edge of architecture and his superior skill were 
discovered, he was appointed superintendent, and 
took the whole charge until the completion of the 
building in 1848. He then returned to Detroit, 
where he designed and erected some of the finest 
business blocks and private residences in the city. 



GEORGE LEWIS MALTZ was born in 
Brooklyn, New York, September 30, 1842. He 
removed to Detroit with his parents in 1846, and 
when sixteen years old was appointed ticket agent 
for the Grand Trunk Railway. .-\t the commence- 
ment of the Civil War he resigned this position and 
enlisted as a Private in the Fourth Michigan Infan- 
try. He served three full years, and rose to the 
rank of First Lieutenant. He was confined two 
months in Libby Prison, after which he was ex- 
changed and returned to his command. During 
General Grant's campaign before Richmond he was 
severely wounded, early in June, 1864, and was 
mustered out of service with his regiment at the end 
of that month. Upon his return to Detroit he was 
appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, 
and afterwards cashier of the Internal Revenue 
Office. In 1872 he removed to Alpena, Michigan, 
and founded the Exchange Bank of George L. 
Maltz and Company, being the pioneer banker of 
that section of the State. He was State Treasurer from 
1887 to 1891. From 1898 to 1901 he was Com- 
missioner of the State Banking Department. He was 
elected Regent of the University in 1877 fo"" the full 
term of eight years from January i, following, but 
resigned the office February 16, 1880. 



JAMES SHEARER was born at Albany, 
New York, July 12, 1823, son of George and 
Margaret (Buchanan) Shearer. The Shearers were 
from Campsie, Scotland, where the family had lived 
for five hundred years, .-^fter having received a 
common school education he removed to Detroit, 
Michigan, in 1837. He now apprenticed himself 
for six years to a master builder and spent his leisure 




JAMES SHEARER 

In 1 860 he was elected Alderman and secured many 
needed city improvements. On the breaking out of 
the Civil War he became greatly interested in the 
preservation of the Union and gave valuable assist- 
ance to soldiers in the field and to their families at 
home. He made several trips to the South to mini- 
ster to wounded soldiers on the field and to the sick 
in hospitals. In 1865 he removed to Bay City and 
became an important factor in its prosperity. He 
came to the aid of the First National Bank, lifted it 
from the financial ruin into which it had fallen, and 
in 1867 was elected its president. He was one of 
the commissioners to select designs and to supervise 



198 



UNirERsirr of Michigan 



the buikling of the State Capitol at Lansing. He 
was a Regent of the University of Michigan from 
1880 to 188S. During this period he was chairman 
of the Committee on Buildings and Grounds and 
directed the erection of the Library building. In 
1S50 he was married to Margaret L Hutchison, of 
Detroit ; and they had four children : (1. Henry, 
Ella M., James B., and Chauncy H. He died at 
Bay City, Michigan, October 14, 1S96. 



EBENEZER OLIVER GROSVENOR 

was born at Stillwater, Saratoga County, New NOrk, 
January 26, 1820. He was educated at tlie Lan- 
castrian Academy in Schenectady, and s]ieiU two 
years at the Polytechnic Academy in Chittenango, 
New York. He removed to Michigan in 1837. 




EBEN'EZER OLIVER GROSVENOR 

He lived first in Albion, afterwards in Monroe, and 
was employed as a mercantile clerk in both these 
places. In 1840 he removed to Jonesville, Michigan, 
and pursued the calling of a dry-goods clerk for four 
years, when he entered a general mercantile busi- 
ness. He continued in the business for over thirty 
years and amassed a considerable fortune. In 1854 
he established the banking firm of Grosvenor and 
Company and started the Exchange Bank of Jones- 
ville, of which he has since been president and the 



largest stockholder. In 1858 he was elected to the 
State Senate. On the breaking out of the Civil War 
he was commissioned Colonel on the staff of Governor 
Blair, and received an appointment on the Military 
Contract Board, of which he became president. In 
1862 he was again elected to the State Senate. He 
was Lieutenant-Governor of Michigan from 1865 to 
1867, and State Treasurer from 1867 to 1S71. He 
was one of the organizers of the Michigan Mutual 
Life Insurance Company of Detroit, and an early 
stockholder and director of the Detroit Fire and 
Marine Insurance Company, and also of the Michi- 
gan State Fire Insurance Company, established at 
Adrian. He was elected Regent of the University 
in 1879 '"I'-l '00k his seat the following January. 
Throughout his eight years' service he was punctual 
in his attendance upon the meetings of the Board 
and gave his valuable time unsparingly to the interests 
of the institution. In 1844 he was married to Sally 
Ann Champlin, and hag one daughter, Mrs. Charles 
White. 



JACOB J. VAN RIPER was born at Haver- 
straw, New \'ork, March 8, 1S38, son of John and 




JACnl; I. VAN RIPI:R 



Leah Van Riper. His father was a manufacturer of 
woollen goods and an inventor of machinery used in 
his occupation. The son received his education at 



REGENTS BT ELECTION 



199 



the New York Conference Seminary and Collegiate from January i, following. He was one of tiie ablest, 

Institute in New York City. In 1S5S lie removed most conscientious, and most efficient members that 

to Cass County, Michigan, and began his active life ever sat in the Board. The Regents of the Uni- 

by teaching a common school. In 1860-1S61 he versity conferred upon him the degree of Doctor 

attended law lectures in the University of Michigan, of Laws in 1890. He died at his home in Jackson, 

and was admitted to practice in June, 1S62. He August 6, 1894. The next year the Legislature pro- 



opcncd an office at Dowagiac, and remained in that 
city until September, 1S70, when he removed to 
ISuchanan anil continued the practice of his profes- 
sion in that place. During the ('i\'il War he held 
the office of Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue 
for Cass County, and subsequently that of Assistant 
Assessor of Internal Revenue. In 1867 he was 
elected a member of the State Constitutional Con- 
vention. He served on the Judiciary Committee, 
and on the Committee on ISills of Rights. His 
arguments against the Railroad aid schemes gaineil 
him considerable reputation throughout the State. 
Ill 1S76 he was elected Prosecuting .Xttorney of 
Berrien County, and continued in the office four 
years. From iSSi to 1S85 he was Attorney-Clen- 
eral of Michigan ; and from 1893 '" '90i> Ji"'g'2 of 
Probate for Berrien County. March 16, 1880, he was 
appointed Regent of the University in place of George 
L. Maltz resigned, and served out the term, retiring 
January i, 1S86. He marriefl Kmnia E. Bronner, 
and has one son and two daughters. He resides at 
Niles, Michigan. 



vided for the erection of a memorial statue of him 



AUSTIN BLAIR was born at Caroline, Tomp- 
kins County, New York, February 8, 1818, son of 
George and Rhoda (Beackman) Blair. He was 
educated at Hamilton and Union Colleges and was 
graduated Bachelor of .Arts from the latter in 1839. 
Upon receiving his degree he at once began the 
study of law and was admitted to the Bar in 1S41. 
He then came West and settled at Jackson, Michi- 
gan. He began his political career as a campaign 
orator for Henry Clay in 1844. The following 
year he was elected to the Lower House of the 
Michigan Legislature and was there instrumental 
in securing the abolishment of capital |iunishment 
in the State. He was an ardent l''ree Siiil man, 
and later was a partici[)ant in the formation of the 
Republican party. In 1855 he was a member of 
the State Senate. He was elected Governor of the 
State in r86o, and again in 1862, and was widely 
known as the War Governor. In 1 866 he was elected 
to Congress, and was re-elected in 1 868, and again 
in 1870. In 1881 he was chosen Regent of the 
University, and served the full term of eight years 




AU.STIN BLAIR 

in the Statehouse grounds at Lansing. A son, 
Charles A. (A. B. 1876), after serving one term as 
Attorney-General of the State, is now a Justice of 
the Supreme Court of Michigan. There were three 
other children: George H. (died April 10, 1903) ; 
Fred J., now of Washington, D. C, and .'^.ustin I., 
of New York City. 



JAMES FREDERICK JOY was born at Dur- 
ham, New Hampshire, December 20, iSio. He 
was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1833. 
He then taught for two years, first as Principal of 
Pittsfield Academy, and then as instructor in Latin 
at Dartmouth. He now entered the Harvard Law 
School and was graduated in 1836. He immedi- 
ately came West and settled in Detroit, where he 
began an active business career. In 1846 the State 
decided to sell the Michigan Central Railroad to a 
corporation. The prospective company chose Mr. 



200 



UNI/'ERSriT OF MICHIGAN 



Joy as their attorney, and he drew up the charter 
and assisted in organizing the company. Through 
his influence the road was extended as far west as 
Chicago. He later organized and became the 
President of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy 
road. In 1865 he became President of the Michi- 
gan Central and greatly extended its lines in the 




JAMES FREDERICK JOV 

State. He was a Representative in the State Legis- 
lature in 1 86 1. In 1 88 1 he accepted a nomination 
for Regent of the University and was elected for the 
full term. He served from January i, 1882, to 
December 21, 1S86, when he resigned the office. 
He received the degree of Doctor of Laws from 
Dartmouth College in 1869, from Iowa College the 
same year, and from the University of Michigan in 
1887. He died at Detroit, September 24, 1896. 



LYMAN DECATUR NORRIS was bom 

at Covington, New York, May 4, 1S23, son of Mark 
and Roccena (Vail) Norris. He was lineally de- 
scended from Nicholas Norris who came from Eng- 
land to Hampton, New Hampshire, about 1654. 
His great-grandfather David Norris was a Revolu- 
tionary soldier and fought at Trenton and elsewhere. 
The Vails were of Welsh origin and settled on Long 
Island in 1700. He entered the University of 



Michigan in the fall of 1S41, being the first student 
to matriculate in the new institution. After three 
years he changed to Yale College, where he was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1845. He read law 
with A. D. Frazer of Detroit, and was admitted to 
the Bar in the spring of 1847. He took up the 
practice of his profession in St. Louis, Missouri. In 
1 85 1 he went to Heidelberg, Germany, to take a 
course in the Civil Law, a knowledge of which he 
found necessary in the investigation of the French 
and Spanish land grants based on laws existing 
previous to the purchase of Louisiana. During his 
stay in St. Louis he was political editor and joint 
proprietor of "The Daily Times." In 1854 he re- 
moved to Ypsilanti, Michigan, and practised his 
profession there till the spring of 1S71. In that 
year he removed to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where 
he continued to reside. He was a member of the 
Constitutional Convention of 1867, and from 1869 




LVMAN DEC.\TUR NORRIS 

to 1871 he served as State Senator from Washtenaw 
County. In 1869 the Regents of the University 
conferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of 
Arts. On January 19, 18S3, he was appointed Re- 
gent of the University in place of Byron M. Cut- 
cheon resigned, and served out the term, retiring 
at the close of that year. On November 22, 1854, 
he was married to Lucy .\. Whittelsey, a lineal 



REGENTS Br ELECTION 



20 1 



descendant of the Reverend John Cotton. They 
had three children : Maria Whittelsey ; Mark (A.B. 
1879, LL.B. 1882), now an attorney at Grand 
Rapids ; and Lucy, who died in infancy. lie died 
at Grand Rapids, January 6, 1894. 



ARTHUR MERRILL CLARK was born 
at LandalT, New Hampshire, .\iigust 4, 1833, son of 
Daniel and Mary (Merrill) Clark. His parents 
both sprang from New England families. He at- 
tended the common schools of his native state till 
he was sixteen years of age. He then entered the 
Seminary and Collegiate Institute at Newbury, Ver- 
mont, where he was graduated in 1853. He taught 
for a year and then came to Michigan as Principal 




ARTHUR MERRILI, CLARK 

of Schools at Lexington. He held this position for 
five years and then turned to commercial pursuits. 
In 1 8 75 he disposed of his business and became 
Grand Lecturer of the Grand Lodge, of F. and A. M. 
of Michigan. He held this office till 1901 and then 
resigned it on account of failing health. He was 
married August 16, 1855, at Stowe, Vermont, to 
Mary E. Robinson. Four children were born of 
this union : Ellen Haywood ; Charles Sinclair ; 
Arthur N. ; and Howard R. The last two died in 
infancy. The mother died July 27, 1S62. He was 



married a second time, at Littleton, New Hamp- 
shire, September 8, 1863, to Martha Hale, by whom 
he had two sons, Winthrop W., now of Lexington, 
and Arthur IL, the latter dying in infancy. The 
mother died August 22, 1896. January 11, 189S, 
he was married to Emma Church .-Mford, who sur- 
vives him. He died at Lexington, October 27, 
1903. He was elected a Regent of the University 
on the Democratic ticket in April, 1883, and took 
office January i, following. During his eight years 
of service he was seldom absent from his seat in the 
Board and throughout proved a wise conservator of 
the best interests of the University. 



CHARLES JOSEPH WILLETT was 

born at Essex, New York, June 5, 1849, son of 
Joseph S. and Cornelia .'\. (Whallow) Willett. 
Thomas Willett, his first ancestor in this country, 
landed at Plymouth in 1630, and succeeded Miles 




CHARLES JOSEPH WILLETT 

Standish as "Captain." Later he removed to Long 
Island, and when Manhattan was turned over to the 
English he became the first Mayor of New York 
City. The subject of this sketch having prepared 
for college at Essex Academy and the Grand 
Rapids (IMichigan) High School, entered the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, and was graduated Bachelor of 



UNIFERSIIT OF MICHIGAN 



Arts in 187 1. For one year after graduation he 
was Su])erintendent of Schools at Chelsea, Michigan. 
From 1872 to 1S76 he was employed in a bank at 
St. Louis, Michigan. Meanwhile he had studied 
law, and on January 8. 1S77, he was admitted to 
practise law in all the courts of the State. Novem- 
ber 9, 1891, he was admitted to practise in the Su- 
preme Court of the United States, and October 16, 
1S93. in the Supreme Court of California. He 
served on the School board of St. Louis and filled 
various other local offices. He was Prosecuting 
Attorney for Gratiot County. 1S80-1882. In 1883 
he was elected Regent of the Ihiiversity and took 
his seat the following January, serving the full term 
of eight years. During the latter part of his term 
he was chairman of the Finance Committee of the 
Board. Soon after the close of his Regency he 
removed to Pasadena, California, where he still 
resides. He is director of the Pasadena National 
Bank, and has been its attorney for years. He is 
also President of the Pasadena Hospital Association 
and chairman of the Valley Oil Company. From 
1896 to 190J he was President of the Board of 
Education of the Pasadena Public Schools, and 
from 1901 to 1905 he was City Attorney. He is a 
member of the American Statistical Society, the 
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 
and the National Geographic Society. He was 
married May 13, 1874, to Harriet S. Grossman. 



MOSES WHEELOCK FIELD was born 
at Watertown, New York, February 10, 1S28, son 
of William and Rebecca Field. He was graduated 
from Victor Academy, Cato, New York. He re- 
moved to Detroit in 1844, and entered upon a 
mercantile career, in which he was highly successful. 
He was elected Alderman in 1863, and was con- 
tinued in office two terms. In rS72 he was elected 
to the Forty-fourth Congress. In 18S5 he was 
elected Regent of the University for the full term of 
eight years from January i, following, but he did 
not live to serve out the term. He died in Detroit, 
March 14, 1889. 



CHARLES RUDOLPHUS WHITMAN 

was born at South ISend, Indiana, October 4, 1S47, 
son of William Green and Laura Jane (Finch) 
\Vhitman, and seventh lineal descendant of John 
Whitman, of Weymouth, Massachusetts. He re- 
ceived a preliminary training in the common schools 



of his native town, and in Foster School, of Chicago. 
He prepared for college in the Chicago High school, 
the Ann Arbor High school, and the Ypsilanti Union 
Seminary, graduating from the latter institution in 
1866. In September of that year he entered the 
University of Michigan, and was graduated Bachelor 
of Arts four years later. From 1870 to 1871 he was 
principal of the Ypsilanti Union Seminary. In the 
autumn of 187 i he entered the Law Department of 
the LTniversity, and was graduated Bachelor of Laws 
in 1S73. Two years later he received from the 
University the degree of Master of Arts. . He entered 
upon the practice of law at Ypsilanti in 1873, in 




CHARLES RULlOLPIiUS WHITMAN 

partnership with his father-in-law, Chauncey Joslyn, 
Esq. For several years he was secretary of the 
School board of Ypsilanti. In 1876 he was elected 
Circuit Court Commissioner for Washtenaw County, 
serving two years, and by appointment becoming 
Injunction Master for the county. In 1882 he was 
elected Prosecuting Attorney, which office he filled 
for two terms. In 1885 he was elected Regent of 
the LTniversity of Michigan, and took his seat the 
following January, serving the full term of eight years. 
While on the Board he was a member of the Exec- 
utive Committee and of other important commit- 
tees, and for some years chairman of the Committee 
on Buildings and Grounds. In 1887 he removed to 



REGENTS BY ELECTION 



203 



Ann Arbor. In 1891 Governor Winans appointed 
hiin Railroad Coraniissioner for tlie State of Miciiigan, 
which position he held during the Governor's term 
of office. In 1895 he removed his law office to 
Detroit though continuing to reside in Ann Arbor. 
In 1896 he was appointed Assistant United States 
District Attorney at Detroit, and continued to hold 
that position till something over a year after the 
termination of President Cleveland's second admin- 
istration. In February, 1899, he removed to his old 
home, Chicago, where he resumed the practice of 
his profession. He was married in 1 871 to Elvira C. 
Joslyn, of Ypsilanti, and they have four sons : Ross 
Chauncey (A.B. 1894, M.D. 1899) ; Lloyd Charles 
(A.H. i8q6, LL.B. 1898); Roland Dare (A.B. 
1897, LL.B. 1899) ; and Bayard Joslyn, who has 
also been a student in the University of Michigan. 



CHARLES STUART DRAPER was born 
at Pontiac, Michigan, August 26, 1S41, son of 
Charles and Mary (Chamberlain) Draper. He 
was of New England ancestry. Both his father and 
his grandfather, William Draper, were graduates of 
Harvard College. He was prepared for college 
in the public schools of Pontiac, and entered the 
University of Michigan in 1858. On the breaking 
out of the Civil War he enlisted as Quartermaster 
Sergeant in the Fifth Michigan Infantry and served 
throughout the war. He was wounded at Antietam 
while serving on General Richardson's staff. While 
in the field the degree of Bachelor of Arts was con- 
ferred upon him by the University with the class of 
1863. On returning to civil life he studied law in 
his father's office at Pontiac, and eventually became 
a member of the firm. In 1S69 he removed to 
Saginaw, where he entered into partnership with 
H. H. Hoyt, Esq. Some time afterwards this part- 
nership was dissolved and a new one was formed 
with Oscar F. Wisner, Esq., which was only termi- 
nated by Mr. Draper's death. At one time he was 
City Attorney of East Saginaw and later held the 
office of City Controller. On the resignation of 
Regent Joy at the end of 1886, Mr. Draper was 
appointed to the vacancy and served out the term 
ending January i, 1890. In .\pril, 1889, he was 
elected for the full term to succeed himself, but did 
not live to complete it. In the summer of 1892, his 
health having become seriously undermined, he went 
to Europe in the hope of finding relief. This hope 
proved vain. He started home, but died at sea, 
August 5, 1892, and was buried in the family lot at 



Pontiac. He was a member of the Military Order 
of the Loyal Legion of the United States. On 
December 12, 1867,- he was married to Surah 
Thurber, who survives him. 



ROGER WILLIAMS BUTTERFIELD 

was born at IClbridge, New York, .\pril 23, 1S44, 
son of the Reverend Isaac and Sarah .X. (Templeton) 
Butterfield. His ancestors were among the early 
settlers of New England. His father, a prominent 
minister of the Baptist denomination, removed to 
Iowa at an early date. After a preparatory training 
in the public schools the son entered Princeton 
College, from which he was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts ui iXMi. Hr 11. >u rntrr(/(l llie l.iw l)e|):ittnient 




ROGFR Wirl.IAMS BU IIKRI'IELD 

of the University of Michigan and was graduated 
Bachelor of Laws in 1868. In that year he opened 
a law office in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he 
has since continued to practice. .At present, in 
addition to being the senior member of the law firm 
of Butterfield and Keeney, he is interested in various 
commercial enterprises, notably as president of the 
Grand Rapids Chair Company and as vice-president 
of the Widdicomb Furniture Company. In 1887 
he was elected a Regent of the University for the 
full term and was re-elected in 1S95. During the 



204 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



sixteen years that he sat in the Board he did 
important service as a member of the Library 
Committee of the Board and as chairman of the 
Committee on the Literary Department, the Medi- 
cal Department, and on the Department of Law. 
In 1870 he was married to Leonora Ida Drake, of 
Fort Wayne, Indiana, and they have four children : 
Mary (A.B. [Vassar College] 1901) ; Roger Champ- 
lin (A.B. 1901, LL.B. 1903) ; Isaac Lawrence (A.B. 
1906); and Archibald Drake, an undergraduate in 
the university. 



CHARLES HEBARD was born at Lebanon, 
Connecticut, January 9, 1831, son of Learned and 
Persis Elizabeth (Strong) Hebard. His ancestors on 
both sides were English. He was a lineal descen- 
dant of William Bradford, the first Governor of 
Massachusetts. He received his early education at 
a boarding school in Westfield, Massachusetts. He 
taught in the country schools for one year, and in 
1850 took the overland trip to the then remote State 
of Iowa. The following year found him at Scranton, 
Pennsylvania, in the employ of the Lackawanna Iron 
and Coal Company. In 1853 he removed to Toby- 
hanna Mills, and erected a sawmill for the manufac- 
ture of lumber, becoming in time partner in the firm 
of Dodge, Meigs, and Dodge. In 1867 he began a 
lumber business at Willianisport, Pennsylvania, under 
the firm name of Dodge and Hebard. Three years 
later he removed to Detroit, Michigan, and entered 
into business with Mr. R. K. Hawley, the firm, 
known as the Hebard and Hawley Lumber Com- 
pany, having sawmills at Cleveland, Ohio, which 
were supplied with logs towed from Lake Huron 
ports. It was in the handling of logs for these 
mills that Mr. Hebard first put into use his invention 
of the bag boom. In 1872 he sold his interest in 
this firm, and returned to Williamsport, where he 
was in business till 1877. Having become inter- 
ested in the white pine timber of the Upper Penin- 
sula of Michigan, he purchased a large tract of land 
on Keweenaw Point and erected a sawmill at 
Pequaraing. This business was begun under the 
firm name of Hebard and Thurber ; but in 1882 
the latter sold out his interest to Mr. Hebard, and 
the firm from that time on was known as Charles 
Hebard and Son. Some years later, in connection 
with his sons, he purchased the immense Okefenokee 
Swamp in southeastern Georgia, containing approxi- 
mately 350,000 acres of cypress, yellow pine, and 



gum timber. He was elected Regent of the Univer- 
sity of Michigan in 1887, and took his seat the fol- 
lowing January, serving the full term of eight years. 
During his later years he resided the greater part of 
the time in Philadelphia. He was a member of the 




CHARLES HEBARD 

Union League Club of tliat city and of the Military 
Order of the Loyal Legion. He was also a trustee 
of Jefferson Medical College. He died at Philadel- 
phia June II, 1902. He was married January 5, 
1857, to Mary Cornelia Case, who together v;ith four 
children, survived him: Mrs. Riddle R. Marsden ; 
Charles S. ; Mary E. ; and Daniel L. 



HERMANN KIEFER was born in Sulzburg, 
Baden, Germany, November ig, 1825, son of Con- 
rad and Friederike (Schweykert) Kiefer. His father 
and paternal grandfather were both physicians and 
surgeons. On the maternal side his grandfather was 
director of the Botanical Gardens in Karlsruhe. 
Until his ninth year he was educated under private 
tutors, and from then, until he was eighteen, he 
attended the Gymnasia of Mannheim, Freiburg, and 
Karlsruhe. His later studies, including medicine, 
were carried on at the universities of Freiburg, 
Heidelberg. Prague, and Vienna. On May 13, 1849, 



REGENTS BT ELECTION 



205 



he passed examinations as physician and surgeon be- 
fore the State Board of Examiners in Karlsruhe ; and 
after a short term of service as surgeon of a volun- 
teer regiment, he came to the United States in 
October of the same year. He settled in Detroit, 
where he has since followed the practice of his pro- 
fession, with the exception of two years, 1883-1S85, 
when he was United States Consul at Stettin, Ger- 
many. He was a member of the Detroit Board of 
Education in 1866-186 7, and of the Public Library 
Commission in 1882-1883. He was a presidential 




Social Science, the Michigan Political Science As- 
sociation, and the American Historical Association. 
He was married July 21, 1850, to Franciska Kehle, 
of Bonndorf, Baden, and there were six children : 
Alfred K., Arthur K., Edwin H., Edgar S., Hermine 
C, and Guy Lincoln (A.B. 1887, A.^L 1891, M.D. 
1891). 



WILLIAM JOHNSON COCKER was 

born at Almondbury, Yorkshire, England, March i 7, 
1846, son of Benjamin F. and Mary (Johnson) 
Cocker. His parents emigrated to Australia in 
1850, and thence to the United States. The son 
was prepared for college at the Ann Arbor High 
school, where he was graduated in 1864, and entered 
the LTniversity of Michigan the same year. At the 
end of his Junior year he accepted a position as 
assistant in the General Library of the LTniversity for 



HF.RMAXN KIEFER 

elector in 1872, and a delegate to the Republican 
National Convention of 1876. Nfarch 15, 1SS9, he 
was appointed Regent of the LTniversity to succeed 
the late Moses W. Field, and at the expiration of 
the term was elected for the full term of eight years. 
During the entire thirteen years of his service on the 
Board he was chairman of the Committee on the 
Department of Medicine and Surgery and did impor- 
tant service in the building up and strengthening of 
that department. On his retirement from the 
Board the Regents, acting on the recommendation of 
the Medical Faculty, appointed him Professor Emer- 
itus of the Practice of Medicine. He is a member 
of the American Medical Association, the American 
Academy of Medicine, the Michigan State Medical 
Society, the American Academy of Political and 




WILLIAM JOHNSON COCKER 

one year. He then resumed his studies and was grad- 
uated Bachelor of Arts with the Class of 1869. Set- 
tling in Adrian, Michigan, soon after graduation, he 
was appointed Principal of the city High School, 
which position he held for ten years. From 1879 to 
1885 he was Superintendent of the Adrian schools, 
and from 1885 to 1888 a member of the School Board. 



2o6 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



In 1 888 he became president of the Commercial 
Savings Bank of Adrian and continued in the bank- 
ing business there up to the time of his death. In 
1889 he was elected Regent of the University, and 
at the end of eight years was re-elected for a second 
term. He was chairman of the Finance Committee 
for some years and instituted the present system of 
managing the budget. He died suddenly at Ann 
Arbor, May 19, 1901, greatly lamented by the 
entire University community. His writings include : 
" Hand- Book of Punctuation," " The Civil Govern- 
ment of Michigan," and " The Government of the 
United States." Mr. Cocker was married March 
25, 1870, to Isabella M. Clark, of Adrian, and they 
had one son, Benjamin Clark, who survives them. 



PETER NAPOLEON COOK was born in 

the township of Antrim, Siiiawassee County, Michi- 
gan, August I, 1840, son of Peter Gordon and 
Elizabeth (Du Boice) (^)ok. On the paternal side 




TKIKK NAPOLEON COOK 

he is descended from the Scotch Gordons ; his 
mother was of French Huguenot origin. His par- 
ents came to Michigan from New York State in 
1834, and were among the first settlers in Shiawas- 
see County. He received his early education in the 
district school and completed his preparation for 



college at Lodi Academy, Washtenaw County, in 
i860. He then engaged in teaching, for a time, 
and in the summer of 1863 assisted in raising a 
company for the Tenth Michigan Cavalry. On 
July 25 he was mustered in as Captain of Company 
H, and was promoted to be Major on February 18, 
1S65. In April of the same year he was sent to 
take command of the dismounted cavalry of the De- 
partment of the Tennessee, where he continued till 
they were mustered out of service in June. In Oc- 
tober, 1865, he was detailed on a military commis- 
sion by the War Department and went to Memphis, 
Tennessee, remaining on duty there till ordered to 
join his regiment to be mustered out. In 1872 he 
entered the Law Department of the University 
of Michigan and was graduated with the Class of 
1874. He took up the practice of his profession at 
Corunna, Michigan, where he has since resided. 
He was elected Regent of the University at the 
April election of 1891 for the full term of eight 
years from January i, following, and served out the 
term. He was married December 6, 1868, to Mary 
A. Rutan, a granddaughter of Judge Rutan, of 
Shiawassee County. One daughter was born to 
them, Frances Clare (B. L. 1896), now assistant 
principal of the Lansing High School. Mrs. Cook 
died in May, 1902. 



HENRY HOWARD was born in Detroit, 
Michigan, March 8, 1833, son of John and Nancy 
(Hubbard) Howard, and grandson of Nathaniel 
Howard, of Red Stone, Pennsylvania. When he 
was less than a year old his parents removed to 
Port Huron, where he grew to manhood, receiving 
his education in the public schools. His father be- 
ing a lumberman, the son naturally grew into that 
business, and in 1854 was taken into partnership, 
becoming sole proprietor on the retirement of his 
father in 1877. The firm carried on an extensive 
business in the manufacture and shipment of lumber 
and timber, extending their operations finally as far 
as to the Upper Peninsula. He was president of 
the Northern Transit Company, of Port Sarnia. 
He was one of the organizers of " The Port Huron 
Times " Company, and was president of the com- 
pany for several years. He was prominently identi- 
fied with the organization of the First National 
Bank of Port Huron, of which he was President up 
to the time of his death. He was President of the 
Port Huron Gas Light Company, Vice-President of 



REGENTS B2' ELECTION 



207 



the Michigan Sulpliite Fibre Company, and Michi- 
gan director of the Grand Trunk Raiiway lines west 
of the St. Clair River. He was for a long period 
Vice-President of the Port Huron Engine and 
Thresher Company, and was prominent in the 
councils of the Port Huron and Northwestern Rail- 
way Company, of which he was president from 
1880 to 1882. He served as Alderman for the 
second ward of Port Huron for fourteen years, and 
was chairman of the Committee on Ways and 
Means. In 1882 he was elected Mayor of the city 
for one year. He also served as a member of the 
Board of Estimates and of the Board of Education. 
From 1873 to 1877 he was a representative in the 
State Legislature. He was a trustee of the Baptist 
church at Port Huron, ami was prominently con- 
nected with various fraternal and social organiza- 
tions. He was married in 1856 to Elizabeth E. 
Spalding, of New York State, who survived him 
three years. To them were born six children, of 
whom a daughter, Mrs. A. 1). Bennett, of Port 
Huron, and a son, John Henry, are now living. 
The other four, Hattie I., Charles M., Elizabeth, 
and Lillie, predeceased him. Mr. Howard was 
elected a Regent of the University in April, 1891, 
and took his seat the following January, but did not 
live to fill out his term. He died at Port Huron 
May 25, 1894. The last official business he trans- 
acted was in attending a meeting of the Board of 
Regents at Ann Arbor. 



LEVI LEWIS BARBOUR was born at 
Monroe, Michigan, August 14, 1840, son of John 
and Betsey (Morton) Barbour. He traces his pa- 
ternal ancestry back to George Barbour, who came 
to this country from England in the seventeenth 
century. On the mother's side he is descended 
from Levi Morton, who came from Scotland. His 
early education was received at the district school, 
in the Union School at Battle Creek, at Olivet Col- 
lege, at Lee Centre (Illinois) Academy, and in the 
preparatory department of Kalamazoo College. He 
entered the University of Michigan, and was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Arts in 1863. He then entered 
the Law Department, and was graduated Bachelor 
of Laws in 1865. After some time spent in travel 
and residence abroad he entered upon the practice 
of his profession in Detroit, where he has continued 
to reside. He served one terrfl (i 88 1-1885) °" 
the State Board of Corrections and Charities. 



August 25, 1892, he was a])p()inted a member of 
the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan 
in place of Regent Draper, deceased, and served out 
the term, retiring January i, 1898. On the resig- 
nation of Regent Sutton, in June, 1902, he was again 
appointed Regent for the rrmainder of the term ex- 
piring January i, 1908. Throughout his Regency 
he has been a very active member of the Board, de- 
voting much time and cnngv to the service of the 
University. He has bt'in chairman of several im- 
portant committees of the Board, including the 




LEVI Ll'.WIS r,ARI!(JUR 

Library Committee, the Committees on the Liter- 
ary and Medical Departments, and the Finance 
Committee. In 1876 he received from the Univer- 
sity the degree of Master of Arts. In December, 
1897, on the eve of his retirement from the Board, 
he transferred to the Regents certain lots in the 
city of Detroit to aid in the erection of a Woman's 
Building and Gymnasium at the University. This 
buihling has since been completed and has been 
named in his honorThe Barbour Gymnasium. (See 
page 160.) He was married May 9, 1865, to 
Harriet E. Hooper, of hnn Arbor. 



FRANK WARD FLETCHER was born in 
Boston, Massachusetts, May 16, 1S53, son of George 



2o8 



UN I VERS ITT OF MICHIGAN 



N. and Sarah A. G. (Miller) Fletcher. His father 
was born at Ludlow, Vermont, and his mother at 
Kennebunkport, Maine, the line of descent being 
traced in American families as far back as 1632. 
He had his preparatory training in the public 
schools of Detroit and in P. M. Patterson's school 
in that city. In 1875 he was graduated Bachelor 
of Philosophy from the University of Michigan. 
The following year was spent in post-graduate 
study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 
After three years' service as chemist in the employ 
of the Detroit and Lake Superior Copper Company 
he entered the lumber business at Alpena, Michi- 



HENRY STEWART DEAN was born at 
Lima, New York, June 14, 1830, son of William 
Whetten and Eliza (Hand) Dean. His ancestors 
were English and Dutch. He was educated chiefly 
in two schools, — the Academy of West Bloomfield, 
New York, and Nutting's Academy, Lodi Plains 
Washtenaw County, Michigan. At the completion 
of his course in the latter institution in 1852 he was 
fully prepared for college ; but immediately upon 
leaving the Academy he went to California to engage 
in mining and general business pursuits. After one 
year lie became president and general manager of 
the Union Tunnel Company of Calaveras County, 





FRANK WARD FLETCHER 



HENRY STEWART DEAN 



gan, in 1S79. Since 1899 he has been president of 
the Fletcher Paper Company at Alpena. He was 
elected Regent of the University in 1893 and was 
re-elected for a second term in 1901. He has been 
for many years chairman of the Committee on 
Buildings and Grounds, and several of the finest 
buildings on the Campus have been erected un- 
der his direction, including the new law building, 
the new medical buikling, and the new engineering 
building. He was married January 22, 1879, to 
Grace E. Parker, of Detroit. Three sons survive : 
George Parker, Henry Eells, and Philip Kingsbury. 
A fourth son, Russel Withey, died June 26, 1893. 



and so continued until his return to Michigan in 
1857. He settled in Livingston County, where, 
until 1S62, he was a justice of the peace and con- 
ducted a milling business, dealing in flour and lum- 
ber. In 1862 he volunteered his services to the 
United States Government as Second Lieutenant 
and Recruiting Officer of the Twenty-Second Michi- 
gan Infantry. On July 31, 1862, he was commis- 
sioned Captain ; On February 5, 1863, Major; and 
on June 7, 1 864, Lieutenant-Colonel. He was in 
command of the regiment from September 27, 1863, 
to June 26, 1865, and participated in the campaigns 
in Kentucky and Tennessee, being in action at the 
Battle of Missionary Ridge. He also took part in 



REGENTS BT ELECTION 



209 



the Atlanta campaign up to, and including, the Battle 
of Jonesboro ; and returning with General Thomas 
to Chattanooga, was engaged in the Battle of Nash- 
ville. In addition to his regimental duties, he rend- 
ered service as Inspector-General on the staff of 
Brigadier-General R. S. Granger from May i to 
September 25, 1863 ; as a member of the Commis- 
sion for the trial of cotton speculators in 1863 ; and 
as a member of the examining Board for officers to 
command colored troops in 1864. Since the close 
of the war he has been engaged in business in Ann 
Arbor as a member of the firm of Dean and Company. 
Here he has been a prominent figure, both in com- 
mercial circles and in movements concerning the 
public weal. Some of his business connections have 
been as follows : secretary and treasurer of the Ann 
Arbor Printing and Publishing Company, 187 2-1 87 8 ; 
president of the Ann Arbor Milling Company since 
1892 ; president of the Michigan Milling Company 
since 1899; and director of the Owosso Gas Light 
Company in 1 898-1 899. He was Postmaster of Ann 
Arbor from 1870 to 1874. In public life he has 
held numerous offices of trust, notably as a mem- 
ber of the Board of State Prison Inspectors from 
1886 to 1890; president of the Washtenaw County 
Agricultural Society in 1 898-1 899 : director of the 
University School of Music since 1895 » ^ member 
of the National Council of Administration of the 
Grand Army of the Republic in x886 ; Commander 
of the Department of Michigan of the Grand Army 
in 1893; Commander of the Michigan Commandery 
of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion in 1S97 ; 
and supervisor of the first ward of Ann Arbur in 
1 898-1899. June I, 1894, he was appointe<l Re- 
gent of the University in place of Henry Howard, 
deceased, and in 1899 was elected to succeed him- 
self for the full term beginning the following January. 
Upon the establishment of the Engineering Depart- 
ment he was made chairman of the Committee on 
that department ; he has also been chairman of 
the Committee on the Museum, and of the Com- 
mittee on the Homoeopathic Department, and a 
member of various other committees. He is a 
member of the Society of the Army of the Cumber- 
land, the Sons of the American Revolution, and the 
American Historical Association. He was married 
August 24, 1865, to Delia Brown Cook, and they 
have one child, Elizabeth Whetten (B. S. 1891). 



Sylvester Archibald and Julia (.\lexander) Farr. He 
is of English ancestry on his father's side, and of 
Scotch on his mother's. His early life was spent in a 
limited attendance at the public schools of Michigan, 
and in work upon the farm as a means of livelihood. 
He was but nineteen at the outbreak of the Civil 
War, but volunteered his services to the (lovern- 
ment, enlisting for the ninety days' service in 1861 
in the First Michigan Infantry. .At the expiration 
of this period he went into the regular service, 
assigned to Battery M, Fourth United States .Artillery, 
with which command he was connected until mus- 
tered out as First Sergeant, Aiiril 10, 1865. Lipon 
returning to civil life he engiged in teaching, at the 
same time preparing for the Michigan Agricultural 
College, which he entered and from wliirh liP was 




GEORGE ALEXANDER FARR was born 
in Niagara County, New V'ork, July 27, 1S42, son of 



GEORGE ALEXANDER F'ARR 

graduated Bachelor of Science in 1870. He took 
up the study of the law ami was admitted to the 
Bar at Monroe, Michigan, March 30, 1873. He 
then removed to Grand Haven, Michigan, where he 
has since continued in the practice of his profes- 
sion. He was a State senator from 1879 t° iSSs- 
From 1S85 to 1891 he was a member of the Board 
of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum. He 
was Collector of Customs for the district of Michi- 
gan from 1897 to 1901. January 11, 1896, he was 
appointed Regent of the University for the full term 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



in place of Charles II. Ilarkley. who had been 
elected to the position but who had failed to qualify. 
He was regular in attendance upon the meetings of 
the Board, and as chairman of the Committee on 
the Law Department and of the Committee on Fi- 
nance rendered important service to the University. 
He is a member of the (irand Army of the Re- 
public and of the Michigan Bar Association. He 
was married, September 24, 1S79, at Stowe, Ver- 
mont, to Sue C. Slayton, and they have seven 
children : Frances Indiana (A. B. 1902), George A., 
Natalia S., Millison, Leslie S., Carrie E., and Sue. 



CHARLES DE WITT LAWTON was born 
at Rome, Oneida County, New \'c)rk, November 4, 
1835, son of Nathan and E^sther (Wiggins) Lawton. 
Both parents were of English ancestry. The Law- 
tons settled in Rhode Island in 1635, being con- 
temporary with Roger Williams, and are identified 




CH.JVRLES DE WITI LAW I 0\ 

with the early settlement and history of the colony. 
The Wiggins family emigrated from England to New 
York in 1630. Nathan Lawton's fither, Joseph 
Lawton, moved to New York State with his father's 
family at the age of eighteen, and returning later to 
Rhode Island, married there .Abigail Dawley, taking 



her to liis home in New York, where their son 
Nathan was born in 1801. The subject of this 
sketch received his early education in the district 
schools, and later was prepared for college in the 
LeRay and Auburn academies in New York State. 
He was graduated Bachelor of Arts at Union College 
in 1858, received the degree of Civil Engineer the 
following year, and the Master's degree, in course, in 
1S61. His first professional work was as principal 
of the Academy at Auburn, New York, from 1859 to 
1863. At the end of this period he devoted him- 
self to engineering work, which has since been 
largely his vocation. From 1862 to 1865 he was 
City Engineer of .Auburn. In 1865 he removed to 
Lawton, Michigan, a town which had been laid out 
by his father on land acquired from the government 
and on which the Michigan Central Railroad Com- 
pany located a depot. Here he has since continued 
to live, making the town his home and a convenient 
headquarters for operations that have e.xtended over 
otlier portions of the State. His first interest on 
coming to Michigan was in fruit raising, in which he 
was a pioneer in that quarter of the State. Later he 
became interested in the mineral resources of the 
State through his connection with the Michigan 
Central Iron Company, a concern which built a 
blast furnace at Lawton for the reduction of Lake 
Superior iron ore. He was engaged with this com- 
pany until 1870, when he was appointed assistant 
professor of Engineering at the State University, 
lu 1S71 he resigned this position and in 1872 he 
was appointed assistant to Major Brooks in the work 
of the State Geological Survey of the Marquette iron 
district of Lake Superior. He assisted in writing 
the valuable report of this survey. Thenceforth for 
several years he was engaged in mining and topo- 
graphical surveying in the Lake Superior region, 
doing also a considerable amount of railroad engi- 
neering. From 1S79 to 1882 he was .\cting Com- 
missioner of Mineral Statistics for Michigan, and 
from 1SS4 to 1890 held the office of Commissioner. 
In these offices he wrote the reports to the State 
from 1879. Since 1890 he has relinquished nearly 
all work except his fruit growing and farming inter- 
ests. In .\pril, 1S97, he was elected Regent of the 
University for the full term of eight years, and de- 
voted a large amount of time and attention to the 
duties of the office. He is a member of the .■\meri- 
can Historical .-Association. He was married July 
31, 1 86 1, to Lucy Lovina Latham, of Seneca Falls, 
New York. Their children are : Margaret Brooks, 
Charles Latham, Rebecca Estella, Nathan Oliver, 



KKCEN'l'S li)' /'./.KC'/ION 



Freilerick I'orcy (.VI. I). i'S97), Sw;iby l.ath.iin Cocker, May 19, k^oi, lie was appointed to the 
(I, I, .15. 1896), Marion Agnes (A. I!. 1901 ;, Ger- vacancy and served (jut the term ending January i, 
trnde Genevieve, and I'liigene Wright. 1906. At the April election of 1905 lie was elected 

to succeed himself for the full term of eight years. 
■ He is the founder of four Saginaw High School 

ELI RANSOM SUTTON was born at Gree- 
ley, Kansas, August :;5, 1 .S(j.S, son of Ottawa and 
Kiizabeth I'crnu-ln (I'opHn) SuUon. After a pre- 
l)aratory training in the public schools he entered 
the Kansas State Normal School and was graduated 
from that institution in 1888. He then became a 
student at the University of Michigan, taking the 
degree of Bachelor of !,aws in 1891 and thedegrees 
of Bachelor of Science and Master of Laws in 1892. 
Immediately after leaving the University he took up 
the practice of the law in Dilroil, where he held 
in succession the offices of Assistant (jty Counsel- 
lor, Assistant City Attorney, and Assistant t.'orpora- 
tion Counsel. Upon the accession of Mr. l^ingree 
to ihe g.u'emorshi]) in 1S97, he was appointed 
Colonel oil the (iovernor's staff. He was elected 
Regent of the University in A])ril, 1899, and took 
his seat the following January, but resigned the 
office on lea\ing the State in June, 1902. He 
was mairied July i, 1896, to (Jrace Louise Wil- 
liams, of Sodus, New York, and they have one 
child, Dorothy Hathaway. 

Akiiiuk ini.i. 




ARTHUR HILL was born at St. Clair, Mi< hi- 
gan, on March [5, 1847, son of James H. and 
Lucretia (Brown) Mill. His parents were both 
born in Michigan. He entered the University of 
Michigan in 1862 from Saginaw, and was graduated 
Civil Engineer in 1865. A few months following 
graduation were spent in railroad engineering m 
Minnesota, and later in the year he entered the 
Law Department of the University. He returned 
to Saginaw to enter upon a business career in lum- 
bering, manufacturing, and shipping, which rapidly 
grew to large proportions. In addition to his many 
business cares he has found time to maintain his 
interest in public questions, and has kept himself 
well informed on historical and economical sub- 
jects. He was chosen three times Mayor of Sagi- 
naw, and served as president of the Board of 
Education of that city for five years. Since 1899 
he has been a member of the State Board of 
Forestry Commissioners, having been one of the 
first two appointees. On the death of Regent 



Fellowships, with an annual income of two hun- 
dred and fifty dollars each, designed to aid needy 
graduates of that school in securing a university edu- 
cation. He also bought and presented to the Uni- 
versity the Saginaw Forest Farm, a tract of eighty 
acres near Ann Arbor, for the purpose of facilitating 
instruction in forestry at the University. 



HENRY WESTONRAE CAREY was 

born in the city of New \'ork, September 21, 1850, 
son of William and Mary (Ramsay) Carey. His 
ancestors were English and Scotch. He received 
an elementary education in the public schools, and 
entered in due course the College of the City of 
New York, where he was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts in 1870. After graduation he spent several 
years in the publishing business and in other activi- 
ties. In 1 88 1 he came West and entered the employ 
of Mr. R. (i. Peters, of Manistee, Michigan. When 
the R. G. Peters Salt and Lumber Company was or- 
ganized, he became its secretary and treasurer, which 



21 2 



UNIJ'ERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



office he has since retained. Later he was instru- 
mental in organizing the Micliigan Maple Company 
and the Hemlock Bark Company, of both of which 
firms he is president. Aside from these offices he 
is president of the Lakewood Lumber Company 
of Grand Rapids, treasurer of the Gillette Roller 
Bearing Company, also of that city, and is offi- 
cially connected with various other large firms. He 
was for some time a member of the Twenty-second 
Regiment, National Guard, State of New York, from 
which he retired with the rank of captain of the 
veteran corps. For years he was chairman of the 
I\Lanistee County Republican Committee, and for a 



LOYAL EDWIN KNAPPEN was born at 
Hastings, Michigan, January 27, 1854, son of Edwin 
and Sarah M. (Nevins) Knappen. He is of New 
England ancestry, and both his paternal great-grand- 
fatliers served in the Revolutionary War. After the 
regular preparatory training in the Hastings schools 
he entered the University of Michigan and was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Arts in 1873, taking the Master's 
degree in course three years later. On leaving the 
University he entered immediately upon the study 
of the law, which was interrupted by six months' 
service as assistant principal of the Hastings High 
School. He then resume<l his law studies with the 





HENRY WESTONRAE CAREY 



LOYAL EDWIN KNAPPEN 



term he served as secretary of the Congressional 
Committee of the Ninth district of Michigan. He 
was a member of the Republican State Central Com- 
mittee from 1 888 to 1902 and a member of its 
Executive Committee. For four years he served 
as Paymaster General of the Michigan troops. For 
twenty years he has been on the School board of 
Eastlake. He was elected a Regent of the L^'ni- 
versity in April, 1901, for the full term of eight 
years, and took his seat January i, following. In 
1879 he was married to May M. Ransom, daughter 
of Jonathan Ransom, of New York, and they have 
three children, Mabel Mumford, Archibald Edward 
(A.B. 1905), and Eleanor Jerome. 



Honorable James A. Sweezey and was admitted to 
the Bar in August, 1875. Since that date he has 
practised his profession at Hastings and at Grajid 
Rapids in connection with various law firms, the 
title of the present firm being Knappen, Kleinhans, 
and Knappen. He was Prosecuting Attorney for 
Barry County from 1879 to 1883, and Assistant 
Prosecuting Attorney of Kent County from 1888 
to 1 89 1. From iSSo to 1888 he was a United 
States Commissioner. He has served on the School 
board of Hastings and of Grand Rapids. In April, 
1903, he was elected Regent of the University for 
the full term, and took his seat the following Janu- 
ary. He was at once put at the head of the Com- 



REGENTS BT ELECTION 



213 



mittee on the Department of Law. He is a member 
of the National and Stale Bar Associations and 
of various clubs and societies. He was married, 
October 23, 1876, to Amelia I. Kenyon, of Hast- 
ings, and they have three children : Stuart E. 
(A.B. 1898), who is associated with his father in 
the practice of the law ; Fred M., of Ocean Park, 
California ; and Mrs. Arthur D. Perry, of Grand 
Rapids. 



PETER WHITE was born at Rome, New 
York, October 31, 1830, son of Peter and Harriet 
(Tubbs) White. He comes from old New England 
stock, his grandfather being one of the Revolutionary 
soldiers engaged in the defence of Fort Stanwix (as 




PETER WHITE 

Rome was then called) against St. Leger in 1777. 
His father removed to Green Bay, Wisconsin, when 
the lad was very small. .At fifteen the boy struck 
out for himself to Mackinac Island, then a busy fur- 
trading post. There he worked in a store, or assisted 
on the lake survey, until in 1849 he joined a boat 
expedition to the newly discovered Iron Mountains 
of Lake Superior ; and returning from the site ot 
the mines to the lake shore became one of the 
first settlers of Marquette. Here he was clerk 



in a general store, postmaster, and soon a merchant 
on his own account. From merchandising he passed 
on to the study and practice of the law. He estab- 
lished a bank, since 1863 the First National Bank 
of Marquette, entered into intimate relations with 
several important mining companies, and built up 
a large Fire, Life, and Marine Insurance business. 
In 1857, he was a member of the State House of 
Representatives, from the Upper Peninsula, and, in 
1875, State Senator. When Marquette County was 
organized, he became Coanty Clerk and Register 
of Deeds and served also as Collector of the Port 
of Marquette for many years. As State Senator he 
made the first effort to secure a -Normal School 
for Northern Michigan, and he obtained the grant of 
lands by the State that secured the building of 
the Duluth and South Shore Railway. He has 
been a member of several commissions, by appoint- 
ment of the Governor: In 1892-1893 he was a 
member of the Board of World's Fair Managers for 
Michigan, and served on the Board of Judges of 
Awards. He set up in the building of Mines and 
Minerals at that fair what was generally conceded to 
be the best exhibit of any state or nation, consist- 
ing of ores of iron, copper, gold, and silver, as well 
as of the manufactured products of minerals. Since 
1895 he has been a member of the Mackinac Island 
State Park Commission; and since 1903 a member 
of the State Board of Library Commissioners. In 
1905 he secured the passage of the law creating 
a commission to arrange for a celebration of the 
semi-centennial of the opening of the Sault Ste. 
Marie Canal, and was appointed chairman of the 
Commission. He has been Park and Cemetery 
Commissioner of Marquette for forty continuous 
years, and has been a member of the School board 
of the city for over fifty continuous years. He is an 
officer of the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Soci- 
ety, and is prominently identified with the .American 
Historical Association. His public benefactions have 
been numerous and large. Marquette owes to him 
its fine library building, with a large part of the 
contents ; the Science Hall of its State Normal 
School ; and the beautifying of the fine Park of 
Presque Isle. He is also the founder of the Peter 
White Fellowship in American History and of the 
Peter White Classical Fellowship at the University. 
In 1900 the Regents of the University conferred 
upon him the honorary degree of Master of .•^rts. 
In ."^pril, 1903, he was elected Regent of the Uni- 
versity for the full term and took his seat the fol- 
lowing January. He has been chairman of the 



214 



UNivERsrrr of Michigan 



Library Committee of tlie Board and has rendered emy of Medicine. He was elected Regent of the 
invaluable service in promoting the interests of the University in April. 1905, anil took his seat on 
General Library. In 1857 he was married to Ellen 
S. Hewitt by whom he had six chiklren, only one 
of whom survives, Mrs. George Shiras. Mrs. White 
died in June, 1905. 



WALTER HULME SAWYER was born 
at Lyme, Huron County, Ohio, August 10, 1861, 
son of George and Julia A. (Wood) Sawyer. 
Having removed to Michigan, he was graduated 
from the Grass Lake High School in 18S1, and 
entered the Homceopathic Department of the State 
University, where he received the degree of Doctor 
of Medicine in 1884. After serving a year as 
House Surgeon at the Homoeopathic Hospital of 
the University he entered upon the practice of his 
profession at Hillsdale, Michigan, in July, 1SS5. 
Since that date he has not practised homoeopathy, 
and all his affiliations have been with the regular 
profession. He was a member of the Republican 
State Central Committee from 1898 to 1904. Since 
1 90 1 he has been a member of the State Board of 
Registration in Medicine. He is a member of the 
American Medical Association, the Tri-State Medical 
Society, and the Michigan State Medical Society; 
also a corresponding member of the Detroit Acad- 




WALIKR ULL.Mi; .^A\V\ LK 



January i, following. June 14. 1888, he was 
married to Harriet lielle Mitchell, of Hillsdale, 
and they have one son, Thomas Mitchell- 



REGENTS Br ELECTION 



215 



These two followinf^ arc not members of the Board of Regents, but officers appointed by tlic 
Hoard. They arc inchidcii here because of their prominence in tlic hfe and administration of 
tlie Universit}' diiriiitj nearl\- a quarter of a century. 



JAMES HENRY WADE, Secretary of tiie 
University since 1883, was born on a farm in Onon- 
daga County, New York, February 5, 1835, son of 
John and Mary (Parker) Wade. His father was of 
Enghsh, and his mother of Scotch, extraction. The 
family removed to Michigan when James was eight 
years old, and settled at Jonesville, in Hillsdale 
County. There the boy grew up, receiving such 
education as the public schools of the town afforded. 
In 1852 he made the overlami journey to California, 




sense. Aside from his official duties in the Univer- 
sity he has foimd time for various other interests 
and activities. He is a director of the State Savings 
Bank, the American Lumber Company, the Cold- 
water Gas and Fuel Company, and the Ann Arbor 
School of Music. He is a trustee of the Students' 
Christian Association, treasurer of the Tappan Pres- 
byterian Association, and an elder and trustee of the 
Presbyterian church. He was married in January, 
1859, to Elizabeth A. Sibbaki, of Jonesville. Two 
children survive : Charles V. Wade, of Jonesville, 
and Mrs. Gertrude Wade Slocum, of Chicago. Mrs. 
Wade died at /Xnn ."^rbor, .August 7, 1896. 



HARRISON SOULE, Treasurer of the Uni- 
\ersity since 18S3, was born in Orleans County, New 
\ ork, .August 4, 1S32, son of Milo and Irene 
(Blodgett) Soule. The Soule family is descended 



JA.MI-^ HKNkV WAOF. 

occupying si.x months and one day. He remained 
there four years. On returning to his native town 
he resumed his studies and finished the High Scliool 
course in 1858. Subsequently he engaged in mer- 
cantile pursuits and held various local offices. He 
was Postmaster of the village, a member of the 
School Board for fourteen years, President of the 
village, and Supervisor of the township. In 1883 
he accepted the position of Secretary of tlie State 
University, which he still holds. During his long from Mayflower ancestry, and the Blodgetts are of 
term of service the University has had a remarkable French-Canadian origin. He was educated in the 
growth, and not a little of its present prosperity is public schools of Marshall, Michigan, and at Albion 
due to his wise counsels and his sound business College, where he spent two years. He afterwards 




HARRIbON SOULE 



2l6 



UNirERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



took a course in the (Gregory Commercial College 
of Detroit, which he completed in 1854. His first 
business connection was with a large manufacturing 
concern in Detroit, and after three years in this line 
of business he entered the employ of the Michigan 
Central Railroad Company as accountant in the car 
department. At the opening of the Civil War he 
left this position to raise and drill the Albion Rifle 
Rangers, an organization which later became Com- 
pany I of the Sixth Michigan Infantry, and still later 
of the Sixth Michigan Heavy Artillery. He entered 
the service as Captain of his company, and after 
three years was promoted to the position of Major. 
Being the ranking officer he assumed command and 
continued in command of the regiment until mus- 
tered out, August 20, 1865. For fifteen years after 



the termination of the war he was connected with 
the passenger department of the Michigan Central 
Railroad, and in 1883 he was appointed to his pres- 
ent position as Treasurer of the University of Michi- 
gan. In the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 
which he joined in 1855, he has held every office 
up to and including that of Grand Master, to 
which rank he was raised in 1885. He was mar- 
ried in November, 1855, to Mary E. Parker. Two 
daughters were born to them : Mary Eva, now Mrs. 
L. L. Clark, of /Vnn .^rbor ; and Annah May. The 
latter took her Bachelor's degree at the University 
in 1894, and the Master's degree the following year. 
After a successful career of some years as professor 
at Mount Holyoke College, she died March 17, 
1905. 



THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 



The University Senate is composed mainly of three classes of persons, from all departments : i. Professors (including 
Acting, Adjunct, and Associate Professors, and Librarians) ; 2. Junior Professors; and 3. Assistant Professors. The Presi- 
dent of the University is President of the Senate. Formerly it was much the custom to appoint men, chiefly in the Medical 
Schools, temporarily with the title of Lecturer, reserving the title of I'rofessor for permanent appointment. Persons 
holding these temporary appointments were members of the Senate, but where the appointment was not made permanent 
within a year or two, the names have not been included in the following list. The same is true of a few .Acting Assistant 
Professors who held office for brief periods. The names are here put in the order of priority of original appointment to the 
highest rank attained. 



PRESIDENTS 



HENRY PHILIP TAPPAN was born at 
Rhinebeck on the Hudson, New York, April 18, 
1805. His father's family was of Huguenot extrac- 
tion ; on his mother's side lie was Dutch. He en- 
tered Union College at the age of sixteen and was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1825. Two years 
later he was graduated from the Auburn Theological 
Seminary and became associate pastor of the Dutch 
Reformed church in Schenectady, New York, for 
one year. He was next settled as pastor of the 
Congregational church at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. 
To this charge he took with him his newly married 
wife, a daughter of Colonel John Livingston, of New 
York. At the end of three years he was obliged to 
seek health and made a trip to the West Indies. On 
his return in 1832 he was elected professor of Intel- 
lectual and Moral Philosophy in the University of 
the City of New York. He had been a critic of the 
American college. He felt that it was not equal to 
the demands of American society, and now that he 
had become a teacher he began to study the prob- 
lem more closely. He saw the need of better 
libraries and apparatus, better equipped faculties, 
and more freedom in the choice of studies ; but his 
superiors were not yet prepared for his advanced 
ideas, and he resigned his chair. This was in 1838. 
He now turned his attention to authorship, at the 
same time conducting a private school. In 1839 
appeared his " Review of Edwards's Inquiry into the 
Freedom of the Will" ; in 1840, "The Doctrine of 
the Will Determined by an Appeal to Consciousness " ; 
in 1 84 1, "The Doctrine of the Will Applied to Moral 
Agency and Responsibility" ; in 1844, " Elements of 



Logic" ; in 1851, a treatise on " LTniversity Educa- 
tion " ; and in 1852, " A Step from the New World to 
the Old and Hack .Again." In 1852 he was invited to 
resume his former chair of Philosophy in the Lniiver- 




HENRY PHILIP TAPP.AN 

sity of the City of New York, and the same year he 
was elected to the presidency of the University of 
Michigan. He accepted the call from Michigan 
and became the first President of the University, 
and Professor of Philosophy. He believed that a 



2lS 



UNIVERSrn' OF MICHIGAN 



university worthy of the name must arise from the 
successive stages of primary and secondary schools. 
But these could be secured in completeness and 
perfection only by state authority, and by state and 
municipal appropriations derived from public funds 
and public taxation. These conditions he found 
partially established in the State of Michigan. Hope 
took possession of his heart, and he proceeded to 
create the American university according to his 
idea ; but he moved faster than the circumstances 
would warrant, and after eleven years of labor he left 
the work to other hands. The seed he sowed took 
root, and in due time his controlling idea was em- 
bodied in practice, which was the university lecture 
and freedom in the choice of studies. A more 
detailed account of his work at Ann Arbor will be 
found in the chapter devoted to his administration. 
He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from 
Union College in 1845 and the degree of Doctor of 
Laws from Columbia in 1854. In 1856 he was 
elected a corresponding member of the Imperial 
Institute of France. On leaving Michigan in 1863 
he went immediately to Europe. In Berlin, Paris, 
Bonn, Frankfort, Basel, and Geneva he found literary 
friends and cultivated circles glad to welcome him. 
He resided at Basel for some years, and finally pur- 
chased a beautiful villa at Vevey, on the shores of 
Lake Geneva, where he passed his declining years, 
and where he died November 15, 1881. He lies 
buried, with his entire family, high up on the vine- 
clad slopes above Vevey, facing the lake, with its 
heavenly blue, and the glorious mountains of Savoy 
beyond. Thither more than one of his old Michigan 
boys have found their way in the after years to do 
homage at his tomb. 



ERASTUS OTIS HAVEN was born in 
Boston, ^L^ssachusetts, November i, 1820, son of the 
Reverend Jonathan and Betsy (Spear) Haven. He 
was the sixth in line of descent from Joseph Haven, 
who came from Holland and settled at Lynn, Massa- 
chusetts, in 1644. He was graduated from Wes- 
leyan University in 1842, and soon assumed the 
principalship of a private academy at Sudbury, 
Massachusetts. The next year he became teacher 
of Natural Science in Amenia Seminary, Dutchess 
County, New York. After three years he was made 
principal of the seminary ; but two years later he 
resigned this position and joined the New York 
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
He was designated by his bishop as a missionary to 



Oregon : but the plan was changed, and he held one 
or two charges in New York City. In 1852 he was 
appointed Professor of the Latin Language and 
Literature in the University of Michigan ; but after 
two years he was transferred to the chair of History 
and English Literature ; and in 1856 he resigned his 
connection with the institution. He now removed 
to Boston and became editor of "Zion's Herald," an 
important denominational newspaper. Meanwhile 
he had pastoral charge of a church in Maiden for 
two years. From 1858 to 1863 he was a member 
of the State Board of Education and of the Board of 




ERASTUS OTIS HAVEN 

Overseers of Harvard College ; and he was twice 
elected to the Massachusetts Senate, where he 
served as chairman of the Joint Committee on 
Education. In 1S63 he was called to the presi- 
dency of the University of Michigan, to which were 
added the duties of the professorship of Rhetoric 
and English Literature. During the last two years 
of his presidency he lectured also on Logic, Political 
Economy, and Mental and Moral Philosophy. Dur- 
ing his administration the admission of women and 
the establishment of a College of Homoeopathy were 
urged upon the Board of Regents from certain cen- 
tres of influence, and were as strongly opposed from 
other centres. President Haven was well suited by 
his conciliatory temper to guide the University dur- 
ing this stormy period. The University went on in 



THE UNI VERS ITT SENJTE 



219 



tliL- way that had been marked out for it, aiul in 
proper time the proposed innovations were accom- 
plished without the injurious results that had been 
feared. On June 30, i86g, he resigned the presi- 
dency at Ann Arbor to accept the presidency of 
Northwestern University, at Pivanston. After three 
years he resigned that position in turn to become 
Corresponding Secretary of the ]5oard of Education 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He spent two 
years in this work and then became Chancellor of 
Syracuse University. From 1868 onward Dr. Haven 
was a conspicuous figure in the General Conferences 
of the Church. In 1876 he was appointed delegate 
to a Wesleyan convention held in England the 
following year, and in 1880 he war, elected bishop. 
He was now assigned for one year to the supervision 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the entire 
Pacific coast. In the summer of 1881 he delivered 
several Baccalaureate sermons and Commencement 
addresses, and was on official duty when death over- 
took him at Salem, Oregon, August 2 of that year. 
He was a ready writer, and made numerous contri- 
butions to the church ]3apers throughout his career. 
He published a large number of occasional addresses, 
in which kind he was specially happy. Two volumes 
appeared during his presidency at Ann Arbor : Pil- 
lars of Truth (1866), and a textbook on Rhetoric 
(1869). He received the degree of Master of Arts 
from Wesleyan University in 1845. In 1854 he was 
honored with the degree of Doctor of Divinity from 
Union College, and in 1863 with the degree of Doc- 
tor of Laws from the Ohio Wesleyan University. He 
was married July 28, 1847, to Mary Frances Coles, 
of New York City, daughter of the Reverend George 
Coles, editor of " The Christian Advocate." By her 
he had sons and daughters. The eldest son, Otis 
Erastus, was graduated Bachelor of Arts from the 
University in 1870, and had an honorable career as 
teacher, and later as physician, till his death at Evans- 
ton, Illinois, in 1888. The eldest daughter, Alida 
Electa, is also deceased. Still living are : Frances 
Elizabeth (Mrs. Moss), Urbana, Illinois; Alfred 
Coles, a physician at Lake Forest, Illinois ; Mira 
Electa (Mrs. Draper), Yokohama, Japan ; and the 
Reverend Theodore Woodruff Haven, New York. 
The youngest son, Theodore, was with his father at 
Salem during the last hours. (See pages 51-5S.) 



Rogrr Williams on his expulsion from the Massachu- 
setts Colony in 1636. He was prepared for college 
at the LJniversity Grammar School, Providence, en- 
tered l!rown University in 1S45, and was graduated 
with the highest honors in 1849. The first year 
after graduation he was engaged as assistant libra- 
rian in the college library and as a private tutor ; 
anil then, for the sake of his healtli, which showed 
signs of impairment, he travelled extensively on 
horseback through the South. Still looking for out- 
door occupation, he took up civil engineering for a 




JAMES BURRILL ANGELL was born at 
Scituate, Rhode Island, January 7, 1829, in direct 
descent from Thomas ."^ngell, who accompanied 



JAMES BURRILL ANGFXL 

time, and then went to Europe for travel and study. 
While abroad he was appointed professor of the 
Modern Languages and Literatures at Brown Univer- 
sity, a position which he did not return to fill until 
1853. In addition to the duties of his professorship, 
he contributed leading articles to " The Providence 
Journal " from time to time ; and when Henry B. 
Anthony was elected United States Senator in i860. 
Professor Angell succeeded him as editor of that 
paper and resigned his chair at Brown. After six 
years of arduous editorial work covering the whole 
period of the Civil War, he accepted the presidency 
of the University of Vermont. In 1871 he resigned 
that position to become President of the University 
of Michigan. For a detailed account of his services 
in this position, the reader is referred to the chapter 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



devoted to his administration (pages 62-76). In 
1880 he was appointed United States Minister to 
China, where he was also the head of a special com- 
mission charged with the negotiation of two treaties 
with that nation. The treaties procured through his 
negotiations effected a settlement of some annoying 
commercial questions and also the regulation of 
Chinese immigration. Later, in 1887, he was ap- 
pointed a plenipotentiary on the part of the United 
States on the commission which negotiated the 
North Atlantic Fisheries Treaty with Great Britain. 
In 1 895-1 896 he was chairman of the United States 
Commission on Deep Waterways, and presided at the 
joint meetings with the Canadian commissioners. 
The year 1897-1898 was spent at Constantinople as 
United States Minister to Turkey. He is a recog- 
nized leader in the Congregational Church, and at 
the second International Congregational Council 
which met in Boston, September, 1899, he presided 
over the deliberations of that body, composed of 
delegates from all parts of the world and represent- 
ing the scholarship and the ecclesiastical organization 
of that Church in the persons of its most distinguished 
members. He is an accomplished speaker and 
writer. A considerable number of his public ad- 
dresses have been published, and he has contributed 
numerous articles to the leading journals and reviews. 
He has received many academic honors. The degree 



of Doctor of Laws has been conferred upon him by 
the following institutions : Brown University, 1868 ; 
Columbia University, 1887 ; Rutgers College, 1896 ; 
Princeton LTniversity, 1896; Yale University, 1901 ; 
Johns Hopkins University, 1902 ; University of Wis- 
consin, 1904 ; and Harvard University, 1905. He 
is a member of the American Philosophical Society, 
of Philadelphia ; the American Antiquarian Society, 
of Worcester ; the American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences, of Boston ; and the American Historical 
Association, of which last he was president in 1893; 
also, a charter member of the American Academy 
at Rome, and of the Society of International Law ; 
also, a corresponding member of the Massachusetts 
Historical Society, and of the Colonial Society of 
Massachusetts. He has been for many years a 
Regent of the Smithsonian Institution. On Novem- 
ber 26, 1855, he was married to Sarah Swoope 
Caswell, daughter of the Reverend Doctor Alexis 
Caswell, then a professor in Brown University, after- 
wards president of that institution. There are three 
children : Alexis Caswell (A.B. 1878, LL.B. 1880), 
a member of the Detroit Bar ; Lois Thompson, now 
Mrs. Andrew C. McLaughlin, of Chicago ; and 
James Rowland (A.B. 1890, A.M. 1891), Professor 
of Psychology in Chicago University. Mrs. Angell 
died at Ann Arbor, December 17, 1903. 



PROFESSORS 



ASA GRAY was born at Paris, New York, 
November 18, 1810, being descended from a Scotch- 
Irish family which came to this country in the early 
part of the eighteenth century. After receiving a pre- 
paratory education at the Clinton Grammar School 
and at Fairfield Academy, he entered the Medical 
College of the Western District of New York and was 
graduated Doctor of Medicine in 1831. From 1831 
to 1835 he was instructor in Chemistry, Mineralogy, 
and Botany in Bardett's High school, Utica, New 
York ; meanwhile giving courses of lectures on his 
favorite subjects in other schools as well, .\fter 
serving for one year as assistant to the Professor of 
Chemistry and Botany at the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, New York City, he became curator of 
the New York Lyceum of Natural History. In 
1838 he accepted the chair of Botany and Zoology 
in the University of Michigan, but never did any 
teaching here. In the same year he travelled in 



Europe, meeting a number of eminent botanists, and 
making some lifelong friends. Under a commission 
from the Regents of the University he purchased 
nearly four thousand volumes as a nucleus for the 
General Library, and showed rare judgment in the 
selections made. In 1842 he resigned his appoint- 
ment at the University of Michigan to accept the 
Fisher chair of Natural History in Harvard Univer- 
sity, which position he held until his death. He was 
an indefatigable collector and a voluminous writer on 
Botany and allied subjects. His series of textbooks 
in Botany have passed through numerous editions. 
Harvard LTniversity conferred on him in 1844 the 
honorary degree of Master of Arts, and in 1875 
the degree of Doctor of Laws. He also received 
the degree of Doctor of Laws from Hamilton College 
in i860, from McGill University in 1884. and from the 
University of Michigan in 1887. On his last visit to 
Europe, in 1887, Cambridge gave him the degree of 



THE UNIVEllSITY SENATE 



Doctor of Science, Edinburgh the degree of Doctor of 
Laws, and Oxford that of Doctor ot Civil Law. In 
1874 he was appointed a regent of the Smithsonian 
Institution, succeeding Louis Agassiz. He was 
elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts 
and Sciences in 1S41, and was its president from 
1867 to 1873. In 1871 he presided over the 
American Association for the Advancement of 
Science. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
January 30, 18SS. 



DOUGLASS HOUGHTON was born at 
Troy, New York, September 21, 1809. He was 
graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 
in 1829, and taught Chemistry and Natural History 
there for a year. He was licensed to practise medi- 
cine, and in 1831 was appointed to accompany H. R. 
Schoolcraft, as surgeon, on an expedition setting 
out to the headwaters of the Mississippi. He also 
accompanied Schoolcraft on a second expedition to 
the copper mine region of Lake Superior. He pre- 
pared two reports for the Secretary of War ; one, a 
List of Species and Localities of Plants Collected 
in the Northwestern Expeditions of Mr. Schoolcraft 
of 1831 and 1832 ; and one, a Report on the Exist- 
ence of Deposits of Copper in the Geological Basin 
of Lake Superior. These reports attracted attention 
to the scientific attainments of their author, and in 
1837 he was appointed State Geologist. In 1839 he 
was also appointed Professor of Chemistry, Mineral- 
ogy, and Geology in the University of Michigan, but 
never did any regular teaching here. In 1840 he 
explored the southern coast of Lake Superior. He 
was a member of the National Institute of Washing- 
ton and of the Boston Society of Natural History ; 
and was an honorary member of the Royal Antiqua- 
rian Society of Copenhagen. While engaged on a 
geological survey of the Upper Peninsula, he lost 
his life in a storm on Lake Superior, October 13, 
1845. His valuable collections of minerals and his 
herbarium were presented to the University of 
Michigan. 

GEORGE PALMER WILLIAMS was 
born at Woodstock, Vermont, April 13, 1S02. He 
was graduated Bachelor of Arts from the University of 
Vermont in 1825, and then studied about two years 
in the Theological Seminary at .^ndover, Massachu- 
setts. He did not complete the course, but took 
up teaching, which proved to be his life work. He 
was Principal of the Preparatory School at Kenyon 



College, Ohio, from 1827 to 1831. In 1S31 he 
was elected to the chair of ."Ancient Languages in 
the Western University of Pennsylvania, but after 
two years he returned to Kenyon College, where he 
remained until he was called, in 1837, to the branch 
of the incipient University of Michigan at Pontiac. 
In 1 84 1, when the College proper was opened at 
Ann Arbor, he was made Professor of Natural Phi- 
losophy. In 1854 he was transferred to the chair 
of Mathematics and in 1863 to the chair of Physics. 
From 1875 to 1881 he was Emeritus Professor of 
Physics. He received the degree of Doctor of 




l.EllRiil: I'ALMICK WILLIAMS 

Laws from Kenyon College in 1849. The Univer- 
sity Senate in a memorandum relative to his death 
declared that : " Dr. Williams welcomed the first 
student that came to .^nn .-Xrbor for instruction ; as 
President of the Faculty he gave diplomas to the 
first class that graduated, and from the day of his 
appointment to the hour of his death his official 
connection with the University was never broken." 
In 1846 he was ordained to the ministry of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church ; but he did no regular 
parish work, except for a short time in .Ann .Arbor. 
He was first and last a teacher, beloved by his col- 
leagues and pupils and universally respected and 
honored. Some years before his death the alumni 
raised a considerable fund, the proceeds of which 
were to be paid to him during his lifetime and after 



222 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



his death were to be used for maintaining a pro- 
fessorship named in honor of his memory. He died 
at Ann Arbor, September 4, 1881. In 1 82 7 he was 
married to Elizabeth Edson, of Randolph, Vermont. 
She died in 1850 leaving a daughter, Louisa (after- 
wards Mrs. Alfred DuBois) ; and in 1852 he married 
Mrs. Jane Richards. (See page 33.) 



JOSEPH WHITING was born in 1800. He 

was graduated liachelor of Arts from Yale in 1S23, 
and received the degree of Master of Arts there in 
1837. He was ordained a minister in the Presby- 
terian Church, and came to Michigan, where he 
combined teaching with preaching. He became 
Principal of the branch of the University located at 
Niles, and was transferred from there to Ann Arbor 
in 1841 and made Professor of the Greek and 
Latin Languages. For a time he and Professor 
George P. \Villiams constituted the entire Faculty. 
He died at Ann Arbor, July 20, 1845, just before 
the first class was graduated. 



ABRAM SAGER was born at Bethlehem, 
Albany County, New York, December 22, 1810. 
His ancestors were Dutch. He was graduated 
from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1831, 
and from the Castleton Medical College, Vermont, 
in 1835. In 1837 he was appointed chief in 
charge of the Botanical and Zoological Department 
of the Michigan State Geological Survey. He made 
a report in 1839, accompanied by a catalogue ; the 
specimens catalogued being those which laid the 
foundation of the present Zoological collection in 
the Museum of the University of Michigan. He 
presented to the University his herbarium, contain- 
ing twelve hundred species and twelve thousand 
specimens collected in the Eastern and Western 
States. He was Professor of Botany and Zoology 
in the University of Michigan from 1842 to 1850; 
of Obstetrics, Diseases of Women and Children, 
Botany, and Zoology from 1850 to 1854; of Ob- 
stetrics, Physiology, Botany, and Zoology from 1854 
to 1855 ; of Obstetrics and Physiology from 1855 to 
i860; and of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women 
and Children from i860 to 1875. Up to the time 
of his resignation in 1875 he had been for several 
years Dean of the Medical Faculty. In 1852 the 
Regents conferred upon him the honorary degree of 
Master of .Arts. He was a member of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science, the 



Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the 
American Medical Association, and other learned 
bodies. He was throughout his active life a frequent 
contributor to the medical journals of the country. 
On December 12, 1838, he was married to Sarah 
E. Dwight, of Detroit ; and eight children were 
born to them, two of whom survive: Cynthia A. 
and Susan A. (Mrs. Hardy), both of Ann Arbor. 
A granddaughter, Sarah Sager Hardy, was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts from the University in 1904. He 
died at Ann Arbor, .\ugust 6, 1877. (For portrait, 
see page 35.) 

EDWARD THOMSON was born at Portsea, 
England, October, 18 10, and emigrated to this 
country with his parents in 1819, settling in Woos- 
ter, Oliio. After receiving a preparatory education 
in the public schools he entered the University of 
Pennsylvania :ind was graduated Doctor of Medi- 
cine in 1829. He began the practice of his pro- 
fession at Wooster. He also began to preach, and 
in 1836 was settled as pastor of a Methodist Epis- 
copal church at Detroit, Michigan. At the end of 
that year he became Principal of a seminary at 
Norwalk, Ohio. In 1S43 he accepted the profes- 
sorship of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy at 
the University of Michigan, but resigned the chair the 
following year to become the first president of the 
Ohio Wesleyan University, at Delaware, Ohio, which 
was opened that year. This position he held for 
fifteen years. From i860 to 1864 he was editor of 
" The Christian Advocate." .At the General Confer- 
ence of 1864 he was elected to the Episcopacy, and 
took a voyage around the world, visiting the Metho- 
dist missions in India, China, and other parts. He 
published several books of a religious or biograpical 
character. In 1855 Wesleyan University conferred 
upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He died 
at Wheeling, West Virginia, March 22, 1870. 



ANDREW TEN BROOK was born at El- 
mira, New York, September 21, 1814. He was 
educated at Madison University, where he was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Arts in 1839. Two years later he 
completed the theological course at the same insti- 
tution and removed immediately to Detroit, Michi- 
gan, to occupy the pastorate of the Baptist church. 
He resigned this charge in 1844 to accept the 
chair of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy in the 
University of Michigan. He continued in this chair 



THE UNIFERSirr SENATE 



until 1851. In 1853 he became editor and owner 
of " The New York Baptist Register," published at 
Utica, New York. In 1856 he was appointed 
United States Consul to Munich, Bavaria, and re- 
mained there until December, 1S62. In 1864 he 
was appointed Librarian of the University and con- 
tinued in that office until 1877. While pastor of 
the Baptist church in Detroit, he was also editor of 
"The Christian Herald," a paper published in De- 
troit by the executive committee of the Michigan 
State Baptist Convention. In 1875 he published 
a volume entitled " American State Universities and 
the University of Michigan," and, in 1884, a trans- 
lation in two volumes, of Anton Gindely's great 
work on The Thirty Years' War. He contributed 
largely to the periodical press on subjects pertaining 
to philosophy and history. He died in Detroit 
November 5, 1899. (For portrait, see page 34.) 



DANIEL DENISON WHEDON was born 
at Onondaga, New York, March 20, 1808. He was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts from Hamilton College 
in 1828. From 1833 to 1843 he was Professor of 
Ancient Languages and Literatures at Wesleyan 
University. He came to the University of Michigan 
in 1845 ^s Professor of Logic, Rhetoric, and His- 
tory ; but resigned the chair in 1852. In 1856 he ac- 
cepted the editorship of " The Methodist Quarterly 
Review," which position he held for nearly thirty 
years. In addition to his extended editorial work 
he published a Commentary, in twelve volumes, upon 
the Old and New Testaments. He was ordained 
a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but 
never undertook pastoral charges except for brief 
periods. He received the degree of Doctor of 
Divinity from Emory College in 1847, and the de- 
gree of Doctor of Laws from Wesleyan University 
in 1867. He died at Atlantic Highlands, New 
Jersey, June 9, 1885. 



in Newark College, where he remained until 1837. 
He occupied the same chair at Washington College 
for one year. In 1845 he was appointed Professor 
of Greek and Latin Languages at the University of 
Michigan in place of Professor Joseph Whiting, 
deceased, and held that position until 1S52. After 
leaving the University he became Principal of a 
seminary in the State of New York and later devoted 
himself to literary work in New York City. He re- 
ceived the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Wash- 
ington College, Pennsylvania, in 1852. He died at 
Peekskill, New York, in 1865. 



LOUIS FASQUELLE was born near Calais, 
France, in 1808. He was educated in the L'niver- 
sity of Paris and also studied in Germany. He 
emigrated to England as a teacher of French, 
married there, and in iS-!2 came to America. He 




LOUIS FASQUELLE 



JOHN HOLMES AGNEW was born at 

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, May 4, 1804. He was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts from Dickinson Col- 
lege in 1823, and studied Theology at Princeton 
Seminary in 1824-1825. He began his work as 
a teacher of Ancient Languages in Marion College, 
Missouri, in 1825. In 1828 he removed to Dela- 
ware and became Professor of Ancient Languages 



bought a farm in Michigan, and divided his time 
between farming and the teaching of French to 
private pupils, until his appointment to the chair of 
Modern Languages and Literatures in the State 
University in 1846. He was the author of a series of 
French textbooks which were widely used through- 
out the country. He died at Ann Arbor, October i, 



224 



UNirERSIlT OF MICHIGAN 



SILAS HAMILTON DOUGLAS was born 
at Fredonia, Chautauqua County, New York, October 
1 6, 1816, son of Benjamin and Lucy (Townsend) 
Douglas. He was prepared for college at the Fre- 
donia Academy, and entered the University of Ver- 
mont, but did not finish the course. Later, in 1847, 
that University conferred upon him the honorary 
degree of Master of Arts. He came to Michigan in 
1838 and settled in Detroit. He began the study 
of medicine in the office of Dr. Zina Pitcher, and later 
studied for one term (1841-1842) in the Medical 
Department of the University of Maryland. He 




SILAS HAiMIUOX DOUGLAS 

accompanied Dr. Houghton on his geological sur- 
veys of Michigan, and was also employed by the 
Government as a physician on the staff of Henry R. 
Schoolcraft. He removed to Ann Arbor in 1843, 
and began the practice of medicine. A year later 
he was appointed assistant to Professor Houghton 
in the University and had charge of the work in 
Chemistry during the Professor's absence in the field. 
After the death of Dr. Houghton in 1S45, Dr. 
Douglas was continued in charge of the depart- 
ment, and for the next thirty-two years developed 
the work under various titles, as follows : Lecturer 
on Chemistry, and Geology, from 1845 to 1846; 
Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology 
from 1846 to 1851 ; Professor of Chemistry, Phar- 



macy, Medical Jurisprudence, Geology, and Miner- 
alogy, from 1 85 I to 1855 ; Professor of Chemistry, 
Mineralogy, Pharmacy, and Toxicology from 1855 
to 1870; Professor of Chemistry from 1870 to 
1875 ; and Professor of Metallurgy and Chemical 
Technology from 1875 to 1877. He was also 
director of the Chemical Laboratory from 1870 to 
1877. He was largely interested in the founding of 
the Medical Department, and organized the Chemi- 
cal Laboratory, with both of which he was connected 
until his retirement in 1877. He had charge of the 
erection of the Observatory, the Medical Building, 
the Chemical Laboratory, and other LIniversity 
works. He was the author of a system of chemical 
tables which passed through four editions, and which 
was enlarged with the aid of Dr. A. B. Prescott into 
a textbook on Qualitative Chemical Analysis which 
met a wide acceptance. On May i, 1845, he was 
married to Helen Welles, and there were seven 
children : Katherine Hulbert, William Welles, Sam- 
uel Townsend (Ph.B. 1873, Ph.C. 1874), Alice 
Helen, Sarah Livingstone, Mary Louise, and Henry 
Woolsey (B.S. [Mech. E.] 1890). He died at 
Ann Arbor, August 26, 1890. (See page 36.) 



MOSES GUNN was born at East Bloomfield, 
Ontario County, New York, April 20, 1S22, son of 
Linus and Esther (Bronson) Gunn. Both his 
l)a rents were natives of Massachusetts, the father 
being of Scotch ancestry. The son received his 
early training in the schools of his native place, and 
later began medical studies in the office of Dr. Carr, 
of Canandaigua. In 1844 he entered Geneva Med- 
ical College and was graduated Doctor of Medicine 
in 1846. Here he came under the instruction of 
Dr. Corydon L. Ford, Professor of Anatomy ; and 
between the two there sprang up a lifelong friend- 
ship. Immediately after his graduation he came to 
Ann Arbor and began his professional career. In 
addition to his regular practice he organized classes 
in Anatomy each year. In 1850 when the Depart- 
ment of Medicine and Surgery was opened in the 
University, he was invited to become a member of 
the original Faculty as Professor of Anatomy and 
Surgery. In 1854 the Qhair was divided, and he 
chose the chair of Surgery, while his former teacher. 
Dr. Foril, was called to the chair of Anatomy. 
Thus they worked side by side for thirteen years, 
till Dr. Gunn resigned to accept the chair of Surgery 
in Rush Medical College. From 1867 to the year 
of his death he continued to lecture there and to 



THE UNIFERSIIT SENATE 



225 



practise his specialty in Chicago. From Septem- 
ber I, 1S61, to July, 1862, he was Surgeon of the 
Fifth Michigan Infantry and went through the Pen- 
insular Campaign with General McClellan's army. 
He received the honorary degree of Master of Arts 
from Geneva College in 1856, and the degree of 
Doctor of Laws from Chicago University in 1S67. 
He was married in 1848 to Jane Augusta Terry, of 
Ann Arbor. The oldest son, Glyndon, was drowned 
in the Detroit River in August, 1866, aged sixteen. 
A younger son, Malcolm, was a student at Ann Arbor 
for a time, and afterwards took his degree at Ru^h 
Medical College. Dr. Gunn died at his home in 
Chicago, November 4, 1887. (See page 92.) 



SAMUEL 

17-^.) 



DENTON. (See Regents, page 



JONATHAN ADAMS ALLEN was born at 
Middlebury, Vermont, January 16, 1825. He was a 
direct descendant of Ethan Allen, of Revolutionary 
fame. He was graduated Bachelor of Arts from Mid- 
dlebury College in 1845, and after taking his degree 
in medicine at the Castleton Medical College in 1846 
he came West and settled at Kalamazoo, Michigan. 
From 1848 to 1850 he was professor in the Indiana 
Medical College at La Porte. On the organiza- 
tion of the Department of Medicine and Surgery in 
the University of Michigan he was called to be a 
member of the original Faculty and was appointed 
Professor of Therapeutics, Materia Medica, and 
Physiology. He resigned this position in 1854, 
and in 1859 he removed to Chicago, where he 
became Professor of the Principles and Practice of 
Medicine in Rush Medical College, and eventually 
President of the college. He tiled in Chicago, 
August 15, 1S90. 



WILLIAM STANTON CURTIS was born 
at Burlington, Vermont, .Vugust 3, 1815, son of 
Lewis and Abigail (Camp) Curtis. On his father's 
side he was descended from Thomas Curtis, who was 
born in England in 1598 and died in Wethersfield, 
Connecticut, in 1682. His mother was a daughter 
of Luke Camp and Elizabeth Stanton of Burlington, 
Vermont. He received his early education in the 
common schools of Missouri and Wisconsin, and 
entered Illinois College, Jacksonville, where he was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1838. He then en- 
tered the Yale Divinity School and was graduated 
there in 1841. For the first year after graduation 
'S 



he was pastor of the First Congregational church 
in Rockford, Illinois. From 1842 to 1855 he was 
pastor of the Presbyterian church of Ann Arbor. 
During the year 185 1-185 2 ^^ ^'^o served as Pro- 
fessor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy in the 
University of Michigan. From 1S55 to 1863 he 
was Professor of Moral Philosophy, and college 
pastor, at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York. 
In 1863 lie became President of Knox College, 
Galesburg, Illinois, where he remained five years ; 
and then, after a year's rest, he became, in 1869, 




WILLIAM STANTON' CURTIS 

pastor of the Westminster church at Rockford, 
Illinois. He resigned this charge in 1875 ^^'^ '"^ft"^'' 
a trip abroad resided in Rockford till his death, 
May 30, 1885. He was a corporate member of 
the American Board of Foreign Missions, and for 
many years was a trustee of the Rockford College 
for Women, and a director of the McCormick 
Theological Seminary, Chicago. He received the 
degree of Doctor of Divinity from Madison (now 
Colgate) University in 1856. He was married at 
Pittsford, Vermont, August 28, 1845, to Martha 
Augusta Leach, and there were four children : Mary 
Leach, now the wife of Judge H. V. Freeman, of 
Chicago ; William Andrew ; Edward Lewis, now 
Professor of Hebrew in Yale University ; and Albert 
Hamilton. 



226 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



ALONZO BENJAMIN PALMER was born 
at Richfield, Otsego County, New York, October 6, 
1S15. His ancestors were of English and Dutch 
origin. After acquiring a general education in the 
common schools and academies of his neighborhood, 
he took up the study of medicine and was graduated 
in 1839 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
of the Western District of New York. He came to 
Michigan soon after its admission to the Union and 
opened an office in the village of Tecumseh, where 
for some ten years he engaged in general practice. 
His experience as general practitioner in a country 




ALONZO BENJAMIN PALMER 

not yet cleared or drained was of value to him in 
preparing his subsequent contributions to medical 
literature. Two winters of this period he spent 
attending medical lectures in Philadelphia and New 
York. In 1850 he entered into general practice in 
Chicago, and in 1852 he was City Physician and 
Medical Adviser to the City Health Officer. This 
was the season of the cholera epidemic, and Dr. 
Palmer wrote, as the result of his experience with 
the disease, a valuable report entitled The Chicago 
Cholera Epidemic of 1852. He was appointed this 
same year Professor of Anatomy in the University 
of Michigan, but did not enter upon his duties here 
till two years later. He was then assigned to the 
combined departments of Materia Medica and 



Therapeutics, and the Diseases of Women and 
Children. In 1869 he was transferred to the pro- 
fessorship of Pathology and the Theory and Practice 
of Medicine, which chair he held until his death 
eighteen years later. In May, 1 86 1 , he was appointed 
Surgeon of the Second Michigan Infantry. He was 
engaged in the first battle of Bull Run and in subse- 
quent operations of his regiment till the following 
September, when he resigned his commission to 
resume his duties at the University. The Depart- 
ment of Medicine and Surgery underwent important 
modifications during the years of his connection 
with it, and he was one of the active agents in giv- 
ing direction to its growth. In 1875 he succeeded 
Dr. Sager as Dean of the Faculty and held that office, 
with the exception of a single year, up to the time 
of his death. He labored in behalf of larger clinical 
advantages and increased laboratory facilities, and 
was foremost in securing in 1878 the extension of 
the annual session from six months to nine months. 
Prior to this he had lectured during his vacations 
in tlie Berkshire Medical College, of Pittsfield, 
Massachusetts, since 1864; and since 1869 in the 
Medical School of Maine. He was an active par- 
ticipant in county, state, national, and international 
medical associations. He was chairman of the 
section of Pathology in the Ninth International 
Medical Congress held in Washington, and was 
chairman of the section on the Practice of Medicine 
in the American Medical Association at the lime 
of his death. His published works include many 
reports, essays, and lectures. His reputation as a 
contributor to the literature of medicine rests, how- 
ever, on his elaborate work entitled " A Treatise on 
the Science and Practice of Medicine " (2 vv., 1883). 
As a man Dr. Palmer was conspicuous for the quali- 
ties that make a good friend and a good citizen. 
He labored to bring the discoveries of medical 
science to the knowledge of the people at large, 
and was especially energetic in securing good systems 
of sanitation and in advocating abstinence from 
narcotics and alcoholic liquors. He was prominent 
in the social life of the community and a substantial 
supporter of the Church and of church work. In 
1855 the University of Nashville conferred upon 
him the honorary degree of Master of Arts ; and in 
1 88 1 the University of Michigan made him Doctor 
of Laws. He died at Ann Arbor, December 23, 
1 88 7. In the fall of 1867 he was married to Love 
M. Root, of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, who survived 
him. At her death, she endowed in his memory the 
Palmer Ward at the University Hospital. 



THE UNIIERSITT SENATE 



227 



ALVAH BRADISH was born in the State of 
New York in 1S06. His early life was spent at 
Fredonia, New York, from which place he removed 
to Detroit, Michigan, and there followed the pro- 
fession of portrait painter. In 1852 he was engaged 
to give lectures on the Fine Arts at the University 
and held this position for eleven years with the title 
of Professor of Fine Arts. He was the author of 
various literary works, including a life of Professor 
Douglass Houghton. The Regents of the University 
conferred upon him the honorary degree of Master 
of Arts in 1852. He died in Detroit, April 19, 1901, 
and was buried at Fredonia, New York. 



many editions. From 1S77 to 1891 he filleil the chair 
of Greek New Testament Literature and Interpreta- 
tion, in the Baptist Union Theological Seminary at 
Morgan Park, Illinois. During these years he con- 
tinued to publish Greek texts, abounding in erudition, 
and exhibiting the devout spirit of the Christian. 
The F.pistle to the Galatians and the Epistle to the 
Romans, with Notes Critical and Explanatory, ap- 
peared in 1886; the Epistles of St. Paul, Written 
after he became a Prisoner, in 1888; the Epistles 
to the Thessalonians and to the Corinthians, in 
1890. In the summer of 1S91 he retired from his 
professorship, having completed more than fifty 



JAMES ROBINSON BOISE was born at 
Blandford, Massachusetts, January 27, 1S15, of 
Huguenot origin. By alternate studying and teach- 
ing he prepared for college and was graduated from 
Brown University in the Class of 1840. He served 
there as tutor of Latin and Greek until 1843, when 
he became Assistant Professor of Greek. He was 
made full Professor of Greek in 1845 and held that 
position till called to Michigan. In 1850 he pub- 
lished his " Exercises in Greek Prose Composition." 
This book was a pioneer in its method of simplifying 
for beginners the learning of the ancient languages, 
and it became widely used in preparatory schools. 
At this time he spent one year abroad and visited 
France, Germany, and Greece, and pursued studies 
at Halle, Bonn, and Athens. In 1852 he was chosen 
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in 
the University of Michigan. His coming to the West 
was hailed with delight, and the sequel proved that 
the choice had been well made. During the sixteen 
years of his labors in the new University, the Greek 
department was placed upon firm foundations, 
strengthened by the critical Greek texts that ap- 
peared from time to time from his hand. The most 
important of these was an edition of Xenophon's 
Anabasis, first published in 1856. In 1868 he 
resigned his chair at Ann Arbor to become Profes- 
sor of Greek in the University of Chicago. Greek 
textbooks continued to appear, the result of his 
study and experience : " The First Six Books of 
Homer's Iliad, with Notes" (1869); "First Lessons 
in Greek" (1870) ; " Boise and Freeman's Selections 
from Greek Authors " (1872); and "Exercises in 
Greek Syntax " (1874). All these became popular 
textbooks, were frequently revised, and went through 




JAMES ROBINSON BOISE 

years of active service in the class-room. In 1S68 
he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Phi- 
losophy from the University of Tubingen, and the 
same year the degree of Doctor of Laws from the 
University of Michigan ; in 1879 the degree of Doc- 
tor of Divinity was conferred upon him by Brown 
University. He had married in his youth Sarah 
Goodyear, who died in 1857. Three daughters 
from this union survive: Mrs. Alice Boise Wood 
of Newton Center, Massachusetts ; Mrs. Esther 
Boise Johnson of Chicago ; and Mrs. Clara Boise 
Bush of New Orleans. He died at his home in 
Chicago, February 9, 1895, and was buried beside 
his wife at Forest Hill, Ann Arbor. 



228 



uNirERsirr of Michigan 



ALEXANDER WINCHELL was born in 
Dutchess County, New York, December 31, 1824. 
In 1847 he was graduated Bachelor of Arts from 
Wesleyan University, having defrayed the cost of 
his college education by teaching school. He now 
entered at once upon his career as a teacher of 
science. He was employed one year at Pennington 
Seminary, New Jersey, two years at Amenia Semi- 
nary, New York, and for the three following years 
in Alabama. In 1853 he was appointed to the chair 
of Physics and Civil Engineering in the University 
of Michig;m. In 1855 he was transferred to the 




ALKXANDER \VIN(_HELL 

chair of Geology, Zoology, and Botany, which he 
continued to hold until 1873. He then resigned to 
accept the chancellorship of Syracuse University, 
but performed the duties of that office for only a 
year and a half. The financial depression of the 
times rendered the position peculiarly trying, while 
executive duties interfered seriously with his favor- 
ite studies. He accordingly resigned the chancel- 
lorship and accepted the professorship of Geology. 
For three years, 1875-1878, he divided his time as 
professor between Syracuse University and Vander- 
bilt University. In 1879 he was called back to the 
University of Michigan as Professor of Geology and 
Palaeontology, and here he passed the remaining 
years of his life. He was director of the Geolog- 



ical Survey of Michigan in 1859, and again from 
1869 to 1 87 1. He prepared and published a geo- 
logical map of the State, which he continued to 
revise, and finally finished in 1889, for the National 
Geological Survey. He rendered valuable service 
to the State by his study of soils and mineral fer- 
tilizers, and by directing the opening of salt deposits. 
In 1886-1S87 he was engaged in the geological 
survey of Minnesota. His most noteworthy con- 
tributions to science were the establishment of the 
Marshall group of strata, and the original descrip- 
tion of three hundred and eight new species of 
fossils, seventy-eight of which he described in 
connection with other geologists. His principal 
publications are the following: "Sketches of Crea- 
tion" (1870); "A Geological Chart" (1870); 
" Michigan theologically Considered " (1873) ; "The 
Geology of the Stars" (1874); "The Doctrine of 
Involution" (1S74) ; " Reconciliation of Science and 
Religion "(1877 ) ; " Preadamites, or a Demonstra- 
tion of the Existence of Men before Adam " (1880) ; 
"Sparks from a Geologist's Hammer" (tS8i); 
'■World Life, or Comparative Geology" (1883); 
" tieologica! Excursions, or the Rudiments of Geology 
for Young Learners" (1884) ; "Geological Studies, 
or Elements of Geology " (1886) ; and "Walks and 
Talks in the Geological Field " (1886). He led an 
active religious life as a member of the Methodist 
Episcopal church. In 1S67 Wesleyan University 
conferred upon him the degree of 1 )octor of Laws. 
He died at .Ann Arbor, February 19, 1891. 



CORYDON LA FORD was born August 29, 
1.S13, on a tarin in Clreen County, New York. In 
early youth he was crippled by the paralysis of 
one leg and was thus disqualified for physical labor. 
When seventeen years old he became a teacher in 
the common schools and continued in this work 
with some interruptions for eight years. He was 
twenty-one years of age when he left the parental 
home with a medical education in view, and six 
years were yet to elapse before he was able to 
enroll himself in a medical college. He continued 
to teach school, and made a beginning of reading 
medicine in the offices of local physicians. He 
also entered Canandaigua Academy and there com- 
pleted his general education. .A. physician whose 
friendship he won at this juncture aided him in 
entering Geneva Medical College. Here he earned 
his livelihood by acting as librarian and curator 
of the Museum. On the day of his graduation in 



THE UNU'ERSITT SENATE 



229 



1S42 he was appointed demonstrator of Anatomy 
in the College, thus beginning a career of fifty-two 
years devoted, without interruption, to teaching 
medicine. His advancement to more important 
positions was rapid. In 1S47 he was appointed 
demonstrator of .Anatomy in the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of Bulifalo, and while holding 
this position he was also Professor of Anatomy in 
the Castleton Medical College, Vermont. In 1854 
he was called to the professorship of Anatomy in 
the University of Michigan, and here he taught for 
forty years. His reputation as a lecturer on Anat- 
omy was widespread and drew increasing number 



thousand dollars as a perpetual endowment of the 
General Library. He died at Ann Arbor, .\pril 14, 
1894. (See page 46.) 




(■ORVnnN LA FORD 

of students to the Mf(lical Departniient. During 
the year 1 879-1 S80 he served as Dean of the 
Faculty. He was in the habit of following up the 
year's work at Ann Arbor with lectures given at 
other institutions during the spring and summer, 
until the lengthening of the term at Ann Arbor 
made this impossible. In this way he gave several 
courses at Berkshire Medical College and in the 
Medical College of Maine ; and for eighteen years 
he was Professor of Anatomy in Long Island College 
Hospital. The Degree of Master of Arts was con- 
ferred upon him by Middlebury College in 1859, 
and the degree of Doctor of Laws by the University 
of Michigan in t88t. He and his wife bequeathed 
to the University tlie Ford-Messer Fund of twenty 



EDMUND ANDREWS was born at Putney, 
Vermont, April 24, 1824, son of the Reverend 
Flisha Deming and Betsey (Lathrop) .Andrews. 
His father's family had been New England clergy- 
men and farmers for several generations. Both his 
father and grandfather were graduates of- Yale. His 
mother's family had been clergymen and physicians 
from early colonial days in Massachusetts. He 
came to Michigan with his parents in 1842 and 
settled at .Armatla. He completed his preparation 
for college at the Romeo Academy and entered the 
L'niversity of Michigan in 1846, where he was grad- 
uated Bachelor of .Arts in 1849 and Doctor of Med- 
icine in 1852. In the latter year he also received 
the degree of Master of .Arts. During his senior 
year in medicine he had been demonstrator of 
Anatomy and contiinied in that position till 1S54, 
when he was made Professor of Comparative .Anat- 
omy and demonstrator of Human Anatomy. He 
resigned this chair in 1855 to accept a similar position 
in Rush Medical College, Chicago. In 1858 he 
became one of the original faculty of the Chicago 
Medical College, where he held the Chair of .Surgery 
and Clinical Surgery up to the time of his death. 
He served as Surgeon to the First Illinois Light 
Artillery in the Civil \\i\x. He founded the Chicago 
Academy of Sciences and was its president for many 
years. He was a member of the American Associa- 
tion for the .Advancement of Science, the Illinois 
State Microscopical Society, and various other 
learned bodies. He was a constant contributor to 
the medical journals and wrote several works on 
Surgery. In 1881 he received the degree of Doctor 
of Laws from the University of Michigan. His first 
wife was Sarah Eliza Taylor, of Detroit, who died in 
1875. In 1S77 he married her sister, Mrs. Frances 
Barrett. There were in all five children, of whom 
three survive : E. Wyllys, Frank F., and Edmund C. 
He died in Chicago, January 22, 1904. 



CHARLES FOX was born at Rugby, Eng- 
land, November 22, 1815, son of George Town- 
send and Anne Stote (Crofton) Fox. He was 
educated at Rugby, under Dr. Thomas .Arnold, 
and later at O.xford. He took orders in the Protes- 
tant Episcopal Church, came to America, was rector 



230 



UNIFERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



of St. Paul's church, Jackson, Michigan, and later 
assistant to the Bishop of Michigan. He took an 
active interest in agricultural matters and was for 
some time editor of "The Farmer's Companion." 
In 1S54 he was appointed professor of Agriculture 
in the University of Michigan, but died at Grosse 
Isle, Michigan, on July 24 of that year. He was 
married in 1836 to Anna Maria Rucker, and they 
had four sons: George Townsend (A.B. 1S71, M.D. 
[Harvard] 1876), William Henry (A.B. 1S73, LL.B. 
[Harvard] 1877), Ethel Crofton, and Charles (A.B. 
1S75). All but Charles are deceased. 



FRANZ FRIEDRICH ERNST BRUN- 

NOW was born in Berlin, Germany, November iS, 
i8ji. He attended the Friedrich \Vilhelm Gymna- 
sium from 1829 to 1839, and in 1843 he received 
the Doctor's degree from the University of Berlin. 
He now became an assistant to the celebrated As- 
tronomer Encke at the Berlin Observatory. In 
1847 he was made director of the small observatory 
at Bilk, near Dusseldorf. His special work was the 
observation of asteroids and comets, and lie found 
time to write the memoir on De Vice's comet, for 
which he received the gold medal from the Amster- 
dam Academy of Sciences in 1849. I" i^S^ he 
published his work on Spherical Astronomy, with a 
preface by Encke. This work passed through four 
editions, and was translated into Englisii, French, 
Italian, Spanish, and Russian. He was recalled to 
Berlin in 1851 as first assistant in the Observatory, 
to succeed Galle. During this time he prepared 
his Tables of Flora (Berlin, 1855). In 1853 Dr. 
Tappan visited Germany to secure equipments for 
the Detroit Observatory at Ann Arbor. He ordered 
made in Berlin an astronomical clock and a meridian 
circle, and persuaded Dr. Brunnow, largely, it was 
said, through the influence of Encke and Humboldt, 
to accept the place of Professor of Astronomy and 
director of the Observatory at the University of 
Michigan. Dr. Brunnow came to Ann Arbor in 
1854. Under his direction the Detroit Observatory 
soon became widely known throughout the scientific 
world. He immediately began to observe asteroids 
and comets and published his results in " .\stronom- 
ical Notices," a journal founded by the Regents of 
the University for this purpose. In 1859 Tables of 
Victoria, prepared by him, was also published by 
the Regents. The year 1859-1860 he spent at 
Albany, New York, as director of the Dudley Ob- 
servatory, meanwhile retaining general supervision of 



the work at Ann Arbor. On the retirement of Dr. 
Tappan in 1863, Dr. Brunnow returned to Europe. 
In 1865 he was made Professor of .Astronomy in the 
University of Dublin and Astronomer Royal for 
Ireland, to succeed Sir William Rowan Hamilton at 
the Dunsink Observatory. In 1869 he published 
Tables of Iris, and in 1873 Further Researches on 
the Parallax of Stars. In 1874 his eyesight began 
to fail, and he resigned his position, going to Basel, 
then to Vevey, and finally to Heidelberg, where he 
died August 22, 1891. About 1856 he married 
Rebecca Lloyd, daughter of President Henry 
Philip Tappan, by whom he had one child, Rudolph 
Ernst Brunnow, now a well-known oriental scholar, 
of Vevey, Switzerland. 



HENRY SIMMONS FRIEZE was born in 
Boston, Massachusetts, September 15, 1S17, and 
died at Ann Arbor, Michigan, December 7, 1889. 
The years of his boyhood and young manhood were 




HEN'RV MMMONS tRIEZE 

spent for the most part in Newport and Providence, 
Rhode Island. He fitted for college in the first of 
these cities, and was graduated from Brown Univer- 
sity in 1 84 1. His father was a teacher, editor, and 
pamphleteer, as well as a minister of the Universa- 
list Church. The son inherited from him his intel- 
lectual gifts ; also his musical talents, which early 



THE UN I VERS ITT SENJTE 



231 



became his means of support and enabled him to 
secure a college education. His inheritance from 
his mother was a delicate, refined, and sweet nature. 
Professor Frieze came to the Latin chair in the 
University of Michigan in the fall of 1854. Since 
graduating from college thirteen years before, he 
had spent three years as a tutor in lirown Univer- 
sity, and ten years as one of the proprietors and 
principals of the University Grammar School in 
Providence. He had already revealed in a rare 
degree the possession of those qualities that inspire 
pupils and students. Soon after coming to Ann 
Arbor he obtained a year's leave of absence from 
his new position, which period he spent mainly 
in attending lectures at the University of Berlin. 
He thus returned to his professorship with clearer 
and broader ideas of what the higher institutions 
of learning in the United States ought to be. He 
became a close observer of the workings of such 
institutions, and was thus prepared to take part in 
directing the steps by which a comparatively small 
college developed into a great university. On 
three different occasions he served as Acting Presi- 
dent of the institution, — during the period 1S69- 
187 1, between the retirement of President Haven, 
and the accession of President Angell ; during the 
absence of President Angell in China, from June, 
1880, to February, 1882 ; and again from October, 
1887, to January, 1888. It was he who called to the 
attention of the University Regents, when they were 
in search of a president. Dr. James B. Angell, who 
was one of his former pupils. A detailed account 
of Dr. Frieze's services to the University would ap- 
proach more nearly to a history of the institution 
than would a similar account of the services of any 
other man who has been connected with it simply 
as a professor. His name is identified with impor- 
tant features of University policy. During his first 
visit to Europe he purchased, with funds appro- 
priated at his own suggestion, the pictures and casts 
which were the beginning of the University Art 
Museum. It was his influence that led Randolph 
Rogers, the sculptor, to present his entire collection 
of casts to the University. To the close of his life 
he was the curator of the Art Museum which he had 
thus established. .'\s a linguistic scholar he leaned 
to the literary and artistic rather than to the philo- 
logical side, and his department under his direction 
developed in those lines. In securing musical ad- 
vantages to the community he also rendered a noble 
service. He brought about the establishment of a 
professorship of Music in the University and was 



the leader of the movement to establish the Ann 
Arbor School of Music in the town. His aesthetic 
sense gave beauty to his daily life. The two homes 
which he built in Ann Arbor, where the turf, trees, 
and rose hedges were the objects of his personal 
care, fhovved his love of nature and of art. To this 
generation, when broad and refined attainments are 
disappearing before specialization. Dr. Frieze stands 
as a charming figure, a man of the broadest literary 
culture in rare combination with musical talent and a 
taste for the fine arts. He received the degree of 
Doctor of Laws from Chicago University in 1870; 
from Kalamazoo College in 1S70, from Brown Uni- 
versity in 1882, and from the University of 
Michigan in 18S5. He was also honored with 
membership in the .'\merican Philosophical Soci- 
ety. In i860 he published an edition of Virgil's 
^neid, which was revised in 1882 and again in 
1887. In 1883 he brought out a complete edition 
of tlie works of his favorite Virgil. He also edited, 
for university students, two books of Quintilian's 
Institutes, published in 1867. In 1886 he published 
a monograph on Giovanni Dupre, the Florentine 
sculptor. The memorials of his life are rather insti- 
tutions than books. The visitor to Ann Arbor meets 
his name and his face in music halls, art rooms, and 
library. The tender love which his pure and affec- 
tionate nature won from pupils and colleagues was 
expressed by the action of the Alumni of the L^ni- 
versity in erecting to his memory, in Forest Hill 
Cemetery, a beautiful monument copied after the 
sarcophagus of one of the Scipios. This monument 
was dedicated witli impressive ceremonies on 
xMumni Day, June 21, 1899. Fuller information 
concerning his work at Ann Arbor will be found in 
the chapter devoted to his administration of the 
University. (See pages 5S-61.) 



WILLIAM GUY PECK was born at Litch- 
field, Connecticut, October 16, 1820. He was 
graduated at the head of his class from the United 
States Military Academy at West Point in 1844 and 
was appointed Brevet Second Lieutenant of Topo- 
graphical Engineers. He took part in the third 
expedition of John C. Fremont in 1845, ^"d served 
imder General Stephen W. Kearny during the 
Mexican War. He was called back to West Point 
ill 1847 ss Assistant Professor of Mathematics, which 
position he held till 1855, when he resigned from the 
army. He was Professor of Physics and Civil 
Engineering at the University of Michigan from 1855 



232 



UNIVERSriT OF MICHIGAN 



to 1S57, resigning in tlie latter year to become 
Adjunct Professor of Matliematics in Columbia Uni- 
versity. In 1859 he was made Professor of Pure 
Mathematics at Columbia, and in 1S61 Professor of 
Mathematics and Astronomy. In 1S65 his title 
became Professor of Mathematics, Mechanics, and 
Astronomy. He received from Trinity College, 
Hartford, the degree of Master of Arts in 1853 and 
the degree of Doctor of Laws in 1863. He collabo- 
rated with his father-in-law, Professor Charles 
Davies, in the compilation of the Mathematical 
Dictionary and Cyclopedia of Mathematical Science 
(1855). He was the author of a complete set of 
School and College textbooks on Mathematics ; an 
Elementary Treatise on Mechanics (1859), and a 
Textbook of Popular Astronomy (1883). He died 
in New York City, February 7, 1892. 



BENJAMIN BRAMAN was born at Norton, 
Massachusetts, November 23, 1831. He entered 
Brown University and was graduated Bat:helor of 
.Arts in 1854. During the year following graduation 
he was a teacher in the University Grammar School, 
Providence. He was then called to the University 
of Michigan to occupy the chair of Latin for a year 
during Professor Frieze's absence in Europe. The 
next year he entered .^ndover Theological Seminary 
and was graduated in 1859. He was ordained a 
Congregational minister and held a pastorate for a 
short time at Shutesbury, Massachusetts. In 1862 
he returned to teaching. During his later years he 
resided in New York City, where he was President 
of the New York Microscopical Society and editor 
of the Journal of that society. He died at Nor- 
ton, Massachusetts, January 20, 18S9. 



WILLIAM PETIT TROWBRIDGE was 

born at Troy, Oakland County, Michigan, May 25, 
1828. He was graduated from West Point Military 
Academy in 1848, was appointed Brevet Second 
Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, and was 
advanced to Second Lieutenant in 1849. During 
the last year of his course at the Academy he served 
as assistant to the professor of Chemistry, and after 
graduation he was occupied for two years with astro- 
nomical work at the West Point Observatory. In 
1 85 1 he was assigned to a position on the Coast 
Survey, which he held till 1856. In 1854 he was 
commissioned First Lieutenant, but resigned from 
the army December i, 1856, to accept the professor- 



ship of Mathematics in the Lfniversity of Michigan. 
He left this position at the end of the first year to 
become scientific secretary to the superintendent 
of the Coast Survey. He afterwards returned to the 
Engineering Corps of the army and served through- 
out the Civil War, being chiefly engaged on the 
fortifications in New York Harbor and vicinity. In 
1865 he became vice-president of the Novelty Iron 
Works, New York City. Five years later he was 
appointed Professor of Dynamic Engineering in the 
Sheffield Scientific School. This position he re- 
signed in 1877 to accept the professorship of 
Engineering in the School of Mines at Columbia 
University, which he held until his death. He was 
the author of several works on engineering subjects. 
He was a member of the New York .\cademy of 
Sciences and the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science, and served as vice-president 
of both these organizations. He was also a Fellow 
of the National .Academy of Sciences. He received 
the honorary degree of Master of Arts from Roches- 
ter L^niversity in 1856 and from Yale in 1870; the 
honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy from 
Princeton in 1879; and the degree of Doctor of 
Laws from Trinity College, Hartford, in 1880, and 
from the University of Michigan in 1887. He died 
at New Haven, Connecticut, August 12, 1S92. 



ANDREW DICKSON WHITE was bom 

at Homer, New \'ork, November 7, 1832. He 
received his early education in the public schools of 
Syracuse, and was graduated from Yale LIniversity in 
1S53. .After some years further study in Paris and 
Berlin, he became an attachiS of the United States 
Legation at St. Petersburg. In 1857 he was called 
to the professorship of History and English Litera- 
ture at the University of Michigan. His active 
service ended in 1863, on his election to the New 
York State Senate ; but he continued to have some 
supervision of the chair of History till 1867, when 
he resigned the position to accept the presidency of 
Cornell University. Although occupying this posi- 
tion till 1885, he was engaged meanwhile in the 
performance of various public duties. Thus he was 
Special Commissioner of the United States to the 
Republic of Santo Domingo in 1871, Commissioner 
to the Paris Exposition in 1878, and Lhiited States 
Minister to Germany, 1879-1881. From 1892 to 
1894 he was United States Minister to Russia. He 
served on the Venezuela Commission 1896-1897, and 
was .Ambassador to Germany from 1S97 to 1902. 



THE UNlJERSirr SENATE 



■3; 



The President also appointed him a member of the 
Peace Convention at The Hague (1S99). He is a 
Regent of the Smithsonian Institutinn, an officer uf 
tlie Legion of Honor of the P'rench Rei)iiblic, and 
a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, I'.erlin. 
The universities of Yale, Michigan, Cornell, Jolins 
Hopkins, and St. Andrews have conferred on him the 
degree of Doctor of Laws. He also holds the degree 
of Doctor of Literature from Columbia, that of Doctor 
of Philosophy from the University of Jena, and that of 
Doctor of Civil Law from Oxford. Aside from nu- 
merous addresses and contributions to reviews and 
magazines he is the author of the following : •' A 
History of the Warfare of Science with Theology," 
"The New Germany," " History of the Doctrine of 
Comets," " European Schools of History and Poli- 
tics," " Fiat Money m France." \n 1 905 he published 
his Autobiography in two volumes. (See page 45.) 



JAMES VALENTINE CAMPBELL was 

born at Buffalo, New \urk, February 25, 1S23, son 
of Henry Munroe and Lois (Bushnell) Campbell. 
Both his parents were of New England ancestry. 
In 1826 the family removed to Detroit, Michigan. 
I'he elder Campbell had been a man of some 
prominence in Bufflilo, and soon became such in 
Detroit. He was a member of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church, in whose tenets he instructed his 
son, whom he sent to an Episcopal preparatory 
school at Flushing, Long Island. Afterwards the son 
entered St. Paul's College at the same place, and 
was graduated in 1841. After graduation he returned 
to Detroit, and began the study of law in the office 
of Douglass and Walker. He was admitted to prac- 
tice in October, 1844, and immediately entered into 
partnership with his preceptors. After thirteen 
years of practice at the Bar, he was elected to the 
Bench of the Supreme Court of Michigan anil was 
continued in the office by successive re-elections 
until his death. During the year 1 845-1 846 he 
served as secretary to the Board of Regents of the 
State University. In 1859, when the Regents of the 
University established the Department of Law, he 
was invited to become a member of the first Faculty. 
On his acceptance of the Marshall professorship of 
Law, the Faculty made him their Dean. His sub- 
jects in the Law School were as follows : Criminal 
Law, Jurisprudence of the United States, Equity 
Jurisprudence, and International Law. His resig- 
nation of his professorship in 1885 was a matter of 
deep regret to the Regents, Faculty, and students ; 



but it became a necessity on account of the growth 
of his judicial duties. He was not only well versed 
in the law ; he was also an accomplished scholar in 
history and in literature. In 1876 he published " Out- 
lines of the Political History of Michigan," a valu- 
able contribution to the history of the pioneer period 
of the State. He received the degree of Doctor of 
Laws from the University of Michigan in 1866. On 
November 18, 1849, he was married to Cornelia 
Hotchkiss, and they had six children, of whom five 
survive: Cornelia Lois, of Detroit; Henry Munroe 
(Ph.B. 1876, LL.B. 1878) and Charles Hotchkiss 
(Ph.B. 1S80), both of the Detroit Bar; Douglass 
Houghton (Ph.M. 18S2, Ph.D. 1886), professor in 
Leland Stanford Junior University ; and Edward De 
Mill (B.S. [Chem.] 1886), professor in the Univer- 
sity of Michigan. James Valentine, the second son, 
died in 1894. The father died in Detroit, March 
26, 1S90. (For portrait, see page 104.) 



CHARLES IRISH WALKER was bom at 

Butternuts, Otsego County, New York, April 25, 1814, 
son of Stephen anil Lydia (Gardner) Walker. His 
education was obtained in the district schools, with 
the exception of one term spent at a select school 
in Utica, New \'ork. .\i sixteen years of age he 
began teaching in a common school, but soon be- 
came interested in mercantile pursuits. In 1836 he 
removed to Michigan and settled in Grand Rapids. 
In that year he was a member of the Second Con- 
vention of .\ssent, and in 1S40 he was elected a 
representative in the State I^egislature. The fol- 
lowing year he went East to complete his law studies 
which he had begim several years before. He did 
not return to Michigan until 185 1, when he entered 
into partnership with his brother, Edward C. Walker, 
already a successful attorney in Detroit. This part- 
nership ceased in 1837. Mr. Walker became very 
much interesteil in the early history of Michigan. 
In 1857 he took a prominent part in the re-organ- 
ization of the Historical Society of Michigan. In 
July. 1858, on the one hundred and fifty-seventh 
anniversary of the founding of Detroit, he read an 
elabor.ite paper devoted to the Life of Antoine de 
La Motte Cadillac and the First Ten Years of 
Detroit. Among his other historical papers are 
The Early Jesuits in Michigan, Michigan fiom 1796 
to iSo5,and The Civil Administration of General 
Hull. In 1871 he presented a paper before the 
Historical Society of Wisconsin on The Northwest 
Territory during the Revolution, which afterward 



234 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



appeared in the collections of that society. But 
these studies were merely his avocation ; his voca- 
tion was his law work, which was very extensive and 
laborious. He was one of the original Law Faculty 
of the University of Michigan, and for seventeen 
years, 1859-1876, he was able to give one day of 
every week to the work of the Department. He 
again filled this chair for the years 1879-18S1, dur- 
ing Professor Wells's absence, and again in 1886- 
1887. On the death of Judge VVitherell in 1867, he 
was appointed Judge of the Wayne County Circuit 
Court, but resigned the ofifice after a few months 
to resume his law practice, which was much more 
lucrative. He was for many years a member of the 
Detroit Board of Education and twice president of 
the Board. When the State Board of Corrections 
and Charities was first created in 187 1 he was made 
a member and was for some years chairman of the 
Board. In 1874 the University of Michigan con- 
ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He 
was twice married: in 1838 to Mary Hinsdale, 
sister of Judge Mitchell Hinsdale, a pioneer of 
Kalamazoo County ; and in 1865 to Ella Fletcher, 
daughter of Rev. Dr. Fletcher, of Townshend, 
Vermont. He died February 11, 1895. (For por- 
trait, see page 99.) 



THOMAS McINTYRE COOLEY was 

born on a farm near Attica, New York, January 6, 
1824, son of Thomas and Rachel (Hubbard) Cooley. 
He was descended from an old New England family. 
His father was one of four brothers who early re- 
moved from Massachusetts to Western New York, 
where they encountered the hardships of pioneer 
life. The boy attended the district school of the 
neighborhood and later spent three years at Attica 
Academy. As a schoolboy he showed unusual intel- 
lectual powers and an enthusiastic fondness for 
learning in the fields in which he afterwards became 
famous. In 1842 he began to study law in an 
office at Palmyra, New York, and the next year 
removed to Michigan. He read law at Adrian 
three years, doing both professional and other work 
as a means of support, and was admitted to the Bar 
in 1846. Within the next nine years he practised 
law in three different Michigan towns, engaged in 
the real estate business in Toledo, and was also 
active in local politics. In 1857 he was selected by 
the Legislature to compile the statutes of Michigan, 
and in 1858 was appointed Reporter of the State 
Supreme Court. On the establishment of the De- 



partment of Law at the State University in 1859 
he became one of the original Faculty. He was 
assigned to the Jay Professorship of Law, which 
position he continued to fill with great distinction 
for twenty-five years. He removed to Ann Arbor 
in 1859, and here the Cooley home was known as a 
centre of intellectual and social life until the death 
of Mrs. Cooley in 1890. In 1885 he was appointed 
Professor of American History and Constitutional 
Law and continued in that capacity until his death. 
The office of Reporter to the Supreme Court, which 
he held from 1S58 to 1S65, was the stepping-stone 




THOMAS McINTYRE COOLEV 

to a seat on the State Supreme Bench. He was 
elected a judge of this court in November, 1864, in 
place of Randolph Manning deceased, and was twice 
re-elected, serving in all twenty-one years. In the 
years that he held a seat on this Bench the Court 
gained a national reputation. Judge Cooiey's rep- 
utation rests not only on his judicial opinions, but 
to a great extent also on his legal and historical 
writings. " The Constitutional Limitations which 
Rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the 
American Union" appeared in 1868; an edition of 
Blackstone in 1870; an edition of Story's Commen- 
taries in 1874 ; a work on Taxation in 1876 ; one on 
Torts in 1879 ; and Principles of Constitutional Law 
in 1880. There have been several editions of all 
these works. In 18S5 he contributed the volume on 



THE UNIVERSITT SENATE 



235 



Michigan to the Commonwealth Scries. He was also 
the author of many published addresses and papers 
and a frequent contributor to the magazines. After 
his resignation from the Supreme Bench in 1885 he 
did distinguished legal work in connection with the 
railroads of the country. In 1882 he hatl been one of 
the three special commissioners chosen by the trunk 
lines terminating at New York, Philadelphia, and 
Baltimore, to investigate and report upon differential 
rates on freight starting from, or going to, each of 
those cities. In 1886 he was appointed receiver 
of that part of the Wabash Railroad System which 
lies east of the Mississippi River, and the next year 
President Cleveland appointed him chairman of the 
newly authorized Interstate Commerce Commission. 
Owing to failing health he resigned from the Com- 
mission in 1891. In 1893 he was president of the 
,'\merican Bar .Association and delivered the annual 
address before that body. He ceased to lecture in 
the University and abandoned all law practice in 
1S94. He died at Ann Arbor, September 12, 189S. 
He received the degree of Doctor of Laws from the 
University of Michigan in 1873 and from Harvard 
University in 1886. December 30, 1846, he was 
married to Mary E. Horton, of Adrian, and they 
had six children, all of whom survive : Fanny Cary 
(Mrs. Alexis C. Angell), of Detroit ; Eugene Frank 
(A.B. 1870), of Lansing ; Edgar Arthur (.'\.B. 
1872), of Bay City; Charles Horton (A.B. 1887), 
of the University; Thomas Benton (A.B. 1891, 
M.D. 1895), of Detroit ; and Mary Beatrice (Ph.B. 
1900), of .'\nn Arbor. (See page 98.) 



Engineers, ami the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science. He was the first presi- 
dent of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering 




ukvolson wood 



Education. In 1859 Hamilton College conferred 
upon him the honorary degree of Master of Arts. 
He died in New York City, June 27, 1897, and was 
buried at Forest Hill, Ann Arbor. 



DeVOLSON wood was born at Smyrna, 
New York, in 1832. He was graduated Civil 
Engineer from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 
in 1857, and was appointed .Assistant Professor of 
Engineering at the University of Michigan the same 
year. In connection with this work he pursued 
graduate studies and received the degree of Master 
of Science on examination in 1859. The same year 
he was advanced to the professorship of Physics and 
Civil Engineering, and in i860 was made Pro- 
fessor of Civil Engineering. He filled this position 
with much distinction till 1872, when he resigned it 
to accept a similar chair in the Stevens Institute 
of Technology, at Hoboken. He held that position 
for twenty- five years and became widely known for 
his writings on Engineering and Mechanics. He 
was a member of the American Society of Civil 
Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical 



JAMES CRAIG WATSON was born at 
Fingal, Ontario, January 28, 1838. He showed at 
an early age that he was endowed with ability of a 
high order, and in 1850 his parents removed to 
Ann Arbor for the purpose of educating their son. 
He was prepared for college almost wholly under 
private instruction, for which he in turn gave lessons 
in mathematics, and was able to enter the University 
at the age of fifteen. He was graduated Bachelor 
of Arts in 1857 and received the Master's degree 
on examination after two years' study under Dr. 
Briinnow. The following year he had charge of the 
work in Astronomy during Dr. Biiinnow's absence 
at the Dudley Observatory. For the next three 
years he was Professor of Physics and instructor in 
Mathematics, and on Dr. Briinnow's resignation in 
1863, he succeeded him as Professor of Astronomy 
and director of the Observatory. He gave a good 
deal of attention to the study of the Asteroid 



236 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



group and discovered in all twenty-three new ones. 
Among the distinguished recognitions of service 
that he received was the Lalande gold medal, given 
him bv the French Academy of Sciences in 1.S70 
for the discoveiy of six Asteroids in one year. In 
the later years of his career he centred his interest 
upon the questions of an intra-Mercurial planet and 
of a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune. He was 
a member of the National Academy of Sciences ; 
the Royal Academy of Sciences, of Catania, Italy ; 
and the American Philosophical Society. He re- 
ceived the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy 




JAMtS CRAU. WAISOX 

from the University of Leipzig in 1870, and from 
Yale College in 1871, and the degree of Doctor of 
Laws from Columbia in 1S77. He was a member 
of the most important expeditions for astronomical 
observation sent out by the United States Govern- 
ment during his time. The first was an expedition 
to observe the eclipse of the sun at Mt. Pleasant, 
Iowa, in 1869; the second a similar expedition to 
Sicily, in 1870; the third to Peking, China, to ob- 
serve the transit of Venus in 1S74; the fourth to 
Wyoming, to observe the total eclipse of the sun in 
1 8 78. Besides his numerous contributions to scien- 
tific journals, he published " A Popular Treatise 
on Comets" (i860), and " Theoretical Astronomy " 
(186S). In 1879 he resigned his professorship at 
.Ann Arbor to accept a call to the LTniversity of 



Wisconsin, where he hoped to find superior appara- 
tus and instruments for the difficult observations 
which he had planned. These hopes, however, 
were not to be realized. He died at Madison, 
November 23, 1880, and was buried at Forest Hill, 
Ann Arbor. 



SAMUEL GLASGOW ARMOR was born 
in Washington County, Pennsylvania, January 29, 
1819. His ancestors were Scotch. When he was 
eleven years of age his parents removed to Holmes 
County, Ohio, where he received such preliminary 
training as the district school afforded. He entered 
Franklin College, Ohio, where he distinguished him- 
self as a student ; but slender means prevented his 
remaining longer than two years. At the end of this 
time he entered the office of his future brother-in- 
law, Dr James S. Irvine, of Millersburg, to prepare 
for the medical ])rofession. Meanwhile he became 
interested in politics, and shared in the editorship of 
a spirited \Vhig campaign paper. He also studied 
law, and was admitted to the Ohio Bar in 1843; 
but his preferences drew him back to medicine. 
He accordingly entered the Missouri Medical Col- 
lege, at St. Louis, and was graduated Doctor of 
Medicine in 1S44. after which he began the prac- 
tice of his profession at Rockford, Illinois. In 
1847 he was called to the Rush Medical College as 
Lecturer in Physiology. In 1849 he accepted a 
professorship in the same subject in the newly or- 
ganized medical college at Keokuk, Iowa. This 
position he resigned in 185 1 to acce]n a chair in 
the Cleveland Medical College. In 1853 his paper 
on "The Zymotic Theory of the Essential Fevers" 
took the prize of the Ohio State Medical Societ)'. 
In the same year he was called to the professorship 
of Physiology and Pathology at the Medical College 
of Ohio where he remained for several years. He 
lectured one year at his Alma Mater in St. Louis, 
and in 1S62 was called to the chair of Medicine in 
the University of Michigan, which position he held 
till 1868. .Mready in the year 1866 he had deliv- 
ered a course of lectures at the Long Island College 
Hospital, and in 1867 upon the resignation of Pro- 
fessor Austin Flint, he accepted the chair of Medi- 
cine in that institution, which he held till the time 
of his death. Franklin College bestowed on him 
in 1872 the degree of Doctor of Laws. He con- 
tributed to Pepper's System of Medicine a chapter 
on Diseases of the Stomach, and furnished occa- 
sional contributions to the medical journals. He 
died in Brooklyn, New York, October 27, 1885. 



THE uNii'ERsrrr senate 



237 



EDWARD PAYSON EVANS was b..rn 
at Remsen, New York, L)ecember 8, 1831,5011 of 
the Reverend Evan Evans. He removed to Michi- 
gan in 1850 and entered the State University, 
where he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 
1854. He then taught for a year at Hernando 
Academy, Mississippi, and the following year at 
Carroll College, Waukesha, Wisconsin, after which 
he travelled and studied abroad for about five 
years. In 1862-1863 he was instructor in Modern 
Languages at the University of Michigan, and from 
1863 to 1870 lie occupied the chair of Modern 




EDWARIi I'AVSdX EVANS 

Languages and Literatures. LTi)on resigning this 
position he went abroad again, to lead the life of an 
Oriental scholar and author. Since 1884 he has 
been connected with the " .Allgemeine Zeitung " of 
Munich. He has likewise contributed articles to 
" Die Nation, " Berlin ; " Litterarischer Central- 
blatt, " " Blatter fur IJtterarische LTnterhaltung, " 
" Deutsche Litteraturzeitung " and " Frankfurter 
Zeitung ; " also to various American periodicals. 
He has published the following, among other 
works : " Life and Works of Gotthold Ephraim 
Lessing " (1866, from the German of Adolf Stahr) ; 
" First Historical Transformations of Christianity " 
(1867, from the French of Athanase Coquerel) ; 
" .\briss der Deutschen Literaturgeschichte "(1869) ; 



'■ Animal Symbolism in Ecclesiastical Architecture " 
(1896); "Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psy- 
chology" (1898); " Beitrage zur Amerikanischen 
Litteratur-und-Kulturgeschichte " {1898). On May 
23, 1868, he was married to Elizabeth K. (jibson, 
of Ann Arbor. 

LUCIUS DELISON CHAPIN was born 
in 1 82 1. He was graduated Bachelor of Arts from 
Amherst College in 1851 and Master of Arts in 
1854. He studied theology, and in 1856 was 
called to the pastorate of the Presbyterian church 
in Ann Arbor, where he remained till 1863, when 
he was appointed Professor of Moral and Intellectual 
Philosophy in the LIniversity of Michigan. In 1867 
he obtained leave of absence for a year and resigned 
his chair at the end of that time. For five years he 
was pastor of the Presbyterian church at East 
Bloomfield, New York, and then became Chancellor 
and Professor of Philosophy in Ingham University 
(a college for women), at LeRoy, New York. After 
three years in this position he returned to the work 
of the ministry and was settled in Chicago for the 
remainder of his life. He died at Jacksonville, 
Florida, June 18, 1892. 



EDWARD OLNEY was born at Moreau, 
Saratoga County. Ne«' York, July 24, 1827. He was 
a lineal descendant of the Thomas Olney who came 
irom England to Salem, Massachusetts, in 1635, and 
who afterwards followed Roger Williams to Provi- 
dence. When a mere child his family removed to 
Wood County, Ohio, where the boy grew up under 
the conditions of pioneer life common in those days. 
The country was sparsely settled, and school privi- 
leges were few. He used to recall how he went 
through Day's .Mgebra, writing out the formulas 
upon the plow-beam, and upon the cylinder of the 
fanning-mill. .A.t the age of nineteen he began to 
teach a district school, and at the age of twenty- one 
became principal of the Union School at Perrysburg, 
the county seat. In 1853 he was called to the 
Chair of Mathematics in Kalamazoo College. In 
that year Madison University conferred upon him 
the honorary degree of Master of Arts. Ten years 
later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in 
the University of Michigan, where he acquired a 
national reputation, both as a teacher and as an 
author of mathematical works. His textbooks con- 
sist of Arithmetics for elementary schools, and of 
treatises on Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, and 
the Calculus, for use in high schools and colleges. 



23! 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



He became very influential in university councils 1S54. He proceeded at once to the study of the 
and had much to do in shaping policies. He had a law and was admitted to the Bar at Detroit in 
large part in bringing about the so-called diploma January, 1856. Since that date he has been actively 



system of admission to the University in 1871 and 




EDWARD OLNEV 

in the adoption of the elective and credit systems in 
1878. He was a prominent member of the Baptist 
Church, a member of educational and missionary 
societies, and for two years editor and proprietor of 
"The Michigan Christian Herald." He was a fre- 
quent contributor to " The Michigan Journal of 
Education," and author of the article on " Pure 
Mathematics " in the " Educational Cyclopsedia." 
In 1873 Kalamazoo College conferred upon him the 
degree of Doctor of Laws, .^bout 1850 he was 
married to Sarah Huntington of Perrysburg, Ohio. 
He died at Ann Arbor, January 16, 1887, and was 
buried at Kalamazoo. (See page 55.) 



ASHLEY POND was born at Wilmington, 
Essex County, New York, November 23, 1827, son 
of Jared and Statira (Bartlit) Pond. His ancestors 
were English. His parents early removed to Michi- 
gan, where he had his preparatory education in the 
common schools and at Wesleyan Seminary, now 
.Mbion College. He entered the University of 
Michigan and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 



engaged in the practice of his profession in that 
city. From 1S65 to 1868 he was a member of 
the Faculty of Law at the State University. He 
was a member of the State Constitutional Commis- 
sion of 1873. On May 29, 1866, he was married 
to Harriet Louise Pearl, and they had three chil- 
dren ; Florence Louise, Samuel Bartlit (deceased), 
and Ashley, Jr. 



WILLIAM WARREN GREENE was 

born at North Waterford, Maine, March i, 1S31, 
son of Jacob Holt and Sarah \Valker (Frye) Creene. 
Some seven of his ancestors served in the Revolu- 
tionary or Colonial wars, among them being Colonel 
Joseph Frye, who commanded the expedition to 
Crown Point in 1757 and was commissioned Major- 
General by the Provincial Congress in 1775. At 
the age of nine he was placed under the instruction 
of Dr. William Warren. From 1848 to 1851 he 
was a student in Bethel .Academy, Maine, on leav- 




UII.LIAM WARREN GREENE 



ing which he studied medicine with Dr. Seth C. 
Hunkins and attended lectures at the Berkshire 
Medical College. He entered the University of 
Michigan in 1854, and was graduated Doctor of 



THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 



239 



Medicine in 1855. He began the practice of his 
profession in North Waterford, Maine, and after 
three years removed to Gray in the same state. In 
the fall of 1862 he served two months as volunteer 
surgeon in the Federal army. In that year he 
accepted the chair of tlie Theory and Practice of 
Medicine at Berkshire College, Pittsfield, Massachu- 
setts, but was soon transferred to the chair of 
Surgery in the same institution. In 1S65 he ac- 
cepted the professorship of Surgery in the Medical 
School of Maine. During the year 1867-1868 he 
was Professor of Civil and Military Surgery at the 
University of Michigan. In 1868 he removed to 
Portland, Maine, where he practised his profession 
until his death. From 1.S72 to 1S74 he was Pro- 
fessor of Surgery at the Long Islanil College Hos- 
pital. He was a member of the Maine Medical 
Society and served as its president in 1880. He 
was also a member of the Massachusetts Medical 
Society and of various other medical organiza- 
tions ; and was an honorary member of the Medical 
Society of the State of New York. In 1855 he 
was married to Elizabeth Carleton, who died five 
years later without living issue. In 1S61 he was 
married to Elizabeth Lawrence, who died in 1876, 
leaving two children : Charles Lyman, now a pliysi- 
cian of St. Paul, Minnesota ; and Ida Lawrence, 
now Mrs. Addison S. Thayer, of Portland, Maine. 
He died and was buried at sea, September 10, 
1881, when returning from England, where he had 
attended the International Medical Congress of 
that year. 

ADAM KNIGHT SPENCE was born at 
Rhynie, in the shire of Aberdeen, Scotland, March 
12, 1 83 1, son of Dr. Adam and Elisabeth (Ross) 
Spence. He was descended on the father's side 
from the Scotch Highlanders. His mother was of 
the famous Clan Ross, and was linked with the 
Macdonalds, the Frazers, and the McConachys. 
He received his early training in the country 
schools of Salem, Washtenaw County, Michigan, to 
which place his parents had removed ; and after 
one year in the preparatory department of Olivet 
College, and three years in the same department of 
Oberlin College, he entered the University of Mich- 
igan in 1854 and was graduated Bachelor of Arts 
in 1858. The degree of Master of Arts followed 
three years later. Immediately on graduation he 
was added to the teaching staff of the University, 
and filled in succession the following positions : 
Instructor in Greek, 185S-1859; in Greek and 



French, 1S59-1860; in Greek, Latin, and French, 
1860-1863; in Greek and Frencii, 1863-1865 ; 
Assistant Professor of Greek and French, 1865- 
1867 ; Professor of the French Language and Lit- 
erature, 1867-1S70. In 1870 he resigned his chair 
to accept the acting presidency of Fisk University 
at Nashville, Tennessee. This position he occupied 
for seven years, after which he served as Dean of 
the Faculty and Professor of Greek and French at 
the same institution during the remainder of his life. 
He died at Nashville, April ^4, 1900. He was one 




AHAM KNIUHT SPENCE 

of the original members of the Students' Christian 
Association at .\nn Arbor, and its first president. 
Throughout the entire period of his connection with 
this University, first as student and afterwards as 
teacher, he was unceasing in his labors for the pros- 
perity of this Association. It would be difficult to 
find any one who possessed the genuine missionary 
spirit in greater degree than did this man. Ann 
Arbor was very dear to him ; but at the call of duty 
he went forth to strange surroundings and to social 
ostracism, and gave his all to the cause of the poor 
and the lowly. He was married about the year 1862 
to Catharine Mackey, and by her had four children, 
of whom but one survives, — Mary Elisabeth, who 
has succeeded to her father's work in part at the Fisk 
University. 



240 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS was born 
at Derby, Vermont, January 24, 1S35, only son of 
Charles and Maria (Shedd) Adams. He was de- 
scended from William Adams, who came from Eng- 
land in 1635. He began teaching school at the age 
of seventeen, and taught several terms in Vermont. 
In 1 85 6 he removed to Iowa, and the year following 
entered the University of Michigan. In 1861 he 
was graduated Bachelor of Arts, and after a year's 
graduate study received the degree of Master of 
Arts on examination. He was immediately ap- 
pointed Instructor in History. After one year he 
was made Instructor in History and Latin, and in 
1865 was advanced to the rank of .-Xssistant Pro- 
fessor. In 1867 he was elected Professor of His- 
tory, in place of Andrew D. White resigned, and 
obtained leave of absence for a year to travel and 
study in Germany, France, and Italy. Soon after 
his return to the University he introduced the Semi- 
nary method of instruction into his advanced classes, 
which method met with much favor and was after- 
wards taken up by other professors. In 18S5, on 
the resignation of President White, of Cornell Uni- 
versity, Professor Adams was elected to succeed 
him. He hel<l the office till May, 1892, when he 
relinquished it with the purpose of devoting himself 
to authorship in his chosen line ; but in July of that 
year he accepted a call to the presidency of the 
University of Wisconsin. About 1900, his health 
having been seriously impaired, he obtained leave 
of absence, and spent a year in Europe in the hope 
of regaining his strength. He returned to his work 
in the autumn of 1901, but soon found himself un- 
equal to going on with it. He resigned the office 
and retired to Redlands, California, where he died 
on July 26, 1902. Besides numerous papers and 
addresses, he published the following works : " De- 
mocracy and Monarchy in France" (1872); 
"Manual of Historical Literature" (1882); and 
" Christopher Columbus, his Life and Work " 
(1892). He also edited "Representative British 
Orations," in three volumes (1885) ; and Johnson's 
"Universal Cyclopaedia" (i 892-1 893). He re- 
ceived the degree of Doctor of Laws from Chicago 
University in 1878, and from Harvard University in 
1887. He was twice married, first, in 1863, to 
Mrs. Abigail Disbrovv Mudge, of Ann Arbor, who 
died at Ithaca in 1889 ; and in July, 1890, to Mrs. 
Mary Mathews Barnes, of Brooklyn, New York, who 
survived him only a few months. (For portrait, see 
page 85.) 



MOSES COIT TYLER was born at Gris- 
wold, Connecticut, August 2, 1S35, son of Elisha 
and Mary (Greene) Tyler. The family soon re- 
moved to Michigan, and after brief periods of resi- 
dence, first in Calhoun County, and later in Branch 
County, settled in Detroit in 1S43. Here the boy 
was prepared for college, partly under the tuition of 
the Reverend Doctor Kitchel, and in 1S52 entered 
the University of Michigan. He remained but a 
single year, and later entered Yale College, where 
he was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1857. The 
Christian ministrv had been his ultimate aim for 




MOSES COIT TYLER 

some time, and he now took up the study of the- 
ology, first at New Haven, and afterwards at Ando- 
ver Seminary. In 1S59 he became pastor of the 
Congregational church at Owego, New York, and 
after a year took a similar charge at Poughkeepsie. 
Failing health drove him to relinquish this work in 
1862, and under medical advice he gave up preach- 
ing and went to England with his family for a pro- 
longed stay. He spent some four years abroad, 
during which time he delivered popular lectures in 
various cities of Great Britain. He also contributed 
numerous articles to " The Independent " and " The 
Nation," giving his impressions of English life. Soon 
after his return to America he was called, in T867, 
to the chair of Rhetoric and English Literature in 



THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 



241 



the University of Michigan. In 1874 the title was 
changed to Professor of the Elnglish Language and 
Literature. With the exception of about eighteen 
months in 1873-1874, when he was Hterary editor 
of "The Christian Union," he performed the duties 
of this office till 1881. Li that year he accepted a 
call to the chair of American History in Cornell 
University, where he hoped to find ampler facilities 
for the pursuit of his special studies in American 
Literary History. This position he retained up to 
the time of his death. During the first year of his 
professorship at Ann Arbor he wrote a series of 
papers on physical culture for " The Herald of 
Health," which were collected into a volume the 
following year under the title of "The Bravvnville 
Papers" (1869). This line of writing marked a 
mere episode in his literary career, and was induced 
by his efforts to recover health through diet and 
exercise. About the time of his editorial work in 
New York he matured the idea of writing a History 
of American Literature, and spent much time in the 
Astor Library reading and making notes on the 
Colonial period. On his return to Ann Arbor, in 
tlie fall of 1874, he devoted himself to this work 
with much assiduity, and was able to bring out the 
first two volumes in 1878. The success of the work 
was immediate, and greatly added to his reputation. 
L: 1879, °" the invitation of a New York publishing 
house, he turned aside for a time to prepare an 
American edition of Henry Morley's " Manual of 
English Literature." This work cost him much 
more time and energy than he had anticipated, but 
he carried it out faithfully. During his later years 
in Ann Arbor he changed his religious affiliations 
from the Congregational Church to the Protestant 
Episcopal Church, and was ordained to the diac- 
onate. After going to Ithaca he gave considerable 
time to preaching, with the result that his special 
literary labors were somewhat retarded. In 1887 he 
published " Patrick Henry " in the American States- 
man Series, and in 1895 "Three Men of Letters." 
In 1897, after nearly twenty years, he brought out 
another instalment of his great work under the title 
of " The Literary History of the American Revolu- 
tion." In 1S98, at the solicitation of his publishers, 
he gathered some of the papers written during his 
stay in England, and reprinted them with revisions 
under the designation of "Glimpses of England." 
During his remaining years he continued to pros- 
ecute his literary work as far as strength would per- 
mit, and had some further things well in hand when 
death overtook him, December 28, 1900. He re- 



ceived the degree of Master of Arts from Yale in 
1863, the degree of Doctor of Laws from VVooster 
University in 1875, ^"d the degree of Doctor of 
Humanities (L.H.D.) from Columbia in 1887. 
October 26, 1859, he was married to Jeannette Hull 
Gilbert, of New Haven, and they had two children : 
Jessica Gilbert, now married to W. H. .'\usten, 
Reference Librarian of Cornell University, and Ed- 
ward Scott, who died in 1901. (See page 56.) 



CHARLES ARTEMAS KENT was born 

at Hopkinton, New York, October 11, 1835, son of 
Artemas and Sarah (Weed) Kent. On the father's 
side he traces his ancestry back to Thomas Kent, of 




CHARLES ARTEMAS KENT 

Gloucester, Massachusetts, who settled in that town 
about 1640. His mother was of French descent. 
.After the usual preliminary training he entered the 
University of Vermont in 1852 and was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts four years later. He was then for 
a year principal of the Washington County Gram- 
mar School, at Montpelier, Vermont. From 1857 
to 1859 he was a student at the Andover Theologi- 
cal Seminary. He then came to Detroit, and, after 
studying law in the office of Charles I. Walker, was 
admitted to the Bar in i860, and has since practised 
his profession continuously in that city. From 1868 



242 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



to 1S86 he held the Fletcher Professorship of Law 
at the University of Michigan. He has served on 
the School Board of Detroit, and in 1881-1882 was 
one of a commission appointed to revise the tax 
laws of Micliigan. In 1899 the Regents of the 
University conferred upon him the degree of Doc- 
tor of Laws. He was married April 30, 1874, to 
Frances C. King, daughter of Robert \\ . King, a 
Detroit merchant. 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN COCKER was 

born at .Mniundbury, Yorkshire, England, in 1S21. 
He obtained a fair English education in King 
James's Grammar School, and commenced life as a 
woolen manufacturer. On account of impaired 
health lie emigrated to Australia in 1850 and en- 
gaged in a prosperous and lucrative business in 
Launceston and Melbourne. Caught in the great 
panic of 1856, he was almost ruined financially. 
He saveil enough from the wreck of his fortunes to 
buy a small trading vessel, in which he embarked on 
a voyage to New Zealand and the Fiji and Friendly 
Islands. In Fiji he made the acquaintance of John 
Hunt, James Calvert, and William Wilson, early 
English Wesleyan missionaries. On his way back 
to Australia he was shipwrecked off the island of 
Tonga, but he and the crew were rescued and con- 
veyed to Sydney. He now decided to embark with 
his family for the Uniteil States of America, the 
objective point being Adrian, Michigan, where a 
Methodist clergyman lived whose acquaintance he 
had made in Australia, and who had promised him 
aid. Having reached his destination, he decided to 
carry out a cherished conviction that he should be- 
come a preacher of the gospel. In due time he 
was licensed by the Methodist Episcopal Church 
and began to preach in the small village of Palmyra, 
Michigan, in 1857. His success as a preacher was 
soon assured, and he filled successively the best 
places in the gift of the Detroit Conference. Through 
his contributions to "The Methodist Quarterly" his 
power of abstruse metaphysical reasoning had be- 
come known, and when in 1869 the chair of Philos- 
ophy in the University of Michigan fell vacant, he 
was called to fill it. He now had leisure to formu- 
late the results of his wide experiences and studies, 
and published a number of volumes : " Christianity 
and Greek Philosophy " (1870) ; " Lectures on the 
Truth of the Christian Religion " (1873) ; "Theis- 
tic Conception of the World " (1875);" Evidences 
of Christianity" (1882); and "Students' Hand- 



book of Philosophy" (18S1-1S82). He died at 
Ann Arbor, April 8, 1883. He received the degree 
of Master of Arts from Wesleyan University in 1864, 
of Doctor of Divinity from DePauw University in 
1870, and of Doctor of Laws from Victoria Univer- 
sity, Canada, in 1876. (For portrait, see page 59.) 



HENRY SYLVESTER CHEEVER was 
born at Exeter, Otsego County, New York, .'\ugust 8, 
1837, son of William and Emaline (Wood) Cheever. 
He was graduated IJaclielor of Arts from the Llni- 




HENRY SYLVESTER CHEEVER 

versity of Michigan in 1863, and Master of Arts and 
Doctor of Medicine in 1 866. He was Assistant in 
Chemistry in the University from 1863 to 1865; 
Demonstrator of Anatomy for the year 1867-1868; 
Lecturer on Therapeutics and Materia Medica from 
1868 to 1870; and Professor of Therapeutics and 
Materia Medica from 1S70 to 1872. He was also 
Professor of Physiology in Long Island College 
Hospital, 1872. In that year he obtained leave of 
absence and went to Colorado in search of health. 
He soon returned apparently benefited, and con- 
tinued his work at the University with the subject of 
Physiology added to his title. But his strength grad- 
ually failed, and he died at Ann Arbor, March 31, 
1877. On June 25, 1863, he was married to Laura 
Edna Bissell, of Tecumseli, Michigan, and they had 



THE UNllERSni' SENATE 



243 



two chililren : Dwight IJissell (U.S. [Mecli. !•>.] 
1891, LL.B. 1S96), now a lawyer of ('hicagu ; and 
Laura Wood, who died in 1S90, aged seventeen. 



ALPHEUS BENNING CROSBY was 

born at Gilmanton, New Hainpsiiire, February 22, 
1832, tlie second son of Dr. Dixi Crosby, sometime 
Professor of Surgery in Dartmoutii College. 'I'he 
son was prepared for Dartmouth, where he was 
graduated Baclielor of .\rts in 1S53 and Master of 
Arts and Doctor of Medicine in 1S56. ;\fter one 
term of post-graduate work in New York City, lie 
entered upon the practice of his profession in his 
native state. At the outbreak of the Civil War he 
joined the First New Hampshire Regiment of Vol- 
unteers and spent in various capacities about one 
year in the army of Northern Virginia. He then 
returned to Hanover and resumed tlie general prac- 
tice of medicine. He was soon after appointed 
Associate Professor of Surgery at Dartmouth, and 
held that position till 1.S6.S. In i86g he became 
Lecturer on Surgery in the University of Michigan 
and the following year was made Professor of Sur- 
gery. Lr 187 1 he resigned this position to accept 
the chair of Surgery at Dartmouth, made vacant by 
the retirement of his father. The following year he 
added to his other work the professorship of An- 
atomy in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
which he held from 1872 to 1S77. In addition to 
the duties of the above positions he also gave 
courses of lectures for longer or shorter periods in 
the University of Vermont, the Long Island College 
Hospital, and Bowdoin College. He published a 
large number of papers and addresses on topics con- 
nected with his professional work. He was a very 
skilful surgeon and a no less skilful teacher. In 
1862 he was married to Mildre<l Glassell, daughter 
of Dr. William R. Smith, of Galveston, Texas. 
He died at Hanover, New Hampshire, August 9, 
1877. At the time of his death he was president 
of the New Hampshire Medical Society. 



ALBERT BENJAMIN PRESCOTT was 
born at Hastings, New York, December 12, 1832, 
son of Benjamin and Experience (Huntley) Pres- 
cott. The American line of the Prescott family is 
traced in descent from John Prescott, who came 
from England to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1640; 
he was a descendant in the fourth generation from 
James Prescott, who for bravery was made Lord of 



the Manor of Derby, by Queen Elizabeth, in 1564. 
From John Prescott the heads of families in direct 
order were these : Jonas Prescott, born at Lancaster, 
Massachusetts, in 164S; Jonas Prescott, Jr., born in 
1678; I'",benezer Prescott, born in Groton, Massa- 
chusetts, 1700; I'^benezer Prescott, Jr., born in 
1723 ; (Jliver Prescott, born at Jaffrey, New Hamp- 
shire, in 1760; and Benjamin Prescott, born at 
New Hartford, New York, .August 20, 1794. Tlie 
young .Albert Benjamin when nine years old sus- 
tained an injury to his right knee which entailed 
years of suffering. He pursued his studies with the 




ALliKRr HRNJA.MIN I'RFSCOIT 

assistance of private tutors, and especially with the 
aid of a sister, then a well-known teacher in central 
New York. He was admitted to the University of 
Michigan in 1861, and after following studies in 
Medicine and Chemistry, was graduated Doctor of 
Medicine in 1864. In May of that year he took 
the regular examination for medical service in the 
United States Army; and in July was commissioned 
Assistant Surgeon, with assignment to duty in the 
Totten General Hospital at Louisville, Kentucky. 
Later he became a member of the Medical Examin- 
ing Board and Surgeon-in-Charge of the Foundry 
General Hospital at Louisville. He was discharged 
from the service August 22, 1865, with the brevet 
rank of Captain of United States Volunteers. The 



244 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



same year he entered upon his lifework as a chem- 
ist in the laboratory of the University of Michigan, 
with the rank of Assistant Professor of Chemistry 
and Lecturer on Organic Chemistry and Metallurgy. 
Upon the organization of the School of Pharmacy in 
1868 its administration was placed in his hands, and 
he at once became an earnest advocate of superior 
laboratory methods and better standards of pharma- 
ceutical education, an advance in which this school 
has since borne an important part. In 1870 he 
was appointed Professor of Organic and Applied 
Chemistry and of Pharmacy. In 1889 his title was 
changed to Professor of Organic Chemistry and of 
Pharmacy, and in 1890 to Professor of Organic 
Chemistry. From 1S76 he was Dean of the School 
of Pharmacy, and from 1884 he was also Director 
of the Chemical Laboratory. He was a frequent 
contributor to the literature of Chemistry, his writ- 
ings appearing in the form of reports of research 
work in Analytical and Organic Chemistry ; books 
of reference on these subjects; and articles upon 
the education of pharmacists and upon chemical 
topics of general public interest. His first book, 
" Outlines of Proximate Organic .Analysis," a small 
volume published in 1875, gave great impetus, both 
in this country and in England, to the work in this 
subject. His later investigations were especially 
concerned with the natural organic bases and certain 
of their derivatives. He was elected a Fellow of the 
Chemical Society of London in 1876 ; president of 
the American Chemical Society in 1886; president 
of the .American Association for the Advancement 
of Science in 1891 ; and president of the American 
Pharmaceutical Association in 1899. He was a 
member of the American Philosophical Society of 
Philadelphia, and an honorary member of the 
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. He received the 
honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy from 
the University of Michigan in 1886, and the degree 
of Doctor of Laws in 1896. Northwestern Univer- 
sity also conferred upon him the degree of Doctor 
of Laws in 1902. He was married in 1866 to 
Abigail Freeburn. He died at Ann .Arbor, February 
25) 1905. Mrs. Prescott and a foster-son, Herbert 
Freeburn Prescott, survive him. 



scended from a Holland family in which the men 
have, for several generations, followed the profes- 
sion of teaching. He came to the United States at 
an early age, and received his first education in the 
public schools of Grand Rapids, Michigan, where 
he was prepared for college. In 1857 he entered 
the University of Michigan and was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts in 1862. In 1863 he was ap- 
pointed principal of the Ann Arbor High School, 
and held that position for two years. In 1865 he 
entered Union Theological Seminary, New York, to 
prepare for the ministry, but after two years' study 




MARTIN LUTHER D'OOGE was born at 

Zonnemaire, in the Province of Zeeland, the Nether- 
lands, July 17, 1839, son of Leonard and Johanna 
(Quintus) D'Ooge. On the paternal side his ances- 
try is Huguenot, and on his mother's side he is de- 



MARTIN LUTHER D OOGE 

he was called to the University of Michigan as 
Assistant Professor of Ancient Languages. After 
one year be became Acting Professor of the Greek 
Language and Literature, in place of Professor 
Boise resigned, and from that position was advanced 
to the full professorship in 1870. .At this time he 
obtained leave of absence for two years to study 
abroad, which period he spent at the universities of 
Berlin and Leipzig, receiving the degree of Doctor 
of Philosophy from the latter in 1872. He then 
resumed the duties of his professorship and has 
continued in active service till the present time, 
with the exception of the year 1886-1887, when he 
was absent on leave while serving as Director of the 
American School of Classical Studies in Athens. 



THE UNIFERSrrr SENATE 



245 



From 1889 to 1897 he served as Dean of the De- 
partment of Literature, Science, and the Arts. He 
is a member of the American Philological Associa- 
tion, of which he was president in 1884. Two 
books have appeared under his editorship: "The 
Oration of Demosthenes on the Crown" (1875) 
and the "Antigone of Sophocles" (1884). He is 
an occasional contributor to " The American Journal 
of Philology," "The Nation," and "The Classical 
Journal." The degree of Doctor of Laws was con- 
ferred upon him by the University of Michigan in 
1889, and the degree of Doctor of Letters by 
Rutgers College in 1901. He was married July 
31, 1873, 'o Mary Worcester. 



GEORGE SYLVESTER MORRIS was 

born at Norwich, \'ermont, November 16, 1840, son 
of Sylvester and Susanna (Weston) Morris. He 
was descended on both sides from early New Eng- 
land ancestry. At the age of seventeen he entered 
Dartmouth College and was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts in 1861. In 186 2-1 863 he served in the Six- 
teenth Vermont Infantry. He then became Tutor 
in Greek and Mathematics at Dartmouth for one 
year. In 1864 he entered Union Theological Sem- 
inary, New York, and while there decided to devote 
himself to the study of Philosophy. He accord- 
ingly went to Europe for that purpose and spent 
some years there. In 1870 he was appointed Pro- 
fessor of Modern Languages and Literatures in the 
University of Michigan and held this position for 
nine years. From 1878 to r884 he gave courses of 
lectures on Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University 
for a part of each year. In 1881 he was appointed 
to the chair of Ethics, History of Philosophy, and 
Logic, in the University of Michigan ; and on the 
death of Dr. Cocker, in 1883, he was placed at the 
head of the Department of Philosophy, a position 
which he held at the time of his death. He trans- 
lated from the German, Ueberweg's History of Phil- 
osophy (2 vols. 1872, 1S74). He also published 
" British Thought and Thinkers " (1880) ; " Kant's 
Critique of Pure Reason, a Critical Exposition of the 
Teaching of Kant on this Subject " (1882) ; " Phil- 
osophy and Christianity" (1883), a volume embrac- 
ing the Ely Lectures delivered before the General 
Theological Seminary in New York ; and " Hegel's 
Philosophy of the State" (1887), a volume in the 
series of Philosophical Classics, by various hands, 
issued under his editorship. In 1881 the Univer- 
sity of Michigan conferred upon him the honorary 



degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He died at Ann 
Arbor, March 23, 1889. On June 29, 1876, he was 
married to Victoria Celle, and there are two chil- 
dren : Roger Sylvester (A. B. 1900, M. D. 1902), 
now of Johns Hopkins University, and Ethel 
Celle. ( For portrait, see page 60.) 



GEORGE EDWARD FROTHINGHAM 

was born in Boston, Massachusetts, April 23, 1S36, 
son of Bradbury and Eliza (Frothingham) Frotliing- 
ham. His ancestors were English. He was edu- 




GEORGE EDWARD FROTHINGHAM 

cated at Phillips-Andover Academy, and began his 
active life as a teacher. Afterwards he was attracted 
to the study of medicine and placed himself under 
the tuition of the eminent New England physician 
and surgeon, William Warren Greene. In 1864 he 
was graduated from the Department of Medicine 
and Surgery of the University of Michigan. He 
returned to New England, and entered upon the 
practice of his profession at North Becket, Massa- 
chusetts. Three years later, when his former pre- 
ceptor, Dr. Greene, was called to the chair of 
Surgery at the University of Michigan, he accom- 
panied him as Prosector of Surgery and Demonstra- 
tor of Anatomy. He paid especial attention to the 
diseases of the eye and ear; and when in 1870 the 
chair of Ophthalmology and Aural Surgery was 



246 



UNIFERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



established in the University, lie became its first 
occupant. He filled this chair under varying titles 
for twenty-two years. In 1S89 he resigned his pro- 
fessorship and removed to Detroit, where he con- 
tinued in the practice of his specialty until his 
death, April 24, 1900. He published many lec- 
tures and addresses on various topics relating to his 
profession. For three years he was one of the 
editors of "The Michigan University Medical Jour- 
nal " and he was for some time editor and proprietor 
of "The Ann Arbor Register." He was a member 
of the American Medical Association, and was chair- 
man of the Section on Ophthalmology in iSSS ; of 
the Michigan State Medical Society, of which he 
was president in 1889; of the Wayne County 
Medical Society ; and of the Detroit Medical and 
Library Association. On September i, 1S60, he 
was married to Lucy Ellen Barbour, and there are 
four children : Anna M., Dr. George E., William B., 
and Mary (Mrs. Jacob Schick). 



GEORGE BENJAMIN MERRIMAN was 
born at Pontiac, Michigan, April 15, 1834, son of 
Isaiah and Caroline Persons (Dean) Merriman. 




Wesleyan University in 1S55, but was obliged to 
leave in the autumn of 1856 owing to the sickness 
and death of his father. Resuming his college work 
in 1 86 1, he was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1863. 
He took the degree of Master of Arts the following 
year at the University of Michigan. In the mean- 
time he had studied law and been admitted to prac- 
tice at the Michigan Bar in i860. He served as 
Assistant in the Chili Astronomical Work carried on 
under the superintentlency of the United States 
Naval Observatory in 1S64. Two years later he 
accepted the position of Assistant Professor of 
Mathematics at the University of Michigan, which 
he held till 1871, when he became Adjunct Profes- 
s(jr of Physics under the venerable Professor 
Wilhams. LTpon the combining of the chairs of 
Chemistry and Physics in 1875, he resigned his 
position, and accepted the protessorship of Mathe- 
matics at Albion College. In 1877 he became Pro- 
fessor of Mathematics and Astronomy at Rutgers 
College, New Jersey, which position he resigned in 
1 89 1 to accept a like professorship at Middlebury 
College, Vermont. In 1894 he became Professor 
of Mathematics and Astronomy in Lawrence Uni- 
versity, Wisconsin. Since 1899 he has been Assist- 
ant on the Nautical Almanac at the United States 
Naval Observatory in Washington. He was married 
in 1891 to S. (lertrude Wright, of Baltimore, Mary- 
land. 



GEORGE BENJAMIN MKRRIMAN 

His ancestors came to Massachusetts from England 
in the early part of the seventeenth century. After 
preliminary high school work he entered the Ohio 



CHARLES EZRA GREENE was born at 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 12, 1842, son 
(if the Reverend James Diman and Sarah Adeline 
(Durell) Greene. His brother was the first mayor 
of Cambridge and prominent in other offices of 
that city, and was descended from James Greene of 
Charlestown, an early settler of Massachusetts Bay. 
Sarah Adeline (Durell) Greene was the daughter of 
Daniel Meserve Durell, a prominent lawyer of 
Dover, New Hampshire, member of Congress, Chief 
Justice of the Circuit Court, ^nd United States Dis- 
trict Attorney for New Hampsi.ire. After fitting 
for college at the Cambridge High School and at 
Phillips-Exeter .\cademy, the son entered Harvard 
College and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1862. 
He at once engaged in the manufacture of breech- 
loading rifles at Millbury, Massachusetts, and later 
at Worcester; but in February, 1864, became clerk 
in the Quartermaster's Department at Readville, 
Massachusetts. He was then commissioned First 
Lieutenant in the United States Colored Troops and 
served as Regimental Quartermaster before Rich- 



THE uNiyERsrrr senate 



247 



mond, Virgin 
resigned and 
Technology. 
Science in C 



ia, and in Texas, until 186C, wlien lie 

entered tiie Massacliusetts Institute of 

Here he was graduated Bachelor of 

ivil Engineering in 1S6S. From this 




LllAKLtS i:ZKA GKEKNl'. 

time until 1870 he was Assistant lingineer on loca- 
tion and construction of the Bangor and Piscataquis 
Railroad in Maine. The next year he was United 
States Assistant Engineer on River and Harbor Im- 
provements in Maine and New Hampshire, and was 
then appointed City Engineer of Bangor, where he 
also carried on a general practice until the summer 
of 1 87 2. In that year he was appointed Professor 
of Civil Engineering at the University of Michigan, 
a position which he held to the time of his death, 
October 16, 1903. When the Department of En- 
gineering was established as a separate organization 
in 1S95, he was made its first dean. In 1884 he 
received the honorary degree of Civil Engineer from 
the University of Michigan. In addition to his 
duties as professor he carried on an extensive con- 
sulting practice. He was Chief Engineer of the 
Toledo, Ann .'\rbor, and Northern Railroad from 
1879 to iSSi ; Superintending and Consulting En- 
gineer of the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad 
bridge at Toledo in 1881-1882 ; designer and Su- 
perintendent of the construction of the Ann Arbor 
water-works in 1S85 ; and designer of the .Ann 



Arbor sewerage system in 1S90. He paid special 
attention to the invention and development of 
graphical methods of analysis of frames, bridges, 
and arches. He published several works which were 
well received by the profession and which have been 
used in designing important structures : " Graphi- 
cal .Analysis of Bridge Trusses" (1874) ; "Trusses 
and Arches, Part I, Roof Trusses (1876), Part II, 
Bridge Trusses (187S), Part III, Arches (1879) "; 
"Structural Mechanics" (1897). He was a 
member of the American Society of Civil Engi- 
neers ; also of the Michigan Engineering Society, 
of which he was president for three terms. In 1872 
he was married to Florence Emerson, of Bangor, 
Maine, who with their two children survives him, — 
Albert Emerson (Ph.B. 1895, B.S. [C.E.] 1896) 
and Florence Wentworth (.\.B. 1903). 



DONALD MACLEAN was born at Seymour, 
Canada, December 4, 1839, son of Charles and 
Jane Jessie (Campbell) Maclean. His ancestors on 
both sides were Scotch. His early education was 




DON.^LD MACLEAN 



obtained in Mr. Oliphant's School for Boys, Edin- 
burgh. At the age of twelve he returned to Canada 
and continued his preparation for college at Cobourg 
and Belleville. In 1855 he entered Queen's College, 



248 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



Kingston, but did not remain to take his degree. 
He returned to Edinburgh in 1858 to enter upon a 
medical course at the University. After four years' 
study there he received the degree of Doctor of 
Medicine, and on August i, 1862, became Licenti- 
ate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 
The following January he returned to America and 
entered the United States service as Acting Assist- 
ant Surgeon, working in the hospitals of St. Louis, 
Louisville, and other cities. In 1864 he accepted 
the professorship of Clinical Surgery and Medicine 
in the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
Kingston, Ontario. In 1872 he was appointed 
Lecturer on Surgery in the University of Michigan, 
and after one year was made Professor of Surgery. 
He held this position till 1889, when he resigned it 
to take up the practice of Surgery in Detroit. He 
was for twenty years Surgeon-in-chief of the Michi- 
gan Central Railroad and of the Grand Trunk Rail- 
road. He was a member of the Michigan State 
Medical Society, of which he was president in 1884 ; 
of the Detroit Meilical and Library Association, of 
which he was president in 1887 ; and of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association, of which he was president 
in 1894. He was an honorary member of the State 
Medical societies of New York and Ohio. He was 
also a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of 
London, England, and fellow of the Royal College 
of Physicians. During the war with Spain he ac- 
cepted a commission as Chief Surgeon with the 
rank of Major, and was stationed at Old Point 
Comfort. He was twice married. Two children 
by his first wife survive : Mrs. Alexander Mackenzie 
Campbell and Donald Maclean. He died at Detroit, 
July 24, 1897. 



PIERRE LESLIE IRVING, son of the 

Reverend Pierre Paris and Anna ( Duer) Irving, and 
a resident of New Brighton, Staten Island, was called 
to the University in February, 1873, as Acting Pro- 
fessor of the English Language and Literature, in 
place of Professor Tyler, who had accepted a posi- 
tion on "The Christian Union." He filled out the 
year and was reappointed for the year 1873-1874. 
At the close of that period he returned to his home 
in New York. He died at New Brighton, April 13, 
1891. 

EUGENE WOLDEMAR HILGARDwas 

born at Zweibriicken, Bavaria, January 5, 1833, 
son of Theodore Erasmus and Margaretha (Pauli) 



Hilgard. He came with his parents to America 
in 1835 ^f"^ received his early education under 
the tuition of his father at Belleville, Illinois. Later 
he returned to Germany and studied at the Royal 
Mining School, Freiberg, and at the universities 
of Zurich and Heidelberg, taking his degree of 
Doctor of Philosophy at the latter institution in 
1853. Coming to America again he served as 
Assistant State Geologist of Mississippi from 1855 
to 1857; was chemist in charge of the laboratory 
of the Smithsonian Institution, and Lecturer on 
Chemistry in the National Medical College in 
Washington, 1857-1858; State Geologist of Mis- 
sissippi from 1858 to 1866, and Professor of 
Chemistry in the University of Mississippi and State 
Geologist from 1866 to 1873. In 1873 he accepted 
a call to the University of Michigan, where he was 
Professor of Mineralogy, Geology, Zoology, and 
Botany, for two years. Since 1875 he has been 
Professor of Agricultural Chemistry in the University 
of California and Director of the State Agricultural 
Experiment Station. He conducted the agricul- 
tural division of the Northern Transcontinental 
Survey, 1881-1883, and made a specialty of the 
study of soils of the southwestern states and of 
the Pacific slope in their relation to Geology, to 
their chemical and physical composition, to their 
native flora, and to their agricultural qualities. 
He was elected to a membership in the National 
Academy of Sciences in 1872, and is a member 
of many other scientific societies. He published 
a report on the Agriculture and Geology of Mis- 
sissippi (i86o) ; on the Geology of Louisiana 
and the Rock-salt Deposits of Petite Anse Island 
(1869) ; reports on the Experimental Work of 
the College of Agriculture, University of California 
(187 7-1 898) ; Report on the Arid Regions of the 
Pacific Coast (1887); and monographs on Mis- 
sissippi, Louisiana, and California, in the Report 
on Cotton Production of the United States Census 
Report of 1880, which he edited. He prepared 
for the United States Weather Bureau in 1892 
a discussion of the Relations of Climate to Soils, 
which was translated into several European lan- 
guages and gained for the author in 1894, from the 
Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, the Liebig 
medal for important advances in agricultural science. 
He has also published numerous papers on chemical, 
geological, and agricultural subjects, in government 
reports, and in scientific journals both at home 
and abroad. He received the degree of Doctor 
of Laws from the University of Mississippi in 1882, 



THE UNIVERSITT SENATE 



249 



from the University of Michigan in 18S7, and from 
Columbia University in 1S87. In 1903 he re- 
ceived from the University of Heidelberg the 
honorary diploma reconferring the title of Doctor 
of Philosophy after the lapse of fifty years, in recog- 
nition of the scientific work accomplished since the 
doctorate was first conferred in 1853. He was 
married in i860 to J. Alexandrina Bello, of Madrid, 
Spain. 

FREDERIC HENRY GERRISH was bom 

in Portland, Maine, March 21, 1S45, sun of Oliver 
and Sarah (Little) Gerrish. He traces his paternal 
ancestry to William Gerrish, of Bristol, England, 
who came to Massachusetts in the early part of 




FREDERIC HENRY GERRISH 

the seventeenth century. On the mother's side 
he is descended from Major Richard Waldron, one 
of the Colonial governors. He received his early 
education in the common schools of Portland, 
Maine, and entered Bowdoin College, where he 
was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1866, and Master 
of Arts in 1869. In the latter year he also took 
the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the Medical 
School of Maine. In 1873 he was appointed Profes- 
sor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in his Alma 
Mater, occupying this chair till 1882, when he was 
made Professor of Anatomy. This position he 
filled till 1905, when he was transferred to the 



chair of Surgery. In addition to the foregoing 
positions he served as Lecturer on Therapeutics, 
Materia Medica, and Physiology at the Univeisity 
of Michigan in 1873-1874, and as professor in these 
subjects the following year. He has also served 
as Visiting Surgeon to the Maine General Hospital 
from 1879 to 1890, and as Consulting Surgeon to 
the same from 1891 to the present time. He was 
President of the Maine State Board of- Health 
from 1885 to 1889, and is one of the trustees of 
the Portland Public Library. He is a member of 
the American Academy of Medicine, and was its 
president in 188 7-1 888. He is a fellow of the 
American Surgical Association and a member of 
the Association of American Anatomists, of the 
American Society of Naturalists, and of the Soci^tt^ 
International de Chirurgie. He received the degree 
of Doctor of Laws from the University of Michigan 
in 1904, and from Bowdoin College in 1905. He 
was married December 31, 1879, to Emily Manning 
Swan. 

EDWARD SWIFT DUNSTER was born 
at Springvale, Maine, September 2, 1834, son of 
Samuel and Susan (Dow) Dunster. He was a 
direct descendant of Henry Dunster, the first presi- 
dent of Harvard College. His family early re- 
moved to Providence, Rhode Island, where he was 
prepared for college in the public schools. He 
entered Harvard College in 1852 and was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts in 1856. The degree of Master 
of Arts followed three years later. He began his 
medical studies in 1856, while teaching at Newburgh. 
New York. He attended lectures at Dartmouth in 
1858, and later at the New York College of Medi- 
cine and Surgery, where he took his degree in 
Medicine in March, 1859. He also received the 
honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine from Dart- 
mouth College in 1881. He practised his profes- 
sion in New York City until the breaking out of the 
Civil War. In 1861 he was commissioned Assistant 
Surgeon in the United States Army and assigned 
to General McClellan's command in West Virginia. 
The following year he served throughout the Penin- 
sular Campaign, and was then put in charge of the 
Turner's Lane Hospital in Philadelphia. Later 
he was transferred to Washington as assistant to 
the Surgeon-General. From there he was trans- 
ferred to the United States Military Academy at 
West Point, where he remained until his resignation 
from the army in i866. He then resumed his 
practice in New York City. He was for the five 



250 



UNIFERSrJT OF MICHIGAN 



succeeding years editor of " The New York Medical Welsh ancestry. His parents emigrated to America 
Journal." From 1868 to 187 i he was Professor of in 1842. He was prepared for college at the Free 
Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children Academy in Utica, New York, but never matricu- 
in the University of Vermont. From 1869 to 1874 lated. He began his medical studies under Dr. W. 

H. Watson, of Utica, and was graduated Doctor of 
\ Medicine in i860 at the Missouri Homoeopathic 

" Medical College, St. Louis, and in 1861 at the 

Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. 
He entered upon the practice of his profession the 
same year. He served as First Assistant Surgeon 
of the Twenty-second New Jersey Infantry in 
1 862 -1 863, and later as Assistant Surgeon of the 
Twenty-second Regiment of the New York State 
National Guard. He was First Secretary of the 
American Microscopical Society of New York in 
1865. In 1870 he was appointed Professor of His- 
tology in the New York Homoeopathic Medical 
College, and in 1872 a member of the first New 
York State Board of Medical Examiners. In 1875 
he accepted a call to organize the newly founded 
Homceopathic Medical College of the University of 
Michigan, serving as Dean and as Professor of 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics. From 1878 to 



iliWAKIi SWIII DUNSTER 

he lectured on the same subjects in the Long 
Island College Hospital. In 1871 he was called to 
the chair of Obstetrics in Dartmouth College and 
continued to lecture there for a part of each summer 
up to the time of his death. In 1873 he accepted 
a similar professorship in the University of Michigan, 
and made his home at Ann Arbor from that time 
on. He was a ready writer and contributed to the 
medical journals a number of papers of permanent 
value. But he was greatest as a lecturer and 
teacher ; in this regard he has had few equals in 
the history of the University. On November 4, 
1863, he was married to Rebecca Morgan Sprole, 
daughter of the Reverend Morgan Sprole, of 
Newburgh, New York, and they had four chil- 
dren, three of whom survive : Clara (now Mrs. 
George F. Suker, of Chicago), Ehzabeth, and Annie 
D. (Ph.B. 1895). He died at Ann ."Vrbor, May 3, 





SAMUEL ARTHUR JONES 



1880 he was Dean and Professor of Materia Med- 

SAMUEL ARTHUR JONES was born in ica, Therapeutics, and E.\perimental Pathogenesy. 

Manchester, England, June 11, 1834, son of John He resigned this position in 1S80, and since 

Edwin and Margaret (Edwards) Jones. He is of that time has been continuously in active practice 



THE UNIFERSirr SENATE 



251 



in Ann Arbor. He is a corresponding member of 
the British Homoeopathic Society, and an honorary 
member of the State Homoeopathic societies of 
Pennsylvania and New York. To his professional 
duties he has added a lively interest in general liter- 
ature. He is Senior Honorary Member of the 
Rowfant Club, of Cleveland, Ohio, and has edited 
several of their publications. He has made exten- 
sive collections of a number of English and Amer- 
ican authors, notably Goldsmith, Carlyle, Landor, 
Emerson, Bronson Alcott, Thoreau, William Ellery 
Channing, Hawthorne, Lowell, Longfellow, Bur- 
roughs, and Whitman, and in various other direc- 
tions has shown the results of wide literary culture. 
He was married November 26, 1863, to Maria 
Jane Van Brunt, and they have had eleven chil- 
dren : Elsie (A.B. 1888, now Mrs. Charles H. 
Cooley, of Ann .^rbor), Arthur, Carroll Dunham 
(B.S. [E.E.] 1893, E.E. 1897, instructor in the 
University from 1897 till his death, July 30, 1901), 
Samuel (deceased), Rembert, Howell, Margaret 
(A.B. T901), Paul (deceased), Paul Van Brunt 
(of the class of 1906), Winifred, and Esyllt. 



JOHN COLEMAN MORGAN was born 
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, February 9, 1831, 
son of Jacob N. and Anna W. Morgan. He was 
descended on the father's side from an ancient 
Quaker family ; his mother was of Scotch parentage. 
His early education was obtained by private study. 
He served for a time as Surgeon's Assistant in the 
United States Navy, and there took up the study of 
medicine under the guidance of Dr. William T. 
Babb. He began to attend medical lectures at the 
Pennsylvania Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1850, 
and two years later received the degree of Doctor 
of Medicine. He entered upon the practice of his 
profession in Philadelphia. In 1856 he removed 
to Hamilton, Illinois, and from there to St. Louis, 
Missouri, where, in company with Dr. Temple, he 
established the Homoeopathic Medical College of 
Missouri. In 1858 he removed to Alton, Illinois. 
On August 27, 1862, he was appointed Surgeon of 
the Twenty-ninth Missouri Infantry, and served till 
the close of the war, holding finally the position of 
Surgeon-in-chief of a division. In 1S65 he resumed 
his practice in Philadelphia, and was appointed Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy in the Homoeopathic Medical 
College of that city, and continued in that relation 
after its union with the Hahnemann Medical Col- 
lege of Philadelphia in 1869. In 1875 he became 



a member of the original Faculty of the Homceo- 
pathic Medical College of the University of Michi- 
gan and for two years held the chair of Theory and 
Practice of Medicine. He resigned this position in 
1877 to resume the practice of his profession in the 
East. He was a member of the American Institute 
of Homoeopathy. On June 17, 1856, he was mar- 
ried to Sallie Levick of Philadelphia. He died in 
California, June 19, 1899. 



JONATHAN TAFT was born at Russellville, 
Brown County, Ohio, September 17, 1820, son of 
Lyman and Hannah (Waite) Taft. He had the 
advantages of a common school education up to the 




JONAIHAN TAFT 

age of fourteen, after which he attended an academy 
for two years. In 1841 he began the study of den- 
tistry with Dr. George D. Tetor, of Ripley, Ohio, 
and was graduated from the Ohio College of Dental 
Surgery in 1850. He practised his profession at 
Ripley for some years, and then removed to Cincin- 
nati. He was a member of the Ohio Dental College 
Association from its organization in 1852. He also 
became a member of the .American Society of Dental 
Surgeons in 1852. He assisted in organizing the 
American Dental Association in 1859, and was its 
secretary until 1868, when he was chosen president 



252 



UNIVERSIIT OF MICHIGAN 



of the Association. He was also a member of the 
American Medical Association, and of the Inter- 
national Medical Congress. In 1893 he represented 
the State of Ohio as a member of the Executive 
Committee of the World's Columbian Dental Con- 
gress at Chicago. He was Dean of the College of 
Dental Surgery at the University of Michigan from 
its organization in 1875 to within a few weeks of his 
death. From 1875 to 1891 he was also Professor of 
the Principles and Practice of Operative Dentistry, 
and in 1891 his title was changed to Professor of the 
Principles and Practice of Oral Pathology and Sur- 
gery. Under his long administration of twenty-eight 
years the college steadily advanced in favor at home 
and abroad, and was ranked among the foremost 
dental schools in the world. la 1S56 he became 
one of the editors and publishers of "The Dental 
Register of the West," and after a few years assumed 
sole proprietorship, which continued until January, 
1900. It was issued quarterly until July, i860, when 
it became a monthly; and in 1886 its title was 
changed to "The Dental Register." In 1859 he 
published a treatise on Operative Dentistry, which 
was adopted as a textbook in colleges, and which 
is relied upon as an authority wherever the science 
is known. A second edition was issued in 1868, a 
third in 1877, and a fourth in 1883. In 1S81 the 
University of Michigan conferred upon him the hon- 
orary degree of Doctor of Medicine. He was mar- 
ried September, 1842, to Hannah Collins, of Ripley. 
Ohio. Of this union there were six children, three 
of whom are living : William, Alphonso, and Antoi- 
nette (Mrs. Edwards). Mrs. Taft died in April, 
1888; and in September, 1889, he married Mary 
E. Sabin, who survives him. He died at Ann Arbor, 
October 16, 1903. 



WILLIAM HENRY PETTEE was born 
at Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts, January 13, 
1838, son of Otis and Matilda (Sherman) Pettee. 
On tiie paternal side the heads of families for four 
generations were : Samuel ; Samuel, Jr., born at 
Canton, Massachusetts, in 1685 ; Simon, i 749-1823, 
of Foxboro, Massachusetts ; and Otis Pettee, born 
at Foxboro, March 5, 1795. Matilda (Sherman) 
Pettee was born at Foxboro, May 25, 1796, and 
died at Newton Upper Falls, March 4, 1881. She 
was a daughter of Obadiah Sherman, born at 
Rochester, Massachusetts, 1771, son of Job Sher- 
man, born at Rochester, 1746, son of John Sherman. 
Professor Pettee's early education was obtained 



chiefly in the public schools of Newton, in the 
Seminary at Holliston, Massachusetts, and in a 
family school at Auburndale ; his final preparation 
for college was received in a private school at 
Newton Centre. He entered Harvard College, and 
was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1861. During 
his course he paid particular attention to Chemistry, 
and from 1863 to 1865 he was an assistant in that 
subject in the college. The succeeding three years 
were spent at the Mining School at Freiberg, Sax- 
ony ; and on his return he accepted an instructor- 
ship in Mining at Harvard. For the academic year 



Bii^^r^-</';-^|||M 


I^H 




IHI^^K ^ ^^^^^^H 




^BHh^' ^^^^I 






H^^K^,^^, 


ikn 



WILLIAM HENRY PETTEE 

1870-187 1 he had leave of absence and spent a 
period of nearly fourteen months in California, 
entirely on field and office work of the Geological 
Survey, under the direction of Professor J. D. Whit- 
ney. \\'hile engaged in this work he was advanced 
to the rank of ."Assistant Professor at Harvard, and 
held this position for four years. For several years 
after that time he assisted Professor Whitney in his 
California work, making a second visit to that State 
for a summer season of field-work in 1879. He 
was called to the University of Michigan in 1875 as 
Professor of Mining Engineering, and held this 
position under various titles up to the time of his 
death. He was Vice-President of the American 
Institute of Mining Engineers from 1880 to 1882, 



THE UN I VERS ITT SENATE 



253 



and general secretary of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science in 1887. He was 
also a member of the American Philosophical 
Society, the Geological Society of America, the 
Michigan Academy of Science, the Michigan En- 
gineering Society, the Detroit Engineering Society, 
and the National Geographic Society. While resid- 
ing in Massachusetts he was a Fellow of the Amer- 
ican Academy. He contributed two appendices to 
Professor Whitney's work on the " Auriferous Gravels 
of the Sierra Nevada," and was the author of " Con- 
tributions to Barometric Hypsometry," published by 
the California Survey in 1874. For more than 
twenty years before his death he made the final 
revisions on the annual volumes of the Transactions 
of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and 
won high praise from his editorial colleagues for his 
accurate learning and critical acumen. From 1881 
to 1904 he edited the "Calendar" of the University 
and was advisory editor of many other of the official 
publications of the University, in all of which he 
exhibited rare judgment and taste. He was married 
July 8, 1874, to Sybilanna Clarke, of Newton Upper 
Falls, who together with their daughter, Sybil 
Matilda (A.B. 1901), now Mrs. Earle W. Dow, 
survives him. He died at Ann Arbor, May 25, 
1904, and was buried at Newtonville, Massachusetts. 



JOHN ANDREWS WATLING was born 
at Woodstock, Illinois, June 26, 1S39, son of Wil- 
liam and Jane Thome (Smith) Watling. His father 
was born in Norwich, England, and his mother in 
New York State ; through them he traces his descent 
from Revolutionary ancestry, and thence back to 
the La Fontaines of Normandy, who accompanied 
William the Conqueror to England in 1066. He 
was educated in the public schools, including the 
Ypsilanti Union Seminary, and pursued professional 
studies at the Ohio Dental College, Cincinnati, 
where he was graduated Doctor of Dental Surgery 
in i860. From that date till 1904 he practised his 
profession at Ypsilanti. In 1875 he was appointed 
a member of the original Faculty of the Dental 
College of the University of Michigan, with the title 
of Professor of Clinical and Mechanical Dentistry, 
which was changed in 1891 to Professor of Operative 
and Clinical Dentistry. In 1903 he resigned his pro- 
fessorship, soon after retired from professional work, 
and removed with his family to Washington, D. C. 
He has been President, Secretary, and Treasurer 



of the Michigan State Dental Association, and 
President of the Washtenaw County Dental Asso- 
ciation, which he organized in 1899. Since going 
to Washington he has become an honorary mem- 
ber of the District of Columbia Dental Society 
and of the National Geographic Society. He was 
married May 5, 1S64, to Eunice Robinson Wright, 
who is a tlirect descendant of Deacon .Samuel 
Wright, a pioneer setder of Springfield and North- 
ampton, Massachusetts, and of Samuel Robinson, 




JOHN ANDREWS WATLING 

founder of Bennington, Vermont. They have had 
three children: Lucile, Winifred (deceased), and 
John Wright (A.B. 1904). 



JOHN WILLIAMS LANGLEY was born 
in Boston, Massachusetts, October 21, 1841, son 
of Samuel and Mary Sumner (Williams) Langley. 
He is of New England stock on both sides, his 
ancestors coming originally from England. After a 
preparatory training in the Chauncey Hall School of 
Boston and the High School of Milton, Massachu- 
setts, he entered the Lawrence Scientific School of 
Harvard University and was graduated Bachelor of 
Science in 1 86 1 . The following year he was a student 
in medicine at the University of Michigan. From 
1862 to 1864 he was Acting Assistant Surgeon in 



254 



UNIFERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



the United States Na\y ; from 1S70 to 1S72, Assist- 
ant Professor of Natural Philosophy at the United 
States Naval Academy; and from 1872 to 1875 
Professor of Chemistry at the Western University of 
Pennsylvania. In 1875 he was called to the Univer- 
sity of Michigan and held the following positions in 
succession : Acting Professor of General Chemistry 
and Physics, 1875-1S76; Professor of General 
Chemistry and Physics, 1S76-1S77; of General 
Chemistry, 1877-1888; Non-resident Lecturer on 
the Metallurgy of Steel, 1S89-1892. From 18SS to 
1S92 he was metallurgist with a steel firm at Pitts- 



Herrick), Martica Irene, Annie \\'illiams (A.B. 
1 901), and Samuel Pierpont, an undergraduate in 
the University. 




J"HN \MLl,iA-M> LANi.l K\ 

burg. Since 1S92 he has been Professor of Elec- 
trical Engineering at the Case School of Applied 
Science. He has been a Fellow of the American Asso- 
ciation for the Advancement of Science, and of the 
Society of Mining Engineers ; and is a corresponding 
member of the British Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science, and an honorary member of the 
New York Academy of Sciences and of the Engi- 
neers' Society of Western Pennsylvania. He is the 
author of a number of scientific and engineering 
papers. The University of Michigan conferred on 
him in 1877 the honorary degree of Doctor of Medi- 
cine, and in 1892 that of Doctor of Philosophy. He 
was married in 187 1 to Martica I. Carret, of Boston, 
and they have four children: Mary Williams (Mrs. 



WILLIAM LeBARON JENNEY was 
born at Fairhaven, Massachusetts, September 25, 
1832, son of William Proctor and Eliza Le Baron 
(Gibbs) Jenney. He is descended from Dr. Francis 
LeBaron, of Plymouth. He received his prelimi- 
nary training at the Phillips-.Andover .\cademy, and 
studied for a time at the Lawrence Scientific School 
of Harvard University. He then went abroad to 
study and in 1856 received the diploma of the 
ficole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, at Paris. 
Later, he was Chief Engineer of the Tehuantepec 
Railway. On the breaking out of the Civil War he 
entered the L^niled States .Army as aide-de-camp 
with the rank of Captain. He served on the staff 
of General Grant from Cairo to Memphis, and later 
with General Sherman to the close of the war. .At 
the seige of Vicksburg he was Engineer of the 
Fifteenth .Army Corps. After the war he settled in 
Chicago in practice of his profession as architect. 
From 1876 to 1880 he was Professor of Architecture 
at the University of Michigan. He then returned 
to Chicago and continued in the practice of archi- 
tecture in that city till 1905. He is the inventor of 
skeleton construction in the putting up of large 
buildings. The Horticultural Building at the 
Chicago World's Fair was his work, and he had a 
hand in designing several other large buildings in 
the city. He is a member of the Army of the 
Tennessee, the .Army of the Cumberland, and the 
American Institute of .Architects. He was married 
May 8, 1S67, to Elizabeth Hanna Cobb, of Cleve- 
land, Ohio, and they have two children : Mae and 
Dr. Jonas LeBaron Jenney. He now resides at Los 
Angeles, California. 



WILLIAM PALMER WELLS was born 
at St. Albans, Vermont, February r5, 1831. He 
took a preparatory course at the Franklin County 
Grammar School in St. .Albans, and then entered 
the University of Vermont, where he was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts in 1S51. He commenced the 
study of law in St. .Albans and took the degree of 
Bachelor of Laws at Harvard University in 1854. 
He received the highest honors of his class for a 
thesis on the Adoption of the Principles of Equity 
Jurisprudence into the Administration of the Com- 



THE UNIFEKSITT SENATE 



^SS 



moil I.aw. The same year he was admitted to tlie 
Bar at St. Albans, and also received the degree of 
Master of Arts from the University of Vermont. In 
January, 1856, he removed to Detroit, Michigan, 



many years a member of its general council. He 
died suddenly at Detroit, March 4, 1891. 




WILLIAM I'ALMKR WILLS 

and entered the office of James V. Campbell. After 
a few months he became a partner in the business, 
and continued such until 1858, when Mr. Campbell 
became one of the judges of the Supreme Court of 
Michigan. Mr. Wells now continued in the legal 
profession without a partner. He soon became one 
of the leading lawyers of Michigan, his practice 
extending to all the courts of the State and to the 
courts of the United States. In 1874, during the 
absence of Charles I. Walker, Kent Professor of Law 
in the University of Michigan, he was appointed 
Lecturer on Law ; and on Mr. Walker's resigna- 
tion in 1876, he was appointed to the vacant pro- 
fessorship. He continued in this position till 1885, 
when he was obliged to resign on account of pres- 
sure of private business. In January, 1887, he came 
a second time to the University to fill a vacancy 
caused by the temporary absence of Judge Cooley, 
Professor of American History and Constitutional 
Law ; and in June of the same year he was called 
again to the Kent Professorship of Law, which he 
retained up to the time of his death. He was a 
member of the American Bar Association and for 



CHARLES KASSON WEAD was born at 
Malone, New York, September i, 1848, son of 
Samuel Clark and Mary E. (Kasson) Wead. He is 
descended on the father's side from Jonas Wead, of 
Wethersfield and Stamford, Connecticut, and on the 
mother's side from Adam Kasson, of Voluntown, 
Connecticut. After taking preliminary studies at 
Franklin .'\cademy, in Malone, he entered the Uni- 
versity of Vermont, and was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts in 1871. The degree of Master of Arts fol- 
lowed three years later. He was a special student 
in Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
nology in 1S72. In the same year he became Pro- 
fessor of Physics at the High School of Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania, and retained this position till 1S75. 
The year 1875-1876 he spent at the University of 
Berlin and the Gewerbe-schule of that city. In the 
following year he accepted a call to become Acting 
Professor of Physics at the University of Michigan, 




CHARLES KASSON WEAD 



and held that position till 1885. From 1887 to 
1890 he was an electrical contractor at Hartford, 
Connecticut. Since 1S92 he has been .'\ssistant 
Examiner in the United States Patent Office at 



256 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



Washington. He is a Fellow of the American Asso- 
ciation for the Advancement of Science, and was 
secretary of Section B in 1883. He is a member 
of the Philosophical Society of Washington, of which 
he has been secretary since 1901 ; and of the 
Washington Academy of Sciences. He is an occa- 
sional contributor to the scientific journals and the 
proceedings of learned societies, his researches hav- 
ing been made mainly in Acoustics. He was mar- 
ried August 13, 1879, to Sarah W. Pease, who died 
August 9, 1889, leaving him two daughters, Mary 
Eunice and Katharine Howes. 



CHARLES GATCHELL was born in Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, in 1853, son of Horatio Page and 
Anna Maria (Crane) Gatchell. His paternal ances- 
tors came over from England in 1620, settling in 
Virginia and later in Pennsylvania. He received 
his early training in the common schools and in the 
High School at Kenosha, Wisconsin. Later he 
entered the Pulte Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio, 
where he was graduated Doctor of Medicine in 1874. 
He accepted a call to the University of Michigan in 
1877, serving the first year as Lecturer on the 
Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Homoeo- 
pathic Medical College. From 1878 to 1880, and 
again from 1889 to 1893, he was Professor of the 
Theory and Practice of Medicine in the same col- 
lege. He has been Professor in the Hahnemann 
Medical College of Chicago since 1902. He is a 
corresponding member of the British Homoeopathic 
Society, and secretary of the American Institute of 
Homoeopathy. He is an ex-president of the Illi- 
nois Homoeopathic Medical Association. He is 
author of the following works : " Diet in Disease " 
(1880), "Keynotes of Medical Practice" (1883), 
"Pocket Medical Dictionary" (1891), "Pocket- 
book of Medical Practice" (1900), "Diseases of 
the Lungs " (1902). He was editor of "The Medi- 
cal Era" from 1883 to 1903. He has also been a 
writer of fiction and has published " Haschish " 
(1886), "What They Say" (1897), and "What a 
Woman Did " (1900). He was married in 1904 to 
Helen Emma Converse. 



Cisco, and in 1851 was appointed Deputy Health 
Officer of the State of California. He spent three 
years on the Isthmus of Panama, where he was 
Physician of the Panama Railroad Hospital. In 
i860 he was Demonstrator of Anatomy in the 
Homoeopathic Medical College of Missouri, and 
later was Professor of Surgery in the same institution. 
In 1 861 he was appointed Surgeon of the Fifth 
Missouri Volunteer Infantry under General Lyon. 
He was Professor of Surgery in the Homoeopathic 
Medical College of the University of Michigan from 
1878 to 1880, and Professor of Surgery and Clinical 
Surgery from 1880 to 1883. He then resigned his 
professorship and returned to his practice in St. 
Louis. He published " Surgery and the Treatment 
of Surgical Diseases" (1864); a monograph on 
"Spinal Curvations and Deformities" (1878) ; "A 
Complete Minor Surgery " (1882) ; and other works 
on subjects of professional interest. He was at one 
time president of the American Institute of Homoeo- 
pathy, and was an honorary member of various state 
and national Homoeopathic societies. He died in 
St. Louis, Missouri, December 10, 1885. 



EDWARD CARROLL FRANKLIN was 

born at Flushing, Long Island, in 1822. In 1842 he 
entered the Medical department of the University 
of New York and was graduated Doctor of Medi- 
cine in 1846. In 1849 he removed to San Fran- 



MARK WALROD HARRINGTON was 

born at Sycamore, Illinois, August 18, 1848. He 
is of early New England stock, being descended on 
the father's side from a family which came from 
England about the middle of the seventeenth cen- 
tury, and on the mother's side from the Walrod 
family, of New York, originally from Holland. He 
had his preparatory education at Sycamore and 
Evanston, Illinois ; and entered the University of 
Michigan where he was graduated Bachelor of Arts 
in 1868. The degree of Master of Arts followed 
three years later. Immediately on graduation he 
was appointed Assistant to the Curator of the Mu- 
seum of Natural History in the University, where he 
remained two years in the study of Biological Sci- 
ence. In 1870 he went to Alaska as acting astro- 
nomical aid in the United States Coast Survey's 
reconnaissance, conducted by W. H. Dall. In 1872 
he returned to the University as Instructor in 
Geology, Zoology, and Botany, and the following 
year was made assistant professor. He resigned 
this position in 1876 and pursued studies at the 
University of Leipzig for a year. The following year 
he went to Peking as Professor of Astronomy and 
Mathematics in the Cadet School of the Chinese 
Foreign Office, where he remained about a year. 
Returning to Ann Arbor in 1879 he was appointed 



THE UNIVERSITT SENATE 



257 



Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Obser- 
vatory to succeed Professor Watson. This position 
he held till 1892, when he resigned it to become 
Chief of the United States Weather Bureau at Wash- 
ington. He relinquished this office in 1895 and 
was elected President of the University of Washing- 
ton, at Seattle, but gave up that position at the end 
of his seconti year. He now took up his residence 
in New York City, where he was for some years 
engaged in literary work. He is an honorary 
member of the German Meteorological Society and 
the Sociedad Cientiflca of Mexico ; and a Fellow of 
the Linnaean Society, and of the Royal Meteorologi- 
cal Society. He founded " The American Meteo- 
rological Journal" in 1884, and edited the first 
seven volumes. He is also the author of numerous 
scientific papers. In 1894 the University of Michi- 
gan conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of 
Laws. He was married in 1874 to Rose M. Smith, 
of Sycamore, Illinois, and they have a son, Mark 
Raymond. 

JOSEPH BEAL STEERE was born at 
Rollin, Lenawee County, Michigan, February 9, 
1842, son of William Millhouse and Elizabeth 
Cleghorn (Beal) Steere. The Steeres were a 
Quaker family of Yorkshire who had taken refuge 
in Ireland, and from there emigrated early in the 
eighteenth century to Pennsylvania and Virginia. 
The Reals were Massachusetts Yankees living at 
Weymouth, near Boston, at the beginning of the 
Revolutionary War. He completed his preparation 
for college at the Ann Arbor High School, entered 
the LTniversity in September, 1864, and was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of -^rts in 186S and Bachelor of Laws 
in 1870. During his course he showed a special 
bent for natural history and shortly after graduation 
he entered upon an extensive tour to make collec- 
tions for the University Museum. He spent about 
eighteen months on the Amazon and its tributaries, 
making collections in Zoology, Botany, and Archae- 
ology. He crossed the Andes and continued his 
collections in various parts of Peru, particularly in 
the line of ancient pottery and other relics of the 
aborigines. He then sailed for China, and visited 
many of the principal cities of that country. From 
China he went to the island of Formosa, where he 
spent some months, making several journeys among 
the savages of the interior. From Formosa he 
proceeded to the Philippines, where he made ex- 
tensive collections of birds, shells, and other natural 
17 



objects, many of them afterwards found to be new 
species. Thence he continued his journey to 
Malacca and the Dutch Moluccas, and finally re- 
turned home by way of the Suez Canal, London, 
and Liverpool, after an absence of some five years. 
In 1875 he received the honorary degree of Doctor 
of Philosophy from the University, and the next 
year he began his work as a teacher, holding the 
following positions in succession : Assistant Pro- 
fessor of Palaeontology, 1876-1877; of Zoology 
and Palaeontology, from 1877 to 1879; Professor 
of Zoology and Curator of the Museum, from 1S79 




JOSEPH BEAL STEERE 

to iSSi ; and Professor of Zoology, from 1881 to 
1894. In the latter year he resigned his chair and 
retired to a farm near Ann .Arbor, where he has 
continued to reside. During his professorship he 
made second journeys both to the Amazon and to 
the Philippines for purposes of scientific exploration 
and discovery. The Beal-Steere collection in the 
Museum, consisting of about 20,000 specimens, was 
made by him. Besides scattered papers in the " The 
American Naturalist," the "Scientific American," 
" Auk," and " Ibis," he published " A List of Birds 
and Mammals Collected by the Steere Expedition to 
the Philippines, with New Species" (1890). On 
September 30, 1879, he was married to Helen F. 
Buzzard, of Ann Arbor. Their surviving children 



258 



UN I VERS I Tl'^ OF MICHIGAN 



are ; Edith A., James A., Elizabeth B., Joseph D., 
Margaret H., Robert W., Edward (J., Mary L., and 
Dorothy K. 



EDWARD LORRAINE WALTER was 
born at Litchfield, Michigan, February 2, 1845, son 
of Edwin and Sarah (Wallcer) Walter. His ances- 
tors on both sides were early settlers in New Eng- 
land. As a boy he was singularly thoughtful and 
studious and an eager reader of all books that came 
in his way. At the age of seventeen he enlisted in 




EDWARD lORRAINK WALTER 

the Fourth Michigan Infantry, and was engaged 
with his regiment in the Battle of Fredericksburg ; 
but he was soon after compelled by disease to leave 
the army and was honorably discharged. On re- 
covering his health he completed his preparation 
for college, entered the University of Michigan in 
1864, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1868 
and Master of Arts in 1S71. During the kilter 
part of his senior year he gave instruction in the 
Latin department of the University, and immedi- 
ately after his graduation was appointed Assistant 
Professor of Ancient Languages. After one year 
he became Assistant Professor of Latin. During the 
absence from the University of Professor Frieze, 
from 1 87 1 to 1 8 73, he was acting head of the 
department. In 1874 he went abroad and spent 



three years in travel and study, at the end of which 
period he received the degree of Doctor of Philos- 
ophy from the University of Leipzig. He resumed 
his work at Ann .Arbor in 1877, ^"^ on the resigna- 
tion of Professor Morris, in 1879, he was transferred 
to the chair of Modern Languages and Literatures, 
and went to Paris for a semester to make further 
preparation for his new work. His annual vacation 
visits to Europe began at this time, and continued 
with but one or two interruptions till his death. 
In 1S87 the department was divided, at his request, 
and he chose for himself the chair of the Romance 
Languages and Literatures. He was a member 
of the Modern Language Association of ."America. 
During his later years he made special studies in 
Dante, and collected a choice library on the subject, 
which he bequeathed to the University. He was 
lost on the ill-fated La BoKv^ognc, July 4, 1898. 



WILLIAM HAROLD PAYNE was born 
at Farmington, Ontario County, New York, May 12, 
1S36, son of Gideon Riley and I\Liry Brown (Smith) 
Payne. He was educated in the common schools 
and later in the Macedon Academy and in the 
New York Conference Seminary at Charlotteville. 
His career as a teacher was begun in the country 
schools, from which he passed to the headship 
of the public school at Victor, New York. In 
1S58, at the age of twenty-two, he came to Michi- 
gan to take the principalship of the Union School 
at Three Rivers, where he remained six years. 
For the next two years he was in charge of the 
schools at Niles, Michigan. In 1866 he was called 
to Ypsilanti to take the principalship of the Union 
Seminary, then the leading preparatory school of 
the State. Three years later he accepted the super- 
intendency of schools at Adrian, Michigan, where 
during the next ten years he greatly extended his 
reputation as an administrator and educational 
writer. In 1S79 he was appointed to the newly 
established chair of the Science and the Art of 
Teaching at the University of Michigan. Eight 
years later, on the death of the Chancellor of the 
University of Nashville (who was also head of 
the Peabody Normal College), the trustees of the 
Peabody Education Fund turned to Michigan for 
a successor ; and Professor Payne was induced to 
leave a place to which he was deeply attached, 
for the more arduous task of carrying on the great 
work begun by his predecessors at Nashville. This 
position he continued to fill with marked success 



THE uNirERsrrr senate 



259 



for tlie next fourteen years, bringing the institution 
up to higher standards and extenduig its beneficent 
influence into every corner of the South. On the 
death of Professor Hinsdale, his distinguislied suc- 




WILLIAAI HAROLD PAVNE 

cesser at Ann Arbor, he was at once invited to 
return to his former chair. This, after some hesita- 
tion, he consented to do ; and thus the heavy 
burdens of administration were again laid aside for 
the more congenial work of the classroom. During 
his long career as a teacher and organizer, he lias 
found time to make valuable contributions to the 
literature of his subject. From 1.S66 to 1S70 he 
was editor of "The Michigan Teacher." In 1S71 
he published an address on "The Relation between 
the University and our High Schools," which had 
its influence on the question of certification by 
diploma then under discussion. In 1875 appeared 
his "Chapters on School Supervision," and in the 
spring of 1879, " A Syllabus of a Course of Lectures 
on the Science and the Art of Teaching." His later 
works are: "Outlines of Educational Doctrine" 
(1882), " Contributions to the Science of Education " 
(1886), and "The Education of Teachers " (1901). 
Besides these he has published translations of Com- 
payr^'s "History of Pedagogy" (1886), "Lectures 
on Pedagogy" (1888), "Elements of Psychology " 
(1S90), and "Psychology applied to Teaching" 



(1893) ; also, of Rousseau's " Emile " (1S92). In 
1872 the Regents of the University of Michigan con- 
ferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of 
Arts, and in 1888 the degree of Doctor of Laws. 
In 1897 the Western University of Pennsylvania con- 
ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Letters. 
His first wife was Miss F>a S. Fort, by whom he 
had five cliililren : Mav, William Riley, Eva, F2mma 
.Smith, anil Clara l.ouisc Mrs. I'ayne having died 
some years before, on July 6, 1901, he was married 
to Elizabeth Rebecca Clark (A.B. 188S). 



ALPHEUS FELCH, Tappan Professor of 

Law. 1879-1883. (See Regents, page 167.) 



THOMAS PARDON WILSON was born 

at I'eru, Huron County, Ohio, November 9, 1831, 
son of Pardon and Mary (Brownell) Wilson. He is 
of New England ancestry. .After a preliminary pub- 
lic school and seminary eilucation he entered the 
Western Homoeopathic College, of Cleveland, and 




J HOMAS I'ARtXJN WILSON 



received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1S57. 
Further preparation was gained by study in various 
European hospitals and clinics. He practised 
medicine for fifteen years in Cleveland, and for 



260 



UNIIERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



eight years in Cincinnati. From 1880 to 1885 lie 
was Professor of tiie Principles and Practice of Med- 
icine, Ophthalmology, and Otology in the Homoeo- 
pathic Medical College of the University of Michi- 
gan. He was twice president of the Michigan 
State Prohibition Society. He is a member of the 
American Institute of Homoeopathy and served as 
its president in 1880. He founded, in 1867, "The 
Ohio Medical and Surgical Reporter," and, in 1874, 
"The Cincinnati Medical Advance." On June 16, 
1858, he was married to Marian Beckwith, and 
they have two children: Harold (B.S. 1882, M.U. 
1886), and Annie, now Mrs. L. H. Comstock. 



HENRY C. ALLEN was born in Ontario, 
Canada, October 2, iSjS. He was educated in the 
high and grammar schools of London, Ontario, 
and graduated from the Western Homoeopathic 
College, of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1861. In 1862 he 
practised his profession at Brantford, Ontario. He 
was Professor of Anatomy in Cleveland, Ohio, from 
1863 to 1868. In 1878 he began the practice of 
medicine in Detroit, and in i S80 was appointed 
Lecturer in the Homceopathic Medical College of 
the University of Michigan, which position he held 
for four years. In 1890 he removed to Chicago, 
where he has since been engaged in the active prac- 
tice of his profession. He has also been Dean of 
Hering Medical College for some years. He is the 
author of "The Homoeopathic Theory of Intermit- 
tent Fever," and is a member of the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Canada. 



on the Western Reserve about 1838, and there pur- 
sued his trade of carpenter and builder for some 
years. But seeking an outdoor life, and having 
acquired lands near Kendallville, Noble County, 
Indiana, he removed thither with his wife and two 
children, in the fall of 1844, and there hewed out a 
farm from the wilderness. The son thus grew up 
with his full share of the experiences of pioneer life. 
He received such training as the country district 
school could offer and at the age of eleven was sent 
to a private school in a little village three miles 
away. He made the trip to and from school on 




[The following sketch, originally prepared by other hands, 
has been cut down considerably and otherwise modified, but 
is still somewhat disproportionate. The editor feels disin 
dined, however, to disturb it further] 

ISAAC NEWTON DEMMON was born 

at the Centre of Northfield, Summit County, Ohio, 
August 19, 1842, the eldest son of Leonard and 
Nancy (Boughey) Deminon. His grandfather, 
David Demmon, with his wife Susan Torrey and 
their seven children, the youngest of whom was 
Leonard, removed from the town of Chesterfield, 
Massachusetts, to Wyoming County, New York, in 
1816. The Demmons (some members used Dem- 
ing) and the Torreys had been very early settlers in 
the Connecticut valley. Boughey was an English- 
man from Shropshire, and his wife was of Pennsyl- 
vania German parentage. Leonard Demmon settled 



ISA.AC NEWION IlEiMMON 

foot each day, progressing so rapidly in his work 
that by his fifteenth year he was prepared to enter 
the University of Michigan. But the farm was not 
yet entirely won from the wilderness, the family had 
increased to six children, and the eldest son could 
not be spared from the home. So, some years 
more were passed in work by his father's side in the 
summer, and in reviewing his own studies and teach- 
ing district schools in the winter ; and it was not 
until he reached the age of legal inanhood, in 1863, 
that he was able to undertake definitely a collegiate 
course. In that year he entered the Northwestern 
Christian University (now Butler College), Indianap- 
olis, where he remained two years. Even thus his 
work as a student suffered interruption, through an 



THE UNirERSirr senjte 



261 



absence of several months in the service of iiis 
country in 1S64 as a private in tlie One lliimlred 
and Thirty-second Indiana Infantry. In 1S65 he 
fulfilled his early ambition and entered the Univer- 
sity of Michigan, where he was graduated Bachelor 
of Arts in 1868. The degree of Master of Arts fol- 
lowed three years later. Mr. Demmon was one of 
the maturer and stronger men in a class which was 
peculiarly distinguished in those respects. He was 
one of the twelve appointed by the Faculty to rep- 
resent the class at Commencement as speakers, and 
one of the six seniors elected by the students at 
large to edit "The University Magazine." Imme- 
diately upon graduation he was appointed Professor 
of Greek in Alliance College, Ohio. Two years 
later he resigned this place to accept the chair of 
Ancient Languages in Hiram College, under the 
presidency of B. A. Hinsdale. In 1872 he returned 
to Ann Arbor as Instructor in Mathematics under 
Professor Olney, but resigned this position after one 
year to become Principal of the Ann Arbor High 
School. In 1876 he was recalled to the University 
as Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and History. 
Three years later he became Assistant Professor of 
Rhetoric and Anglo-Saxon ; and on the resignation 
of Professor Tyler in 1881, he was appointed to the 
vacant chair, with the title of Professor of English 
and Rhetoric. In 1903 the chair was divided, and 
he chose the professorship of English, wliich he 
still holds. He has given much attention to the re- 
lation of the University to the public schools and to 
the growth and use of public school libraries. He 
has been a member of the Library Committee of 
the Faculty since I'SSo and has devoted a large 
part of his leisure to bibliographical studies and to 
the development of the various collections of the 
University, notably the Dramatic Collection and tlie 
McMillan Shakespeare Library, which are almost 
wholly the results of his unwearied vigilance. Be- 
sides numerous contributions to various periodicals 
he has done a large amount of editing for the 
University. In 1888 he brought out "The Semi- 
centennial Celebration of the Organization of the 
University of Michigan " ; in 1S97, "The Quarter- 
centennial Celebration of the Presidency of James 
Burrill Angell " ; in 1891 (in conjunction with Pro- 
fessor Pettee), "General Catalogue of Officers and 
Students, 1837-1S91"; and in 1902, "General 
Catalogue of Officers and Students, 183 7-1 901." 
These labors have involved extensive research in dis- 
entangling and perfecting the early records of the 
University. He is a member of the Modern Lan- 



guage Association of .America. From 1873 he was 
for many years an active member of the Michigan 
State Teachers' Association, and for a considerable 
period a member of its Executive Committee ; and 
he contributed a number of papers and discussions 
to its Transactions. In 1896 the University of 
Nashville conferred upon him the degree of Doctor 
of Laws. On June 29, 187 1, he was married to 
Emma Regal, daughter of the Reverend Eli Regal, 
of Y])silanti, Michigan, by whom he has had four 
children: Tessa (.Mrs. Stephen Demmon), Rose 
(A.B. 1S96, Mrs. Daniel B. Ninde, died Novem- 
ber 12, 1897), Edward (tlied in infancy), and 
Eleanor, now a student in tlie University. 



BYRON WILLIAM CHEEVER was born 

at EUisburg, Jefferson County, New York, Sejitember 
17, 1841, son of WilHam and Emaline (Wood) 




BYRON WILLIAM CHEEVER 

Cheever. He was graduated Bachelor of .^rts from 
the University of Michigan in 1863 and Doctor of 
Medicine in 1867. In 1864 he taught Chemistry 
in a private laboratory in Philadelphia. The follow- 
ing year he was on an island off the coast of Vene- 
zuela, acting as chemist for a guano company. 
From 1867 to 1869 he was again in Philadelphia as 
consulting chemist. From 1869 to 1878 he was 



262 



UN I FEUS ITT OF MICHIGAN 



assayer for a mining company at Georgetown, Col- 
orado. Meanwhile he read law and from 1S73 to 
1875 was a student in the Law Department of the 
University of Michigan, at the end of which period 
he was graduated Bachelor of Laws. In 1S7S he ac- 
cepted a position as Assistant in the Chemical Labora- 
tory of tlie University, where he took charge of the 
work in Quantitive Analysis. In 1881 he was made 
Acting Professor of Metallurgy, and held this position 
at the time of his death. His knowledge of min- 
eral deposits brought his services as an expert into 
frequent demand. He had been absent from the 
University during the first semester of 1S87-1888, 
inspecting mining lands in Arizona. L^pon his return 
home he was stricken with typhoid fever, which 
proved fatal. He died at Ann Arbor, March 6, i 888. 
He was married in 1S75 to Jennie K. Markham, 
of Ann Arbor, who, with two sons, survives him : 
Paul (B.S. [Mech. E.] 1900) and x\Lirkham ( r,.S. 
[Mech. E.] 1903). 



WILLIAM HENRY DORRANCE was 

born at Albion, Orleans (_'ount\-, Xew Vork, August 
29, 1S42, sonof William Henry and jnha Amanda 




worked as a youth at the bench of his father, who 
was a jeweller, silversmith, and watchmaker; and 
here and elsewhere developed marked mechanical 
ability. When the Civil War broke out he entered 
the Army, serving as a private in the Twenty-seventh 
New York Infantry from 1861 to 1863. In the latter 
year he began the practice of dentistry. Some years 
later, desiring to get a more thoroughgoing training, 
he came to Michigan and entered the Dental Depart- 
ment of the State University, receiving the degree of 
Doctor of Dental Surgery in 1879. While pursu- 
ing his studies here he also served as Demonstrator 
of Dentistry from 1S77 to 1S79. After graduation 
he was retained in the Department as Assistant in 
Mechanical Dentistry fir two years, at the end of 
which time he was appointed Professor of Prosthetic 
Dentistry and Dental Metallurgy. He continued 
in this position till 1902, when he resigned. Since 
then he has given his entire time to the practice of 
his profession in Ann Arbor and Detroit. He is a 
member of the Michigan Dental .Association, the 
Michigan State Medical Society, the Detroit Dental 
Society, and the Washtenaw County Medical Society. 
He was married May i 7, 1867, to Clara E. Baldwin of 
Pitcher, New York, and they have two children 
living: William Heniy and Mrs. Susan Juliet 
Dorrance Fox. 



WII.II.AM HRN'RV IlDRRANCE 

(Baldwin) Dorrance. His ancestors were Scotch. 
He received his preparatory training in the common 
schools and in Albion Academy, New York. He 



ELISHA JONES was born of Quaker parent- 
age in Cayuga County, New York, November 12, 
1832. The family removed to Lenawee County, 
Michigan, while he was still a boy, and he was sent 
to school at the Raisin Valley Seminary. He en- 
tered the University of Michigan, where he was grad- 
uated Bachelor of Arts in 1859 and Master of Arts 
in 1S62. Immediately after taking his Bachelor's 
degree he entered upon his career as a teacher, and 
had charge of the schools at Fentonville, Michigan, 
for a year. He was teacher of Latin and Greek in 
the Detroit High School from i860 to 1867; and 
from 1S67 to 1870 he was Superintendent of the 
Ann .\rbor schools. From 1870 to 1872 he served 
as Acting Professor of Greek in the University of 
Michigan, during the absence of Professor D'Ooge. 
At the expiration of this time he went abroad for 
further study ami travel, spen<ling his time largely 
at Leipzig and Berlin. In 1875 he was recalled to 
the University, and for two years was Acting Assistant 
Professor of Latin in place of Assistant Professor 
Walter, absent on leave. During the second semester 
of the year 1877-1878 he served as Acting Assistant 



THE UNIlERSriT SEN.ITE 



263 



Professor of Greek in place of Assistant I'rofessor 
Pattengiil, absent in Europe. He tlien became 
Principal of the Orchard Lake Military Academy; 
but in 1879 he was recalled to the University as 




ELISHA JONES 

Assistant Professor of Latin. He was promoted ni 
1S81 to be Associate Professor, which position he 
held at the time of his death. He was the author 
of several very successful (Ireek and Latin text- 
books: " Greek Prose Composition" (1872) ; "First 
Lessons in Latin" (1877) ; and "Latin Prose Com- 
position " (1879). On December 22, 1862, he was 
married to Catherine Elizabeth Ewer. He died 
at Denver, Colorado, August 16, 1888, and is 
buried at Forest Hill, Ann Arbor. After his death 
Mrs. Jones endowed a Classical Fellowship at the 
University in his memory. 



ALBERT HENDERSON PATTENGILL 

was born at New Lisbon, Otsego County, New \'ork, 
February 26, 1842, son of John Scott and Abigail 
Maria (Gregory) Pattengiil. His parents were both 
of New England ancestry. He was prepared for 
college in the Whitesboro and Cortland academies. 
New York. He entered the University of Michigan 
in 1865 and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 186S. 



The degree of Master of Arts followed in iS7t. The 
first year after graduation he taught in the Ann Arbor 
High School. In 1S69 he was called to the Uni- 
versity as Assistant Professor of Greek and French, 
and after one year he became Assistant Professor of 
Greek. In 1881 he was advanced to the rank of 
Associate Professor of Greek and in 1889 to Pxofes- 
sor of Greek. The spring and summer of 1878 were 
spent in liuropean travel and study. From 1895 to 
1901 he was chairman of the Administrative Board 
of the Faculty. He was also a member of the Ath- 
letic I'loard of Control from its organization up to 
the time of his death, ami for a large part of the 
lime its chairman. He was married in F'ebruary, 
1S78, to Annie Warden Ekin (A.B. 1876), who 
died November 4, 1879, having been preceded to 




Ai,ia;Kr hk.ndfrson' patirmjiix 

the grave by an infant son. On June 26, 1895, 
he was married to Bessie Eudora West, of Grand 
Rapids, Michigan, who survives him. He died at 
Ann Arbor, March 16, 1906. 



MORTIMER ELWYN COOLEY was 

born at Canandaigua, New York, March 28, 1855. 
son of Albert Blake and Achsah (Griswold) Cooley. 
He is of English-Scotch ancestry. The records of 



264 



UNIFERSriT OF MICHIGAN 



the paternal family are in definite sequence as far 
back as Daniel Cooley, who settled in East Gran- 
ville, Massachusetts, about 1650, and continued 
there until his death, occupying important official 
positions. One of Daniel's sons removed to Canan- 
daigua, where Lyman Cooley, grandfather of the 
present subject, was born and spent his life. The 
grandson received his preparatory education in 
the district schools and the Canandaigua Academy ; 
and at the age of nineteen he entered the United 
States Naval Academy at Annapolis. Previous to 
graduation as a cadet engineer in 1878 he had 
made two practice cruises, — in the summer of 
1875 °" ''''P United States ship "Alert," and in the 




MORTIMER ELWYN COOLEY 

summer of 1877 on 'he " Mayflower." During the 
year following graduation he was on a European 
cruise attached to the " Quinnebaug," and in 1879- 
1880 completed his sea duty on a North Atlantic 
cruise with the United States ship " Alliance." For 
one year he was connected with the bureau of 
Steam Engineering in the Navy Department, and 
in 1 88 1 was detailed by the department to teach 
Steam Engineering and Iron Ship-building at the 
University of Michigan. He was at once appointed 
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, and in 1S85 
resigned his commission in the Navy. In addition 
to his University work he has conducted a general 



practice as a mechanical engineer, has acted as 
consulting engineer for a number of our State in- 
stitutions, and has been otherwise employed in the 
duties of military and civil offices. His official rank 
in military life is at present that of Passed Assistant 
Engineer of the Michigan State Naval Brigade. 
From April, 1898, to February, 1899, he was in the 
United States Naval Service, attached to the United 
States ship " Yosemite " and to the League Island 
Navy Yard. He has taken an active interest in the 
civil affairs of Ann Arbor, having served the city 
for three years, from 1890 to 1893, as president of 
the Common Council, and as president of the Board 
of Fire Commissioners in 1889-1890. He is a Fel- 
low of the American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science, in which he was vice-president of 
Section D in 1898. He is also a member of the 
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, of which 
he was vice-president in 1902 ; the Michigan En- 
gineering Society, of which he was president in 
1903; the Detroit Engineering Society, the United 
States Naval Institute, the United States Society of 
Naval Engineers, the Society for the Promotion of 
Engineering Education, and the National Associa- 
tion of Stationary Engineers. In connection with 
the World's Fair at Chicago in 1S93 he was a 
member of the Committee on Naval Engineering, 
a member of the committee having charge of the 
Educational Exhibit of the State of Michigan, and 
chairman of the Committee on the Exhibit of the 
University. He was a member of the Jury of Awards 
at the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, in 1901. 
He took part in the appraisal of the Detroit Street 
Railways in 1S99; and in 1900-1901 he was em- 
ployed by the Michigan Board of State Tax Com- 
missioners in the appraisal of properties paying 
specific taxes (railroads, telegraphs, telephones, 
plank-roads, river improvements, and private car 
lines). He redetermined in 1903-1904 the phys- 
ical values of the twenty-eight railroads bringing suit 
to enjoin the Auditor-General of the State from 
collecting taxes; and again in 1906 took part in 
the reappraisement of all the railroads in connec- 
tion with the 1905 assessment. In 1902 he assisted 
the government in the appraisal of the mechanical 
equipment of the Newfoundland railways. In 1885 
the Regents of the University conferred upon him 
the honorary degree of Mechanical Engineer. He 
was married December 25, 1879, to Carolyn Eliza- 
beth Moseley, and they have four children : Lucy 
Alliance (Mrs. William O. Houston), Hollis Mose- 
ley, Anna Elizabeth, and Margaret Achsah. 



THE UN I VERS I rr SENATE 



265 



HENRY SEWALL was born at Winchester, and the American Medical Association. He was 

Virginia, May 25, 1855, son of Thomas and Julia married September 21, i.SSy, to Isabel Josephine 

Elizabeth (Waters) Sewall. He is descended from Vickers, daughter of J. J. Vickers, Esq., of Toronto, 
the family of New England Sewalls, whose ancestor, 




HENRY SK.WAI.I. 

Henry Sewall, emigrated from Elngland about the 
middle of the seventeenth century. He received 
his preparatory education in private schools in Bal- 
timore and Brooklyn, and entered Wesleyan Uni- 
versity, where he was graduated Bachelor of Science 
in 1876. He then took up post-graduate work at 
Johns Hopkins University, where he was .Assistant 
in Biology from 1876 to 1878, and Fellow in Biol- 
ogy in 1 8 78-1 879, and where he received the de- 
gree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1879. During the 
year 1 879-1 880 he studied in Europe, and the fol- 
lowing year he was Associate in Biology at Johns 
Hopkins University. In 1881 he was called to the 
professorship of Physiology at the University of 
Michigan. He held this position till 1889, when 
he removed to Denver, Colorado, and soon after 
accepted a similar position in the University of 
Denver, where he still is. He was Assistant Health 
Commissioner of Denver from 1891 to 1S93, and 
Secretary of the Colorado State Board of Health 
from 1893 to 1899. He is a member of the Amer- 
ican Physiological Society, the Association of Amer- 
ican Physicians, the American Climatological Society, 



WILLIAM JAMES HERDMAN was born 
at Concord, Muskingum County, Ohio, September 
7, 1S4S, son of James and Eliza Ann (Elliott) Herd- 
man. He is of Scotch-Irish descent. He studied 
at Westminster College, Pennsylvania, and after- 
wards at the University of Michigan, where he 
received the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in 
1872 and the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 
1S75. Since the latter date he has been connected 
with the teaching force of the University, and has 
held the following positions : Demonstrator of 
Anatomy, 1875-1X90; Lecturer on Pathological 
Anatomy, 1 879-1 S80 ; Assistant Professor of Patho- 
logical Anatomy, 1 880-1 882 ; Professor of Practical 
and Pathological Anatomy, 1S82-1888 ; Professor of 
Practical Anatomy and Diseases of the Nervous Sys- 
tem, 1S88-1890; Professor of Nervous Diseases and 
Electrotherapeutics, 1890-1898; Professor of Dis- 




WILI.IAM JAMES HERDMAN 



eases of the Mind and Nervous System, and of Electro- 
therapeutics, since 1898. He has also given special 
lectures in the Department of Law for many years. 
He has been actively engaged in the practice of 



266 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



Medicine and Surgery since 1875. From 1882 to 
1887 he also held the professorship of Orthopeedic 
Surgery in the Northwestern (Ohio) Medical 
College, and was consultant surgeon to St. Vin- 
cent's Hospital at Toledo for the same period. 
From 1887 to 1902 he was Surgeon-in-chief of the 
Ann Arbor Railroad and was reappointed to that 
position in 1905. He was chairman of the Execu- 
tive Committee of the American Medical Association 
from 1897 to 1899, and chairman of the section of 
Neurology and Medical Jurisprudence in 1896. He 
is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Medi- 
cine ; a member of the American Electrotherapeu- 
tic Association, of which he was president in 1894 ; 
the Michigan State Medical Society; the Washtenaw 
County Medical Society ; the Ann Arbor Medical 
Club; and the Zanesville Academy of Medicine. In 
1897 the University of Nashville conferred upon him 
the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was married 
September 16, 1873, to Nancy Bradley Thomas, 
and they have three children : Elliott Kent, Marie 
Louise, and Anna ALiry. 



WOOSTER WOODRUFF BEMAN was 

born at Southington, Connecticut, May 2S, 1S50, 
sun of Woodruff and Lois Jane (Neal) lieman. 
His father, an expert machinist and amateur musi- 
cian, was a lineal descendant of Simon Beman, one 
of the early settlers of Springfield, Massachusetts, 
where he was married in 1654. On his mother's 
side he is descended from Edward Neal, who was 
an early settler of Westfield, Massachusetts, and who 
died there in 1698. His early training was had at 
the Valparaiso Male and Female College and at the 
Collegiate Institute of Valparaiso, Indiana. He 
entered the University of Michigan in 1866 and was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1870. He was at 
once appointed Instructor in Greek and Mathe- 
matics at Kalamazoo College, but resigned this 
position after one year to accept an instructorship 
in Mathematics at the University of Michigan. 
Here he has continued for tliirty-five years. He 
was Instructor from 1S71 to 1874; Assistant Pro- 
fessor from 1874 to 1882 ; Associate Professor from 
18S2 to 1SS7; and since 1887 he has been head 
Professor of Mathematics. He is the author of 
" Essays on the Theory of Numbers " (from the Ger- 
man of Dedekind, T901) ; and in association with 
Professor David Eugene Smith, of Teachers' College, 
Columbia University, of the following : " Plane and 
Solid Geometry" (1895), "New Higher Arith- 



metic" (1897), "Famous Problems of Elementary 
Geometry" (from the German of Klein, 1897), 
" New Plane and Solid Geometry " (1899), " A Brief 
History of Mathematics " (from the German of Fink, 
1900), " Elements of Algebra " (1900), "Geometric 
Exercises in Paper Folding " (aj-evised edition of 
the work of Sundara Row, 1901), and "Academic 
Algebra" (1902). He is a member of the American 
Mathematical Society, the London Mathematical 
Society, the Deutsche Mathematike Vereinigung, 
and the American Association for the Advancement 
of Science, of which he was vice-president and 




WOOSTER \V(m;)L>KUFF heman 

chairman of Section A in 1897. He is actively 
interested in church affairs, and has been Treasurer 
of the Baptist Convention of the State of Michigan 
since 1893. He was married September 4, 1877, 
to Ellen Elizabeth Burton, and they have two chil- 
dren : Winifred (A.B. r899, A.M. T901, now Mrs. 
Harrison S. Smalley, of Ann Arbor) and Ralph 
(A.B. 1905). 



HENRY WADE ROGERS was born at 
Holland Patent, New York, October 10, 1S53. He 
was graduated Bachelor of Arts from the University 
of Michigan in 1874 and Master of Arts in 1877. 
He studied law and was admitted to the Bar in 



THE UNJf'ERSJlT SENATE 



267 



1S77. In 1SS2 he accepted a call to the Univer- 
sity of Michigan, wliere he held the ])osition of 
Tappan Professor of Law from 1.S82 to 1885, and 
that of Tappan Professor of Law and Professor of 




HF.XKV WAIHC U(m;|.;RS 

Roman Law and Dean of the Department of Law, 
from 1S85 to 1890. He resigned his position in 
September, 1S90, to accept the presidency of North- 
western LTniversity, which he held for the next ten 
years. He relinquished this position to become 
Lecturer in the Law School of Yale University, where 
he still is. Since January, 1904, he has been Pro- 
fessor of Equity and Corporations, and Dean of 
the Department of Law, in that institution. He was 
chairman of the Section of Legal Education of the 
American Bar Association 1 893-1 894; and of the 
World's Congress on Jurisprudence and Law Re- 
form, in connection with the World's Columbian 
Exposition at Chicago in 1893 ; also general chair- 
man of the Saratoga Conference on the Foreign 
Policy of the United States, 1898. He is author 
of "Illinois Citations" (1881), and "Expert 
Testimony" (1883), as well as the writer of 
numerous articles for law journals and reviews. In 
1890 Wesleyan University conferred on him the 
degree of Doctor of Laws. He was married at 
Pennington, New Jersey, in June, 1876, to Emma 
Ferdon Winner. 



VICTOR CLARENCE VAUGHAN was 

born at Mount Airy, Randulph County, Missouri, 
October 27, 185 1, son of Jolm and Adeline 
(Dameron) Vaughan. He studied at Central Col- 
lege, Fayette, Missouri ; then entered Mt. Pleasant 
College in the same state, where he was graduated 
Bachelor of Science in 1S72. In 1874 he took up 
graduate study at the University of Michigan and 
received the degree of Master of Science in 1875, 
and the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1S76. 
He then entered the Department of Medicine and 
Surgery and was graduated Doctor of Medicine in 
1878. As early as January, 1S76, he had become 
connected with the teaching force of the LTniversity, 
where he has remained to the present time, holding 
successively tlie following positions : Assistant in the 
Chemical Laboratory, 1876-1S83 ; Lecturer on 
Medical Chemistry, 1879-1880; Assistant Professor 
of Medical Chemistry, 1 880-1 883; Professor of 
Physiological and Pathological Chemistry, and 
Associate Professor of Therapeutics and Materia 
Medica, 1883-1887 : Professor of Hygiene and 
Physiological Chemistry, and director of the Hygi- 
enic' T ihrir.itMrv -inrr ■[9~9,-j. Since Tune, iSqi, he 




VICTOR CLARENCE VAUGHAN' 

has also been Dean of the Department of Medicine 
and Surgery. He is now (1906) serving his third 
term as a member of the Michigan Board of Health. 
He served in the Santiago Campaign of 1898 as 



268 



UNivERsrrr of Michigan 



Major and Surgeon of the Thirty-third Michigan 
Infantry. In the same year he was appointed 
Division Surgeon, and was recommended by the 
President for Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel. He is a 
member of the German Chemical Society, the 
French Society of Hygiene, the Hungarian Society 
of Hygiene, the Association of American Physicians, 
and various other societies and clubs. He has 
contributed numerous papers to current medical 
and scientific literature, and is author of the follow- 
ing books : " Osteology and Myology of the Domestic 
Fowl" (1876), "Textbook of Physiological Chemis- 
try " (1879) ; and in conjunction with Dr. Novy, of 
"Ptomaines and Leucomaines " (1888). In 1900 
the Regents of the University conferred upon him the 
degree of Doctor of Laws. In 1877 he was married 
to Dora Catherine Taylor, of Huntsville, Missouri, 
and they have five children: Victor Clarence (A. P. 
1900, M.D. 1902), John Walter (A.li. 1902, 
M.D. 1904), Herbert Hunter (A.B. 1903), Henry 
Frieze, and Warren Taylor. 



CHARLES HENRY STOWELL was 

born at Perry, New York, October 27, 1850, son of 
David Page and Mary Ann (Blanchard) Stowell. 
He is of English extraction, his ancestors on the 
father's side having come to this country in 1647. 
After some years spent in the Genesee Wesleyan 
Seminary and Genesee College, he entered the 
Medical Department of the University of Michigan, 
and was graduated in 1872. He immediately took 
up the general practice of medicine at Manlius, 
New York. Four years later he became connected 
with the teaching force of the University of Michigan 
and held the following positions in succession : 
Instructor in the Physiological Laboratory, 1877- 
1879; Lecturer on Physiology and Histology, 
1879-TS80; Assistant Professor of Physiology and 
Histology, 1880-18S1 ; of Histology and Microscopy, 
1881-1883; Professor of Histology and Micros- 
copy, 1 883-1 889. On leaving the University he 
engaged in literary work at Washington, I). C, till 
1900. Since then he has held the position of 
General Manager and Treasurer of the J. C. Ayer 
Company, Lowell, Massachusetts. He is the author 
of "Students' Manual of Histology" (18S1, 3d ed. 
18S4), "The Microscopical Structure of the Human 
Tooth" (1888), "Physiology and Hygiene" 
(1888) ; and in conjunction with Mrs. Stowell, of 
"Microscopical Diagnosis" (1882). He has also 
edited "The Microscope," "The National Medical 



Review," " Practical Medicine," " Food," and 
"Trained Motherhood." He was married July 10 
1878, to Louisa M. Reed (B.S. 1876, M.S. 1877) 
who was for many years an assistant at the University 
in the Department of Botany. 



HENRY LORENZ OBETZ, a graduate of 

the Homceopathic Hospital College, of Cleveland, 
in 1874, was appointed Professor of Surgery and 
Clinical Surgery in the Homoeopathic Medical College 
of the University of Michigan in 1883, and held 
the office till 1895. He was also Dean of the 
Department from 1885 to 1895. He then resigned 
the chair to devote himself to the practice of his spe- 
cialty in Detroit. He is a member of the Michigan 
State Homceopathic Society and the American 
Institute of Homoeopathy, and Attending Surgeon 
to Grace Hospital in Detroit. 



HARRY BURNS HUTCHINS was born 
at Lisbon, New Hampshire, April 8, 1847, son of 
Carlton B. and Nancy Walker (Merrill) Hntchins. 




HARRY I'.URNS HIIUHIXS 



He received his preparation for college at the New 
Hampshire Conference Seminary at Tilton, and at 
the Vermont Conference Seminary at Newbury. 
At the age i)f nineteen he entered Wesleyan Univer- 



THE UNiyERSirr SENJTE 



269 



sity, Middletown, but was not able to complete the 
year on account of failing health. For some months 
thereafter he made special studies in anatomy, physi- 
ology, and surgery at the University of Vermont 
and at Dartmouth College, under the direction of 
the late Dr. Alpheus B. Crosby. About that time 
his family removed to Michigan, and in the fall 
of 1867 he entered the State University, from which 
he was graduated Bachelor of Philosophy in 1S71. 
As an undergraduate he stood in the front rank in 
his class, being chosen editor of " The Chronicle" 
in his Senior year, class orator, and finally Com- 
mencement speaker, the highest honor then con- 
ferred by the Faculty. P'or a year after graduation 
he was in charge of the public schools of Owosso, 
Michigan. This afforded him a point of view and a 
training that have proved of great service to him as 
a teacher and administrative officer at the Univer- 
sity. In 1S72 he returned to Ann Arbor as In- 
structor in History and Rhetoric, and the following 
year he was advanced to the rank of Assistant Pro- 
fessor. Three years later he decided to carry out 
a long-cherished desire and to enter upon the prac- 
tice of the law, for which he had for some time been 
preparing himself. He accordingly resigned his 
position at the University and formed a partnership 
with his father-in-law, Thomas M. Crocker, under 
the firm name of Crocker & Hutchins, of Mount 
Clemens and Detroit. For eight years this relation 
remained unbroken, the firm doing a large business 
in the highest courts of the State. In 1883 he was 
nominated by the Republican party for Regent of 
the State University but failed of election. The 
following year he was recalled to the University as 
Jay Professor of Law. His success here was such 
that in 1887, when the trustees of Cornell Univer- 
sity were seeking a man to organize a law depart- 
ment for that institution, the choice fell upon him, 
and he removed to Ithaca to take up that work. 
At the end of eight years the department had grown 
to be one of the leading law schools of the country. 
In 1895 he was recalled to the University of Mich- 
igan as Dean of the Department of Law, the largest 
institution of its class in the Union. During the 
absence of President Angell in Turkey in 1S97-1898, 
he discharged the duties of Acting President of the 
University to the entire satisfaction of Regents and 
Faculties. In addition to his professional work he 
has given numerous addresses before educational 
and other learned bodies. He is a member of the 
New York Bar Association, the American Historical 
Association, and the Michigan Political Science 



Association. L'ndcr the appointment of the Su- 
preme Court of iVIichigan he revised and annotated 
several volumes of the Supreme Court Reports. He 
has also published an American edition of Williams 
on Real Property, revised, annotated and adapted 
to American jurisdictions (1894) ; and Hutchins's 
Equity Cases (1900). He is a member of the y\d- 
visory Board of "The Michigan Law Review," and 
has made frequent contributions to its pages. In 
1897 the LTniversity of Wisconsin conferred vipon 
him the degree of Doctor of Laws. On t)ecember 
26, 1S72, lie was married to Mary Louise Crocker, 
of Mount Clemens, Michigan. 



ALLEN CORSON COWPERTHWAITE 

was born at Cape May, New Jersey, May 3, 1848, 
son of Josepli C. and Deborah ((lodfrey) Cowperth- 
waite. His parents early removed to 'i'oulon, 
Illinois, and there the son received such training as 
the common schools afforded, supplemented by one 
year at the Toulon Seminary. He attended medical 
lectures at the University of Iowa in 1 867-1 868, 
and was graduated from the Hahnemann Medical 
College of Philadelphia in 1869. He practised his 
profession first in Illinois, and then in Nebraska. In 
1877 he became Dean and Professor of Materia Med- 
ica in the recently organized Homceopathic Depart- 
ment of the State University of Iowa, holding the 
position till 1892. In 1884 he accepted the chair of 
Materia Medica, Pharmacology, and Clinical Medi- 
cine in the Homceopathic Medical College of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, but resigned the following year, 
finding the double demands too much for his strength. 
He removed to Chicago in 1892, and became Pro- 
fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the 
Chicago Homoeopathic Medical College. Since 
1901 he has also served as president of that College. 
In 1887 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of 
Science, Literature, and Arts of London. He has 
filled a number of offices in connection with the state 
and national Homceopathic societies, and is the au- 
thor of various works, notably "Insanity in its Medico- 
Legal Relations" (1876), " A Textbook of Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics" (1880); of "Gynaeco- 
logy" (1888), and of "The Practice of Medicine " 
(1901). In 1876 he received the honorary degree 
of Doctor of Philosophy from the Central University 
of Iowa, and in 1888 the degree of Doctor of Laws 
from Shurtlefif College. He was married on June 2, 
1870, to Ida E. Erving, and they have two children : 
Dr. Joseph E. and Florence E. (Mrs. Thomas). 



270 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



CALVIN BRAINARD CADY was bom at 
Barry, Pike County, Illinois, June 21, 185 i, son of 
Rev. Cornelius Sydney and Rebecca T. (Morgan) 
Cady. He is of Connecticut stock, his mother's 




CALVIN BRAINARD CADY 

ancestors being Welsh. He received his early edu- 
cation in the public schools, and studied music at 
the Conservatory of Oberlin College, where he was 
graduated in 1872. He then spent two and a half 
years in musical studies at Leipzig, Germany. Re- 
turning to this country he taught in the Oberlin 
Conservatory from 1874 to 1S79. He was ap- 
pointed Instructor in Music at the University of 
Michigan in 1880, and was Acting Professor of 
Music from 1885 to 1888. From 1S88 to 1901 he 
was a teacher of music in Chicago. From 1892 to 
1894 he was editor of " The Music Review." Since 
1 90 1 he has resided in Boston, Massachusetts, being 
engaged in musical and literary work. He was mar- 
ried August 12, 1S72, to Josephine Upson, and they 
have four children : Alice Morgan, Francis Elmore, 
Camelia Louise, and William James. 



from Captain George Denison, of Stonington, Con- 
necticut, who came to America in 1631. The 
paternal grandmother, Rachel Chase, was a sister 
of Bishop Philander Chase and United States Sena- 
tor Dudley Chase. On his mother's side he is 
descended from the Ralstons of Falkirk, Scotland, of 
which family he is the third generation in America. 
His father was a graduate of Kenyon College and 
a graduate student at Yale, and later Professor of 
Mathematics in Kenyon. Upon the death of the 
father the family removed to Lockport, New York, 
where the son was fitted for college. In 1867 he 
entered Norwich University, Vermont, and after one 
year changed to the University of Vermont, where 
he was graduated Bachelor of Science in 1870. In 
the following year he took the degree of Civil En- 
gineer, and in 1874 received the degree of Master 
of Science from the same institution. He has been 
connected with the University of Michigan since 
1872, and has held the following positions in suc- 
cession: from 1872 to 1876, Instructor in Engineer- 
ing and Drawing; from 1876 to 1881, Instructor in 
Engineering and Drawing and Assistant in Archi- 




HARI.es SIMEON DENISON 



CHARLES SIMEON DENISON was tecture ; Acting Assistant Professor of Mechanical 

born at Gambler, Ohio, July 12, 1S49, son of the and Free Hand Drawing, 1881-1882; from 1882 to 

Reverend George and Janett Belloch (Ralston) Den- 1885, Assistant Professor of the same subjects ; from 

ison. He is descended in the eighth generation 1885 to 1901, Professor of Descriptive Geometry, 



THE UNIIERSITT SENATE 



71 



Stereotomy, and Drawing ; and since igoi. Profes- 
sor of Stereotomy, Mechanism, and Drawing. In 
1SS8 he passed several months in travel in Europe, 
visiting many of the technical schools of tlie Conti- 
nent. Early in the summer of 1.S73 he was ap- 
pointed by tlie United States Government as 
Astronomer and Surveyor on an expedition organ- 
ized for the purpose of establishing the boundary 
between Washington and Idaho territories. The 
results of this expedition were embodied in a report 
prepared by him in conjunction with Mr. Reeves. 
He has published various otlier papers on topics 
related to his profession. For many years he has 
been a warden and vestryman of St. Andrew's 
Episcopal clmrch in Ann Arbor and is also a 
member of the stamliug committee of the Diocese. 
He is a member of the Michigan Engineering 
Society, the Detroit ICngineering Society, and the 
Society for the Promotion of luigineering Education. 



HUGO EMIL RUDOLPH ARNDT was 

born in Germany, January iS, 1S48, son of Johann 
Ludwig and Pauline ijVon Hete) .\rndt. He re- 
ceived his preparatory education in the Realschule 
and Gymnasium at Kuestrin, and at Berlin, and 
coming to this country entered the Western Homoeo- 
pathic College, of Cleveland, Ohio, where he was 
graduated Doctor of Medicine in February, 1S69. 
The same year he entered upon the practice of his 
profession at lUrmingham, Ohio, in 1872 he re- 
moved to Ionia, Michigan ; and in 1877, to Grand 
Rapids. In 1885 he was called to the University of 
Michigan as Professor of Materia Medica in the 
Homceopathic Medical College, and after three 
years his title was changed to Professor of Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics, and Clinical Professor of 
Diseases of the Nervous System. In 1 889 he 
resigned this position and removed to San Diego, 
California, where he practised his profession till 
1900. In that year he was called to San Francisco 
as Professor of iSIateria Medica and Nervous Dis- 
eases in the Hahnemann Medical College of the 
Pacific. In 1905 his title was changed to Professor 
of the Theory and Practice of Medicine and of 
Nervous Diseases. He was a member of the Board 
of Education of San Diego, California, for four 
years, and served for three years as surgeon-major 
of the Seventh Infantry, N. G. C. For the last 
three years he has been one of the visiting chiefs of 
the City and County Hospital of San Francisco. 



He has served as President of the following Soci- 
eties : The Western Academy of Homoeopathy, the 
Michigan State Homceopathic Medical Society, tlie 
California State Homceopathic Medical Society, 
the Southern California Homceopathic Medical 
Society, and the San Francisco County Homoeo- 
pathic Medical Society. He is a member of the 
American Institute of Homoeopathy and a cor- 
responding member of the British Homoeopathic 
Society and the Massachusetts Homoeopathic Medi- 
cal Society. He is junior author of " Hempe! an<l 
Arndt's Materia Medica and Therapeutics " ( 2 
volumes, 1880, 1881). He is editor-in-chief of 
"Arndt's System of Medicine" (3 volumes, 1885, 
rS86j. He has also published " .Arndt's Practice of 
Medicine" (1899) and "First Lessons in Symp- 
tomology" (1904). He was editor of "The 
Medical Counselor" from 1880 to 1SS7, and has 
been editor of the " Pacific Coast Journal of Hom- 
ceopathy " since 1S91. He was married in 1869 
to Lucy Miles, who died at Ann Arbor, 1887 ; of 
this union one daughter. Myrtle, survives, now Mrs. 
Neallc. In 1888 he was married to Mrs. Flora B. 
Hall, of Ann Arbor, who died at San Francisco in 
1903. In 1906 he was married to Maud Nourse. 



JAMES CRAVEN WOOD was born in 
Wood County, Uhio, January 11, 1858, son of 
Henry Lewis and Jane (Kunkle) Wood. His father, 
major of the Sixty-seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry in 
the Civil War, was of Scotch-English ancestry. His 
grandfather was a Revolutionary soldier. His 
maternal ancestry is German-.-\merican. He re- 
ceived his early education in the public schools of 
Wood County and Waterville, Ohio. Later he 
studied at the Ohio Wesleyan University. He en- 
tered the Homoeopathic Medical College of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan in 1877 and was graduated Doc- 
tor of Meilicine in 1879. He then returned to his 
native state and studied another year at the Ohio 
Wesleyan University. Later he spent some time in 
post-graduate medical studies in New York, after 
which he returned to Monroe, Michigan, and entered 
into medical partnership with his former preceptor. 
Dr. Alfred I. Sawyer. This partnership continued 
till 1 885, when Dr. Wood accepted a call to the pro- 
fessorship of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and 
Children in the Homoeopathic Medical College of 
the University of Michigan. He held this position 
till 1S95, when he resigned it to accept the chair 



2/2 



UN ITERS ITT OF MICHIGAN 



of Gynaecology in the Cleveland Honiceopathic 
Medical College. He received the degree of 
Master of Arts on examination from the Ohio Wes- 
levan University in iSgi. He is a member of the 



of the University in 1S85 and held the office for 
two years. He resigned in 1887 on account of 
failing health and removed to Pasadena, California, 
where he died August 18, 1888. 




.lAlIES CRA\'1£N WtiOD 

American Institute of Homoeopathy, and was its 
president in 1901. He is an honorary member of 
the New York and Michigan State Homoeopathic 
Medical societies, serving as president of the latter 
in 1889. He is a corresponding member of the 
British Homoeopathic Society, Fellow of the British 
Gynaecological Society, and founder member of the 
International Congress of Gynaecology and Obstet- 
rics. He is gynaecologist to the Cleveland City 
Hospital and the Huron Street Hospital, of Cleve- 
land. He is the author of a "Textbook of Gynae- 
cology" (1894). He was married in December, 
1881, to Julia Kellogg Bulkley of Monroe, Michi- 
gan, and they have three children : James L., Edna 
Bulkley, and Justin. 



OTTO KIRCHNER was born at Frankfort- 
on-the-Oder, Germany, July 13, 1846, son of 
Rudolph and Ottilie (Schultz) Kirchner. He emi- 
grated to the United States in 1853, studied law, 
and was admitted to the Michigan Bar, taking up 
the practice of his profession at Detroit. He was 
Attorney-General for Michigan, 1877-1S81. During 
the year 1885-1886 he was Kent Professor of Law 
at the University of Michigan. In 1893 he was 
recalled to the University as Professor of Law, and 
held the position continuously till the summer of 
1906, when he resigned the chair and accepted a 
non-resident lectureship in Legal Ethics. In 1894 
the University conferred upon him the honorary de- 
gree of Master of Arts. He is a member of the 
American Historical Association, and of the Michi- 




OTTO KIRCHNER 

DAVID F. McGUIRE, a graduate of the 

Charity Hospital Medical College, of Cleveland, gan Political Science Association, and was president 

Ohio, in 1869, and a practitioner of Detroit, Mich- of the latter in 1896. He has also served as presi- 

igan, was appointed Professor of Ophthalmology dent of the Detroit Church Club from its inception 

and Otology in the Homoeopathic Medical College in 1S93. 



THE UNivERsrrr senate 



273 



DANIEL A. MacLACHLAN was born at 
Aylmer, <.)iitario, Noxcmber 10, \^S-> soil of Archi- 
bald and Mary (Roberlson) MacLachlan. His 
father's parents came from Argyleshire, Scotland, 
and settled in Caledonia, New York. His maternal 
ancestry is Scotch-Irish. Jle received his early 
education in the public schools and under private 
tutors. After teaching school for two years he 
entered upon the study of medicine, and in 1.S75 
passed the preliminary examinations before the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. In the 
following year he entered the Homceopathic IMedi- 




DANIEL A. MacT.ACHI.AN 

cal College of the University of Michigan and was 
graduated Doctor of Medicine in 1879. After pass- 
ing the examination of the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons of Ontario, he began the practice of 
his profession at Pontine, Michigan, and later re- 
moved to Holly. In 1885 he was appointed to the 
chair of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in 
the Homoeopathic Medical College of the Univer- 
sity and held this position till he was transferred 
in 1889 to the chair of Opthalmology, Otology, and 
Pedology. He resigned this position in 1895 and 
removed to Detroit. In 1889 he studied abroad in 
London, Vienna, Heidelberg, and Paris ; and again 
in 1892 in London and Edinburgh. In this year he 
received the diploma of the Royal London Oph- 



thalmic Hospital. He was a member of the Miclii- 
gan State Board of Health from 1899 to 1905. He 
was First Vice-President of the American Institute 
of Homoeopathy, 1 895-1 896, and President of 
the Michigan State Homoeopathic Medical Society, 
1S95-1S97. He is a member of tlie New York 
State Homoeopathic Medical Society, and a member 
and one of the founders of the American Ophthal- 
mological, Otological, and Laryngological Society. 
He is also a member of the Detroit Practitioners' 
Society and of the Grace Hospital Medical Board, 
and has served as Ophthalmic and Aural Surgeon 
to the latter institution since 1895. In 1899 he 
was made Dean of the Detroit Homceopathic Col- 
lege and Professor of Ophthalmology, Otology, antl 
Laryngology in that institution, which positions he 
still holds. From 1S86 to 1895 he was editor 
of " The Medical Counselor," then published in 
Ann Arbor; since its removal to Detroit he has 
served as associate editor. He has made numerous 
contributions to the professional journals. In 1882 
he was married to Bertha M. Hadley, Holly, Michi- 
gan, and they have two children : Mary Winifred 
and Ruth. 

HENRY SMITH CARHART was born at 
Coeymans, New York, March 27, 1844, son of 
Daniel Sutton and Margaret (Martin) Carhart. He 
is directly descended from Thomas Carhart, of Corn- 
wall, England, who arrived in New York, .A.ugust 
25, 16S3, as private secretary to Colonel Thomas 
Dougan, the English colonial governor. His mater- 
nal ancestors were Dutch. He was fitted f<jr col- 
lege in the public schools and at the Hudson 
River Institute, Claverack, New York. He entered 
VVesleyan University, Middletown, where he was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1869. Subsequently, 
he studied at Yale in 1871-1872, and at the Uni- 
versity of Berlin in 1881-18S2. In 1872 he was 
appointed Professor of Physics at Northwestern 
University, where he remained for fourteen years. 
Since 1886 he has been Professor of Physics and 
Director of the Physical Laboratory at the University 
of Michigan. He was Vice-President of the Ameri- 
can Association for the Advancement of Science in 
1889, member of the International Jury of Awards 
for the United States at the Paris Exposition of 
Electricity in 1881, and President of the Board of 
Judges in the Department of Electricity at the 
World's Columbian Exhibition in 1893. .-Mso, one 
of the vice-presidents of the St. Louis Internationa! 
Electrical Congress in 1904, and one of the ofificial 



274 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



delegates for the United States at the International 
Electrical Congress at Chicago in 1893 and at St. 
Louis in 1904 ; also a member of the International 
Conference on Islectrical Units of Measurements, 




HENRY SMri'H CARHART 

held at Charlottenburg in 1905. He is also a mem- 
ber of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 
a foreign member of the London Institution of Elec- 
trical Engineers, a member of the American Physical 
Society, of the American Electrochemical Society, of 
which he was president in 1904-1905, and an honor- 
ary member of the American Electrotherapeutic 
Association. ■ The degree of Doctor of Laws was 
conferred upon him by Wesleyan University in 1893. 
He is the author of the following works : " Primary 
Batteries" (1891); "Physics for High School 
Students" (in connection with H.N. Chute, 1893) ; 
"Physics for University Students" (Part I. 1894, 
Part II. 1904); and " Electrical Measurements" (in 
connection with G. W. Patterson, 1893). He was 
married August 30, 1876, to Ellen M. Soul^, and 
they have three children : Margaret Sprague (Ph.B. 
1899, A.M. 1 901), Emory, and Rose. 



years later the family removed to Rochester, Michi- 
gan. After a preliminary education in private 
schools and academies, he entered the University 
of Michigan in 1853, and was graduated Bachelor 
of Arts in 1857. The degree of Master of Arts 
followed in i860. He studied law in the office of 
Moore and Blackmar. Detroit, and was admitted to 
the Bar in May, 1S5S. In November of that year 
he took up the practice of the law in Grand Rapids, 
but after two or three years returned to Detroit and 
entered into partnership with William .'\. Moore. 
He soon after offered his services to the govern- 
ment, and on December 18, 1862, was commis- 
sioned Second Lieutenant of the Fourth Michigan 
Cavalry and rose through the ranks of First Lieu- 
tenant, Adjutant, and Captain to Brevet Major, 
March 13, 1S65. After the war he resumed his 
law practice in Detroit, where he continued with 
brief interruptions to the end. From 1886 to 1897 
he was Fletcher Professor of Law in the University 
of Michigan. In 1887 he was an unsuccessful can- 
didate for Justice of the State Supreme Court on 
the Democratic ticket. In the summer of 1S93 he 





1^ 



LEVI THOMAS GRIFFIN 



was electeil to fill a vacancy in Congress and re- 

LEVI THOMAS GRIFFIN was born at tired on the expiration of the term, March 4, 1895. 

Clinton, New York, May 23, 1837, son of Charles He was married October S, 1S67, to Mary Cabot 

Nathaniel and Margery (Thomas) Griffin. Ten VVickware, and they had three children, William 



THE uNiJ'ERsrrr senate 



275 



Wickware ( LL.B. 1.SS9), Laura INFoore (Mrs. John vacant, he was again offered the position and now 
V. Harris), and AFary McLaren (Mrs. Wendell). felt free to accept it. During his long term of ser- 



He died in Detroit, March 19, 1906. 



RAYMOND CAZALLIS DAVIS was born 
at Gushing, IVLiine, June 23, 1S36, son of George 
and Catherine (Young) Davis. He is descended 




vice extending over twenty-eight years the Library 
grew steadily in extent and efficiency. In 1905, at 
his own request, he was relieved of the burdens of 
administration anil was made Librarian Emeritus 
and Lecturer on Bibliography. As early as 1882 
he had instituted a course in Bibliography in the 
Dejiartment of Literature, Science, and the Arts, 
and this he still continues to give, carrying it now 
through the college year. He has been a member 
of the American Library .Association since 1878. 
In 1S69 he published a volume entitled " Remini- 
scences of a Voyage around the World," based 
on his boyhood experiences and observations. In 
iSSi the Regents of the University conferred upon 
him the honorary degree of Master of Arts. He 
was married July 6, 18S0, to Ellen Regal, daughter 
of the Reverend Eli Regah 



VOLNEY MORGAN SPALDING was 

born at East Bloom field. New York, January 29, 
1849, son of Frederick Austin and Almira (Shaw) 



RAYMOND CAZALLIS DAMS 

from English and \Velsh ancestry through his father, 

and on his mother's side from families of Scotch 

and Irish origin. His flither was a sea captian, and 

at the age of thirteen the son started on a cruise 

with him which carried them round the globe and 

lasted two years. On his return he was fitted for 

college, and in 1S55 he entered the University of 

Michigan. Towards the end of the second year 

his studies were interrupted by a severe illness 

which incapacitated him for serious work for some 

years. His health having been finally restored, he 

engaged in the coasting trade for a time. In 1S6S 

he returned to the LTniversity as Assistant Librarian. 

At the end of four years the Regents tendered him 

the position of Librarian ; but as this involved the 

displacement of the incumbent, he declined the Spalding. On his father's side he is descended 

office. He now returned to Maine, and for the next from Edward Spalding, who came from England 

five years again followed the sea. In 1877 the about 1631 and settled in Massachusetts. His 

office of Librarian at the University having fallen mother was of Scotch-Irish descent. He received 




VOLNEY MORGAN SPALDING 



2/6 



UNIlERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



a preliminary education in the public schools of 
Gorhani, New York, and at the Ann Arbor High 
School. He entered the University of Michigan in 
1869 and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1873. 
His further preparation for professional life included 
work in Cryptogamic and Physiological Botany at 
Harvard University, in Anatomy at Cornell, in His- 
tology at the University of Pennsylvania, and in Plant 
Physiology at Jena. The years from 1892 to 1S94 
he spent at the University of Leipzig, where lie re- 
ceived the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the 
conclusion of his studies. The years from 1873 to 
1S76 were spent in public school work, first as 
principal of the Batde Creek High School, and later 
of the Flint High School. He was called to the 
University of Michigan in 1 8 76, and filled the fol- 
lowing positions successively : Instructor in Zoology 
and Botany, 1876-1879; Assistant Professor of 
Botany, 1879-18S1 ; Acting Professor of Botany, 
1881-1SS6; Professor of Botany, 1 8S6-1 904. He 
resigned his professorship in 1904 to reside in a 
more salubrious climate, and is at present connected 
with the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie 
Institution, at Tucson, Arizona. He is the author of 
" Guide to the Study of Common Plants and Intro- 
duction to Botany" (1894), and of a large number 
of papers in the scientific journals. He is a mem- 
ber of the Michigan Academy of Science, and was 
its president in 189S. He is also a Fellow of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Sci- 
ence, a member of the Association Internationale des 
Botanistes, and an honorary member of the Society 
of American Foresters. He was married in 1876 to 
Harriet Hubbard ; and some years after her death, 
to Efifie Almira Southworth (B.S. 1885). 



nance, a position lie still holds. From 1881 to 1S97 
he was also Lecturer in various years at Cornell 
University and Johns Hopkins University. From 
1SS9 to 1 89 1 he was Chief of the Division of Trans- 
portation in the Eleventh United States Census ; and 
since 1887 he has been Statistician to the Interstate 
Commerce Commission. He cooperated with Pro- 
fessor M. E. Cooley in appraising the railway prop- 
erties of Michigan. (See page 264.) He is a 
member of the American Economic Association, of 
which he was president from 1896 to 1898; of the 
American Statistical Society, of which he is vicc- 




HENRV CARTER ADAMS 



HENRY CARTER ADAMS was born at 
Davenport, Iowa, December 31, 1S51, son of the 
Reverend Ephraim and Elizabeth Silvia Ann 
(Douglass) Adams. Both parents were of New 
England descent. He was fitted for college at 
Denmark Academy, Iowa, and entered Iowa Col- 
lege, from which he received the degree of Bachelor 
of Arts in 1874. From the same institution he had 
the degree of Master of Arts in 1877 and the de- 
gree of Doctor of Laws in 1S97. He pursued 
graduate studies at John Hopkins University and 
was made Doctor of Philosophy in 18 78. From 
1S81 to 18S7 he was Lecturer on Political Economy 
at the University of Michigan. In 1SS7 he was 
appointed Professor of Political Economy and Fi- 



president ; of the Michigan Political Science Asso- 
ciation, of which he has been secretary ; and of 
L'Institut International de Statistique. Besides his 
annual reports to the Interstate Commerce Cora- 
mission, his public reports of special investigations, 
and numerous contributions to periodical literature, 
he has published the following works : " Public 
Debts, an Essay in the Science of Finance " (1887) ; 
and '• The Science of Finance, An Investigation of 
Public Expenditures and Public Revenues" (1S98). 
In 1904 the University of Wisconsin conferred upon 
him the degree of Doctor of Laws. In 1890 he was 
married to Bertha Hammond \Vright (.\.B. iSSS), 
by whom he has three sons : Henry Carter, Jr., 
Theotlore \\'right, and Thomas Hammond. 



THE UNIVERSITT SENATE 



277 



CALVIN THOMAS was born on a farm 
near Lapeer, Michigan, October 28, 1854, son of 
Stephen Van Rensselaer and Caroline Louisa (Lord) 
I'homas. After a preliminary training in tlie com- 




of Goethe's " Tasso," " Herman and Dorothea," and 
" Faust," both parts. Tlie edition of " ivuist " was 
the first complete one with Lnglish intKjductions 
and notes, and was based on studies un<lcrtaken at 
Weimar in the (loethe-Schiiler archives and ( loetlu-'s 
private library, h'or many years he was a freiiuent 
contributor to " 'riu- Nation," writing numerous 
reviews ami letters. ( hielly on ( Icrman subjects. 
He is also an occasional cdntributor to " I'he Open 
Court," " The Korum," and other journals. In 
1904 the University of Michigan conferred upon 
him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was married 
March 25, 1880, to Mary J. Sutton, of Lapeer, who 
died that same year. June 16. 1S84, he was 
married to Mary I'^leanor Allen, of Grand Rapids, 
by whom he has two sons, Harold Allen and Paul 
Bernard. 



CAIAIN IIIOMAS 

mon schools and at the Lapeer Higli School he 
entered the Lhiiversity of Michigan and was grad- 
uated Bachelor of Arts in 1874. The degree of 
Master of .\its followed in 1877. He taught for 
a time in the Grand Rapids High School, went 
to Europe and studied philology at Leipzig, and in 
1878 became connected with the ITniversity of 
Michigan, filling successively the following posi- 
tions: Instructor in Modern Languages, 187S- 
1881; Assistant Professor of German and Sanscrit, 
1881-1887; Professor of Germanic Languages and 
Literatures, 18S7-1896. \n the latter year he 
resigned to accept the Gebhard Professorship of 
Germanic I^anguages and Literatures in Columbia 
University, where he still remains. He is a member 
of the Modern Language Association of America, 
and was its president in 1896 ; also of the Weimar 
Goethe Gesellschaft and of the Authors' Club of 
New York, serving as president of the latter from 
1902 to 1904. He is the author of numerous pub- 
lications relating especially to German matters, 
among which are the following: " .\ Practical Ger- 
man Grammar " ; a " Life of Schiller " ; editions 



CHARLES NELSON JONES was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Arts from Oberlin College in 1S71. 
In 1874 he was appointed Listructor in Mathemat- 
ics in the University of Michigan, and in 1878 was 
advanced to the rank of Assistant Professor. Li 




CHARLES NKLMlN JON'ES 

1887 he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathe- 
matics, but resigned the office at the end of the 
year to accept a position with the Northwestern 
Life Insurance Company at Milwaukee. He after- 



278 



UNIVEliSnT OF MICHIGAN 



wards removed to New York and has been for some 
years in the employ of the Equitable Life Insurance 
Company. 

CHARLES FREDERICK STERLING, a 

graduate of Pulte Medical College, Cincinnati, in 
1877, and a practitioner of Detroit, Michigan, was 
appointed professor of Ophthalmology and Otology 
in the Homeopathic Medical College of the Uni- 
versity in 1S87 and held the office for two years. 
He then retired to devote himself wholly to practice, 
and later abandoned medicine for business pursuits. 



HENEAGE GIBBES was born in England, 
son of Heneage and Margaretta (Murray) Gibbes. 
His paternal grandfether. Sir George S. Gibbes, 
M.D., F.R.S., was Physician Extraordinary to Queen 




HENEAGE GIBBES 

Charlotte, and his maternal grandfather, John 
Murray, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. His 
father, Heneage Gibbes, M.B. (Cantab.) F.R.C.P. 
(London), was ordained a priest in holy orders, 
and became rector of St. Andrews at Plymouth, 
England. The son received his early education 
under private tutors. In 1879 he took the degrees 
of M.B. and CM. at the University of Aberdeen, 
and two years later the degree of Doctor of Medi- 



cine from the same university. He then entered 
upon the practice of his profession in London. He 
became curator of the .Anatomical Museum of 
King's College ; physician to the Metropolitan Free 
Dispensary ; and Professor of Physiology and Nor- 
mal and Morbid Histology at the Westminster 
Medical School. He also served on the Cholera 
Commission sent to India by the P2nglish govern- 
ment. From 1887 to 1S95 he was Professor of 
Pathology at the University of Michigan. In 1895 
he removed to Detroit and later became Health 
Officer of the city of Detroit, and Professor of 
Internal Medicine and Pathology at the Michigan 
College of Medicine and Surgery. He is a Fellow 
and Councillor of the Medical Society of London ; 
also Fellow of the Medical and Chirurgical Society, 
the Zoological Society, and the Royal Microscopical 
Society, all of London. He is a member of the 
Pathological Society of London, of the British Med- 
ical Association, the American Medical Association, 
the Michigan State Medical Society, the Wayne 
County Medical Society, and the Michigan Patho- 
logical and Surgical Society. He is also a Fellow of 
the Detroit Academy of Medicine. He is married 
to Jessie Emily Swinhoe, and they have a daughter, 
Jessie Bertha (B.L. 1896). 



BURKE AARON HINSDALE was born 
at Wadsworth, Medina County, Ohio, March 31, 
1837, son of Albert and Clarinda (Eyles) Hins- 
dale. His parents were of New England stock, 
the families of both having made their way from 
Connecticut to the Western Reserve shortly after 
the War of 181 2. He received his education in 
the district schools, and at the Western Reserve 
Collegiate Institute, afterwards Hiram College. 
Here he met the young Garfield, who was about 
four years his senior, with whom he formed a 
close and enduring friendship. He early entered 
upon the work of the Christian ministry and preached 
regularly for some years. His first pastoral charge 
was at Solon, where he also conducted a school. 
Later, while pastor of an East Cleveland church, he 
was associate editor of " The Christian Standard," 
to which he contributed a large number of carefully 
prepared book reviews, chiefly historical and liter- 
ary. On the opening of Alliance College in 1868 
he was appointed to the chair of History, Political 
Economy, and Governmental Science. This position 
he resigned at the end of the first year to accept 
the chair of Philosophy, History, and Biblical Liter- 



THE UNIlERSirr SENATE 



279 



ature in Hiram College. He succeeded to the presi- 
dency of the College in 1S70, and continued in tliat 
office till 1882. On the nomination of General 
Garfield for the Presidency in 1880, Mr. Hinsdale 
naturally was deeply interested in the result of the 
election ; and at the request of the National Com- 
mittee he prepared "The Republican Text- Book" 
and made numerous speeches in the pivotal states of 
Ohio and Indiana. In 1882 he was called to the 
superintendency of the Cleveland public schools. 
The condition and needs of the preparatory schools 
had occupied his thoughts for several years, and he 
had published some things on the subject by way of 
criticism and suggestion. He now entered upon a 
careful study of the whole question with a view to 
improvement in methods and aims. His annual 
reports during the four years of his superintendency 
contained the results of these studies and attracted 
the favorable attention of educators throughout the 
country. The chair of the Science and the Art of 
Teaching in the University of Michigan having fallen 
vacant by the resignation of Professor Payne, on 
February 17, 1S88, he was elected to that position 
and entered immediately upon its duties. From that 
day to the time of his death he was a large factor in 
the life of the University. His Ann Arbor life proved 
agreeable to him for several reasons, but especially 
because he found here release from much of the 
administrative drudgery that had weighed him down 
for so many years. He now had more time for 
research and authorship, for which he possessed a 
remarkable aptitude. During the Hiram period he 
had published at least three works on ecclesiastical 
subjects. The national tragedy of 1881 called forth 
two works by him : " Garfield and Education," with 
a biographical introduction ( 1882) ; and a collected 
edition of General Garfield's Works, in two octavo 
volumes (1883). In 1884 appeared " .Schools and 
Studies," a collection of miscellaneous papers and 
addresses; and in 1888 "The Old Northwest," 
one of his most original and sustained productions. 
The Ann Arbor period was, for reasons stated above, 
especially prolific. The following are the principal 
titles: "The American Government" (1891, sev- 
eral times revised) ; " How to Study and Teach 
History" (1893) ; "Jesus as a Teacher" (1895) ; 
"Teaching the Language Arts" (1896); "Studies 
in Education" (1896); " The Civil Government of 
Ohio " (1896) ; " Life of Horace Mann" (1898) ; 
and "The Art of Study " (1900). Besides these 
he published numerous reviews, pamphlets, and edi- 
torials, which if collected would fill many volumes. 



The last work of importance done by him was on 
the present " History of the Lhiiversity," which he 
left in manuscript. He was a nn-nibcr of the Na- 
tional Educational Association ; of the National 
Council uf Iulucati(jn, of which he was president 
in 1897 ; and of the Michigan State Teachers' 
Association, of which he was president at the_ time 
of his death. He was also a member of the Amer- 
ican Historical Association, and the Historical and 
.Archaeological Society of Ohio ; also an honorary 
memberofthe Historical Society of Virginia. Of aca- 
demic honors, he received from Bethany College and 




IlLKKK AARON' HINSDALE 

from Williams College the honorary degree of Mas- 
ter of Arts in 1871, from the Ohio State University 
the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1888, 
and from the Ohio University that of Doctor of Laws 
in 1892. In 1862 he was married to Mary Turner, 
of Cleveland, who had been a student with him at 
Hiram. Four daughters were born to them, of 
whom three survive: Ellen Clarinda, A.B. (Adel- 
bert College) 1885, A.M. 1893, Ph.D. (Gottin- 
gen) 1897, now Professor of German in Mount 
Holyoke College ; Mary Louisa, A.B. (Adelbert Col- 
lege) 1885, A.M. 1890, for some years a teacher, 
and now engaged in literary work ; and Mildred, 
Ph.B. 1S95, now a teacher in the Detroit Central 
High School. In the summer of 1900 his health 



2«0 



UNirEiisrrr of Michigan 



became seriously impaired. He made a heroic 
effort to talce up his wort; in September, but he 
steadily declined, and finally rehnquished all woik 
and went to Atlanta, Georgia, for a change of cli- 
mate. He experienced no relief, and died at Atlanta, 
November 29 of that year. His body rests in Forest 
Hill Cemetery, Ann Arbor. 



HENRY FRANCIS LEHUNTE LYS- 

TER was born at Sanderscourt, County \Vexford, 
Ireland, November 8, 1837, son of the Reverend 
William N. and Ellen Emily (Cooper) Lyster. He 




HENRY FRANCIS LEHUNTE LYSTER 

was descended from the ancient flrmily of Lister (or 
Lyster), which was settled in Yorkshire, England, as 
early as 13 12. 'I'he eldest branch of the family is 
still located in that county, having occupied the 
present estates for more than five humlred years. 
In 1560 Walter Lister, one of the younger sons of 
this branch, went to Ireland as secretary to Osbald- 
iston, Judge of Connaught, whose daughter he mar- 
ried ; and from this union are descended the Lysters 
of Ireland. The father of Dr. Lyster was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts from Trinity College, Dublin, in 
1826. After studying at the University of Eilin- 
burgh he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal 
Church in 1830, and came to America in 1832. It 



was while the family were on a visit to Ireland some 
years later that Dr. Lyster was born. 'I'he family 
were settled in Detroit, Michigan, in 1S46, where 
the elder Lyster became the first rector of Christ 
church. The son, after receiving his preparatory 
education in private schools, entered the University 
of Michigan, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 
1 85 8 and Doctor of Medicine in 1S60. He also 
received in 1861 the degree of Master of .\rts in 
course. He entered upon the practice of his pro- 
fession in Detroit, but on the breaking out of the 
Civil War entered the service of his country. He 
was commissioned Assistant Surgeon of the Second 
Michigan Infantry on April 25, 1861, and was pro- 
moted to be Surgeon of the Fifth Michigan Infantry 
on July 15, 1862. On May 5, 1S64, he was wounded 
in action at the Battle of the Wilderness. On re- 
covering from his wounds he returned to his post and 
at the close of the war was mustered out, May 28, 
1865. He had been Surgeon-in-chief of the Third 
Brigade, First Division, Third Army Corps, for some 
time, and also medical director and medical inspec- 
tor of the Third Corps. He then returned to Detroit, 
where he continued in the practice of his profession 
to the end of his life. He was Lecturer on Surgery 
at the University of Michigan during the year 1868- 
1869, and Professor of the Theory and Practice of 
Medicine and Clinical Medicine from 1888 to 1890. 
He was President of the Michigan College of Medi- 
cine for some years, and after its consolidation 
with the Detroit Medical College, in addition to 
hii professorship, he held also tlie ofifice of Treas- 
urer. He was a member of the American Medical 
.Association, the Boston Gynaecological Society, 
the Detroit Medical and Library Association, the 
Wayne County Medical Society, the Michigan State 
Medical Society, tlie National Association of Rail- 
way Surgeons, the National Association of Medical 
Directors of Life Insurance Companies, and the 
Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the LInited 
States. He also served for a time on the Detroit 
Board of Education. On April 25, 1S73, Governor 
Bagley appointed him a member of the original 
State Board of Health, on which he served 
continuously for eighteen years, having been 
twice reappointed. During this jieriod he was 
an active and energetic member, giving his spe- 
cial attention to the subject of drainage. It is 
largely owing to his efforts that Michigan has been 
freed from malaria and has become one of the 
leading summer resorts of the country. In addi- 
tion to contributing numerous articles on the sub- 



THE UNIIERSITV SENATE 



2«I 



ject of drainage he conducted original investigations 
in reference to tiie hereditary effects of alcohol, and 
wrote some papers on the prevention of consump- 
tion. He was one of the founders and, fur a time, 
editor of "The Peninsular Journal of Medicine." 
He was married January 30, 1.SO7, to Winifred I.ee 
Brent, of Washington, 1). C, daughter of the late 
Captain Thomas Lee ]5rent, of the United States 
Army. Mrs. Lyster and five children survive him : 
Captain William John LeHunte (Ph.B. 1S92), of 
the Medical Department of the United States 
Army; Henry Laurence LeHunte (.'\.B. 1895, 
LL.B. 1896), of Detroit; Thomas Lee Brent (B.S. 
[E.E.] 1901) ; Eleanor Carroll, wife of Edward H. 
Parker, of Detroit ; and Florence Murray, wife of 
Captain S. ]\L Rutherford, of the United States 
Army. Dr. Lyster died near Niles, Michigan, October 
3, 1S94, en route for the Southwest in an attempt to 
recover his failing health. 



entered the University of Michigan the same year 
and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 
1 87 1. The degree of Master of Arts followed 
in 1877. From 1S71 to 1878 he was engaged in 
the ministry of the Methodist Episcojjai Church, 
with tile exception of three years spent in study 
and travel abroad. In October, 1878, he \.tMi\. uj) 
the study of the law at the LIniversity. In 1879 he 
was appointed Assistant Professor of History, and 
in iSSS was made full professor and head of tlie 
department of History. Since 1898 he has also 
been 1 )ean of the Department of Literature, .Science, 
and the Aits. He has pubHshed a number of articles 
in the reviews and magazines. In 1901 the I'niver- 
sity of Nashville conferred upon him the degree of 
Doctor of Laws. 



BRADLEY MARTIN THOMPSON was 

born at Milford, Michigan, Apiil 16, 1S35, son of 
Robert and Maria (Short) Thoni|ison. He is of New 



RICHARD HUDSON was born at Gates- 
head, England, September 17, 1S45, son of Richard 
and Elizabeth ( Lowtliiaii ) Huilson. His ])arent£; 





ERAIiLI'V MARriN lH0^n■SO^I 

England ancestry. His early education was received 
in the common schools and the preparatory depart- 
ment of .'\lbion College. He entered the University 
of Michigan and was graduated Bachelor of Science 
having emigrated to Michigan, the young Richard in 1858 and Bachelor of Laws in i860. The degree 
was prepared for college at the Pontiac High of Master of Science followed in 186 1. He began the 
School, where he was graduated in 1S67. He practice of his profession at East Saginaw, Michigan ; 



KIl.HAkll HI'DSON 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



but in the summer of 1862 entered the United States 
service as Captain of the Seventh Michigan Cavalry. 
From 1864 to 1865 he served as Paymaster. He 
was mustered out in November, 1865, as Brevet 
Lieutenant-Colonel, and returned to the practice of 
the law at East Saginaw. In 1887 he was appointed 
Lecturer on Real Property in the Law Department 
of the University of Michigan, and in 1888 was made 
Jay Professor of Law, which position he still holds. 
He was Mayor of East Saginaw in 1873-1S75, and 
of Ann Arbor, 1890-1891. He was married De- 
cember 20, i860, to Marian Lind, and they have 
had three children: Guy B. (LL.B. 1890, LL.M. 
1S91, died November 16, 1901) ; Isadore (A. B. 
1 884, now Mrs. Fred N. Scolt, of Ann .Xrbor) ; 
and Ethelend E. 



ALBERT AUGUSTUS STANLEY was 

born at Manville, Rhode Island, ?>Iay 25, 1S51, son 
of George Washington and Adelaide .Augusta (Jef- 
ferds) Stanley. He is descended from the Derby 




ALHKRT AUGUSTUS STANLEY 

branch of the English Stanley family. He was fitted 
for Brown University, but did not matriculate, 
having become engaged in the professional pursuit 
of music at an early age. In 1S71 he went to 
Leipzig and spent the next four years in the 
Konservatorium, from which he was graduated in 



1875. On returning to America that year he was 
employed as head of the Department of Music in the 
Ohio Wesleyan L^niversity, at Delaware, Ohio. He 
remained there but a single year, having accepted 
the position of organist of Grace church, Providence. 
In 1888 he was appointed Professor of Music in the 
University of Miciiigan. In addition to the duties 
of this chair he has been Musical Director of the 
University School of Music since its organization in 
1892, a«d the steady growth of the school has been 
largely due to his energy and wise management. He 
has been twice honored with the presidency of the 
Music Teachers' National Association. He is a mem- 
ber of the M. S. S. Society, of New York, and was for 
four years an honorary vice-president thereof. He 
is also a member of the American College of Musi- 
cians and of the International Musik-Gesellschaft. 
The University of Michigan conferred upon him the 
honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1890. In 1875 
he was married to Emma Francenia Bullock, and 
they have one daughter, Elsa Gardner (A.B. 1906). 



JOHN DEWEY was born at Budington, Ver- 
mont, October 20, 1859, son of Archibald S. and 
Lucina (Rich) Dewey. After finishing a high school 
course in his native city he entered the University 
of Vermont, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 
1S79. He pursued post-graduate studies at Johns 
Hopkins University, and received the degree of 
Doctor of Philosophy in 1884. In the same year 
he became connected with the teaching force of 
the University of Michigan, holding successively 
the following positions : Instructor in Philosophy, 
1884-1886; Assistant Professor of Philosophy, 
1S86-1888; Professor of Philosophy, 1 889-1 894. 
In the year 1888-1889 he was Professor of Philoso- 
phy at the University of Minnesota. Upon severing 
his connection with the University of Michigan he 
accepted a call to the professorship of Philosophy 
in the University of Chicago, where he was later 
also Director of the School of Education. He re- 
mained there till 1904, when he resigned, and soon 
after accepted a professorship of Philoso]jhy at Co- 
lumbia University. He is a member of the American 
Psychological Association and the American Philo- 
sophical Association. Besides numerous contribu- 
tions to the Philosophical and Psychological Reviews, 
he is author of the following works : " Psychology " 
(1887), "Leibnitz" (1888), "Critical Theory of 
Ethics" (1891), "Study of Ethics" (1894), "School 
and Society" (1899), "Studies in Logical Theory" 



THE UNIVERSITT SENATE 



283 



(1903). 1111904 the University of Wisconsin con- Notes by James S. Raid. He iias edited, with Inlro- 
ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He duction and Notes, Books I, HI, and V of the " De 
was married at Fenton, Michigan, July 2S, i,S86, to Rerum Natura " of Lucretius (1.S84) ; also, with In- 
troduction, Notes, and Vocabulary, Cjesar's "Gallic 
War" (1886), selections from Ovid (1891), an'l 
"Select Orations and Letters of Cicero" (1X92) ; 
also (in conjunction with Andrew C. Zenos) an editmu 
of Xenophon's "Anabasis" ('1S89). These have all 
passed through several editions. He is joint editor, 
with I'rofessor Percy Gardner, University of Oxford, 
of" I landbooks of Arch.xology and Antiquities." He 
translated " Pompeii, its Life and /\rt," by August 
Mau. He is a member of the American Philological 
Association, the American Historical Association, and 
the American Economic Association ; and secretary 
of the .\rchEEological Institute of America. In iSSS 
the University of Rochester conferred uuon him the 




JOHN DEWEY 

Harriet Alice Chipman (Ph. 15. 1S86), and they have 
four children living : Frederick Archibald, Evelyn, 
Lucy Alice, and Jane Mary. 



FRANCIS WILLEY KELSEY was born 
at Ogden, Monroe County, New York, May 23, 
1858, son of Henry and Olive Cone ( I'rowbridge) 
Kelsey. After a preliminary training in the public 
schools he entered the University of Rochester, and 
was graduated Bachelor of .\rts in 1880. The degree 
of Master of Arts followed in 1883. He began his 
academic career as instructor in Lake Forest Uni- 
versity. In 1882 he was made Professor of Latin 
in that institution, where he continued till i88g. 
During 1883, 1 884-1 885, and at various other times 
for longer or shorter periods, he pursued studies in 
Europe. In 1889 he was appointed Professor of 
Latin in the LTniversity of Michigan, and on the 
death of Professor Frieze, in December of that year, 
he succeeded to the chair of the Latin Language and 
Literature, which position he still holds. In 1882 he 
brought out an .American edition of Cicero's " De 
Senectute " and " De .Amicitia," with Introduction and 




FRANCIS WIIXEV KELSEV 



honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He was 
married December 22, 18S6, to Isabella Badger, and 
they have three children : Ruth Cornelia, Charlotte 
Badger, and Easton Trowbridge. 



JEROME CYRIL KNOWLTON was born 
at Canton, Wayne County, Michigan, December 14, 
1850, son of Earnest John and Roxana .\. (Potter) 
Knowlton. He is of New England ancestry, .\fter 



284 



UNIFERSJrr OF MICHIG.iN 




a preliminary training in the district schools, the early education was received in St. Louis, Missouri, 
Michigan State Normal School, and the Ann Arbor and at the Phillips-Exeter Academy. He was grad- 
High School, he entered the University of Michigan uated Bachelor of Arts from Harvard University in 
and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1S75 '"^^d i''^79' -"^nil received the degree of Doctor of Medi- 
cine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 
New York in the spring of 1S83. After filling vari- 
ous hospital positions he practised his profession 
successively in Boston and Chicago. In 1S89 he 
accepted the professorship of Materia Medica and 
Therapeutics in the Homceopalhic Medical College 
of the University of Michigan, which position he 
held till 1S95. He then returned to Chicago and 
was Professor of Materia Medica and Therajjeutics 
in Hahnemann Medical College till 1^97, when he 
removed to I^aporte, Indiana. He is a member 
uf the American Institute of Homoeopathy and of 
the state Homoeopathic societies in Massachusetts, 
llhnois, and Michigan. He is author of the follow- 
ing works: " Siniilia Similibus Curantur?" (1S88), 
" Philos(.)phy in Homoeopathy" (1S90), "Principles 
uf Medicine" (1S97), "Are We to Have a United 
Medical Profession?" (1904). Since 1896 he has 
1)1 en an authorized candidate for the ministry of the 



JERiJME CVRIL KNOWLION 

Bachelor of Laws in 1S78. He took up the practice 
of his profession at Ann Arbor, becoming a member 
of the firm of Sawyer and Knowlton and continuing 
his connection with it till he withdrew in 1890 to 
give his entire time to teaching. He was Post- 
master of Ai n Arbor from 1882 to 18S5. From 
18S5 to 1889 he was Assistant Professor of Law 
in the University, and since 1889 he has filled the 
Marshall Professorship of Law. He also served, 
from 1891 to 1896, as Dean of the Department of 
Law. He has been a contributor to various legal 
periodicals and has published an edition of Anson 
on Contracts and a book of Criminal Cases for the 
use of students. He was married September 25, 
1 8 75, to Delle M. Pattengill, and they have two 
children. Marguerite (A.B. 1901) and Annie 
Pattengill. 

CHARLES SAMUEL MACK was born at 
Walnut Hills, Ciniinnati, Ohio, December 13, 1856, 
son of Samuel Ely and Rebecca Amelia (Robins) 
Mack. He is of New England stock, his ancestors 
on the father's side being of Scotch origin. His 




. \MU1 L MACK 



New Church. He was married June i, 1S93, to 
Laura Gordon Test, and they have five children : 
Francis Test, Edward Ely, Gordon Charles, Cornelia 
Rebecca, and Julian Frills. 



THE UNU'ERSITT SENATE 



285 



CHARLES BEYLARD GUERARD de 
NANCREDE was born Jl I'hila.lciphia, I'cnn- 
sylvania, iJeccmber 30, iS47,son of Tliomas l)ixie 
antl Mary Elizabeth (Bull) Nancrede. His paternal 
grandfather was a lieutenant in the French army 
under Rochambean, was wounded at Vorktown, and 
afterwards settled in this country. His early educa- 
tion was obtained under private tuition. He entered 
the collegiate Department of the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1864 and remained two years. He then 
passed to the Meilical Department, where he re- 
ceived the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1S69. 




CHARLES BEYLARD GUKRARD DE NANCRKDE 

After spending one year as Interne in the Protes- 
tant Episcopal Hospital at Philadelphia, he became 
Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy at the University 
of Pennsylvania and served from 187 1 to iSSi. 
For some time he was also Lecturer on Osteology in 
the same institution. From 1871 to 1S77 he was 
Assistant Surgeon to the Protestant Episcopal Hos- 
pital ; he was Surgeon to the same from 1S77 to 
1889, and Surgeon to Saint Christopher's Hospital 
for Children from 1879 to 1S86. F'roni 1886 to 
1889 he was also Surgeon and Clinical Lecturer on 
Surgery to the Jefferson Medical College Hospital. 
He lectured on Surgery in the Dartmouth Medical 
College in 1877, in 1S89, and again in 1900. Since 
the spring of 1900 he has been Professor of Surgery 



in the same institution. From 1SS2 to 1889 he was 
Professor of ( General and ()rthopa;dic Surgery ia llie 
Philadelphia Polyclinic and is now Professor Emeri- 
tus of the same branches. Since 1889 he has been 
Professor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery at tlie 
University of Michigan. I )uriug the Spanish-.Ameri- 
can War he was Major and < 'hief Surgeon of division, 
United States Volunteers, serving in the S.intiag(j 
campaign. He is a member of the American Medi- 
cal Association ; the .'\merican Surgical .Association ; 
the state Medical societies of Michigan, Pennsyl- 
vania, and Colorado ; the Saginaw Valley Medical 
Society; the Toledo (Ohio) Medical Society; tlie 
American Academy of Medicine ; and the Interna- 
tional Society of Surgery. He is a corresponding 
member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of 
Rome. He has been a voluminous writer on medi- 
cal subjects. Resides numerous articles in the jour- 
nals, the following may be named : " Questions and 
.Answers on the F'.ssentials of .Anatomy " (1S88); 
"Essentials of .Anatomy and Manual of Practical 
Dissection" (1890) ; " Lectures on the Principles of 
Surgery" (1899); articles in the International 
Encyclopaedia of Surgery ; in the Cyclopaedia of 
the Diseases of Children; in Dennis's System of 
Surgery ; in Park's System of Surgery ; in the 
Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences ; in 
the American 'I'extbook of Surgery; and in I!ur- 
nett's Diseases of the Nose anei Throat. In 1893 
the University of Michigan conferreel upon him the 
honorary degree of Master of .Arts. The University 
of Pennsylvania gave him the degree of Bache- 
lor of Arts in 1893 as of the class of 1868, and 
the degree of Master of .Arts in 1S94. In 1898 
Jefferson Medical College conferred upon liim the 
degree of Doctor of Laws. On June 3, 1872, he 
was married to .Alice Howard Dunnington, of Balti- 
more, Maryland, and they liave had nine children, 
five of whom survive : Ivlith Dixie, .Alice Howard 
(Mrs. Charles .A. Proctor, of ("olumliia, Missouri), 
Katharine Latimer, Henry W'alstane, and Pauline 
Guerard. 



FLEMMING CARROW was born at Chcs- 
tertown, Maryland, .August 14, 1S53, son of Joseph 
M. and Henrietta (Hepbron) Carrow, his father 
being of English and his mother of Scotch descent. 
His preparatory training was had in the West River 
Classical Institute of Maryland and in Dickinson 
Seminary. He then took up the study of medicine 
at Columbian University, Washington, where he was 
graduated Doctor of Medicine in 1874. A year 



286 



UNIf'ERSITr OF MICHIGAN 



later he went to Canton, China, under an appoint- 
ment as surgeon in charge of the Native Hospital 
in that :ity. In this position he continued for eight 
years, acting also as United States consul at Can- 
ton for the year iS8o. Upon his return to America 
in 18S4 he engaged in the practice of his profession 
at Bay City, Michigan. From there he was called 
in 18S9 to the chair of Ophthalmic and Aural Sur- 
gery and Clinical Ophthalmology at the University 
of Michigan. He continued in this position for fif- 
teen years, resigning it in 1904. He removed to 
Detroit in that year, where he has since been ac- 
tively engaged in his special line of practice. In 
1903 the Regents of the University conferred upon 
him the honorary degree of Master of Arts. He is 
a member of the .American Medical Association and 
of various state and local organizations. He is also 
a corresponding member of the Soci^t^ d'Anthro- 
pologie, of Paris, and a member of the Sociedade de 




suing preparatory studies at W'heaton, Illinois, he 
entered Oberlin College, and was graduated Bach- 
elor of .Arts in 1868, receiving the Master's degree 
in course in 1S77. In 187 1 he took the degree of 




OTIS COE JOHNSON 

Pharmaceutical Chemist at the University of Michi- 
gan. He was .Assistant in the Chemical Labora- 
tory of the University from 1873 to 1880, and from 
18S0 to 1889 he was .Assistant Professor of Applied 
Chemistry. Since 1S89 he has held a full profes- 
sorship in this subject. He is a member of the 
Michigan State Pharmaceutical Association, the 
.American Chemical Society, the .American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science, the Chemical 
Society of London, the Deutsche Chemische Gesell- 
schaft, of Berlin, and the American Electrochemical 
Society. He was married July 18, 1878, to Kath- 
erine Crane, and they have a son, Laurence Crane. 



FI.E.MMIXG CARROW 



Sciencias Medicas, of Lisbon, Portugal. He was PAUL CASPAR FREER was born in Chi- 

married October 21, 1875, to Teressa England, by cago, Illinois, March 27, 1862, son of Dr. Joseph 

whom he has one son, Herbert Porter (A.B. 1902) . Warren and Catharine (Gatter) Freer. The Freers 

were of English and Dutch extraction and originally 

settled in this country at Fort .Anne, New York. 

OTIS COE JOHNSON was born at Kish- The maternal ancestry is of a German family of 

waukee, Illinois, September 11, 1839, son of Wiirtemburg. .After taking the course of the Cen- 

William H. and Alma (Otis) Johnson. .After pui- tral High School in Chicago he entered Rush 



THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 



287 



Medical College, where he received the degree of 
Doctor of Medicine in 1882. The five years im- 
mediately following were occupied with studies 
abroad leading to the degree of Doctor of Philoso- 
phy, his work being devoted to Chemistry as a 
major subject and Physics and Mineralogy as 
minors. He received his degree at the University 
of Munich in 1887. In that year he was for a few 
months assistant at Owens College, Manchester, 
England, and upon his return to America he ac- 
cepted a similar position at Tufts College. In 
1889 he was called to the University of Michigan 
as Lecturer on General Chemistry, and after one 
year was appointed Professor of General Chemistry 
and Director of the Laboratory of General Chemis- 
try. This position he held till 1904, when he re- 
signed to become Director of the Government 
Scientific Laboratories at Manila, Philippine Is- 
lands. He is the author of " Descriptive Inorganic 
General Chemistry" (1S95) and "Elements of 




PAUL CA.^l'AK IRI.l.R 



Chemistry" (1S96). He has also made numerous 
contributions to the chemical journals. He was 
married June 30, 1891, to Agnes May Leas, of Ann 
Arbor. 



Howell. His ancestors settled in Maryland in 
early colonial times. He received a preparatory 
training in the public schools of Baltimore, entered 
Johns Hopkins LIniversity, and was graduated Piach- 




WILLIAM HENRY HOWELL was born 
in Baltimore, Maryland, February 20, i860, son of 
George Henry and Virginia Teresa (Magruderj 



WILLIAM HENRY HOWELL 

elor of Arts in 18S1. He was Fellow in Biology at 
the same University from 1882 to 1884, and in the 
latter year received the degree of Doctor of Phil- 
osophy. From 1884 to 18S9 lie was successively 
.Assistant, .Associate, and Associate Professor of 
Physiology at Johns Hopkins. In 1889 he was 
called to the University of Michigan as Lecturer 
on Physiology and Histology, and from 1890 to 
1892 he was Professor of Physiology and Histology. 
He resigned this position to become .Associate Pro- 
fessor of Physiology at Harvard University, and the 
following year (1S93) he was made Professor of 
Physiology at Johns Hopkins University, where he 
still is. Since 1899 he has also been Dean of the 
Medical Department of that university. In 1890 
the University of Michigan conferred on him the 
honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine, and in 
1 90 1 Trinity College, Hartford, made him Doc- 
tor of Laws. He is a member of the American 
Physiological Society, of which he was president 
in 1904. He is also a member of the National 
Academy of Sciences, the American Society of 
Naturalists, the .American Philosophical Society, the 



UNIVERSIIT OF MICHIGAN 



Massachusetts Medical Society, and the Medical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland ; and Fellow of 
the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science. He was married June 15, 1S87, to Anne 
Janet Tucker, and they have three children : Janet 
Tucker, Roger, and Charlotte Teresa. 



JAMES NELSON MARTIN was born at 
Warren, Rliode Island, June 29, 1852, son of James 
•Blake and Sarah Ann (Mowry) Martin. His early 

education was obtained in the district schools of 




fessor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and 
Children. In 189 1 he became Professor of Obstet- 
rics and Diseases of Women, which position he held 
till 1899, when he was transferred to the newly es- 
tablished Bates Professorship of Diseases of Women 
and Children. At tlie end of two years impaired 
health compelled his resignation and he has since 
resided in California. He is a member of the .Amer- 
ican Academy of Medicine, of the American Med- 
ical Association, of the Michigan State Medical 
Society, of the Washtenaw County Medical .Society, 
and of the Ann Arbor Medical Club. On Decem- 
bi-r 25, 1884, he was married to .'Mice iJordman 
Ciarside, of Zanesville, Ohio. 



JOHN JACOB ABEL was born in Cleve- 
land, Ohio, May 19, 1857, son of George Michael 
and Mary (Becker) Abel. Both parents were of 
(jerman descent. His early training was received 
\n tiie country schools in the neighborhood of Cleve- 
land. He was graduated from the East High School 
of Cleveland in 1S76, and entered tlie University of 
Michigan the same year ; but at the end of tliree 



JA.MKS .NELSON MARTIN 

Branch County, Michigan. He was graduated from 
the High School at Quincy in 1875, and entered 
Hillsdale College, where he received the degree of 
Bachelor of Philosophy in 18S0. Three years later 
he received the degree of Master of Philosophy in 
course. The same year (1883) he completed his 
studies for the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the 
University of Michigan. He was at once appointed 
assistant to the Professor of Surgery, and for the 
next sixteen years was connected with the Depart- 
ment of Medicine and Surgery. From 1885 to 1888 

he was Lecturer on Oral Pathology and Assistant to years he accepted the principalship of the Laporte 
the Professor of Obstetrics. For the next three (Indiana) High School, where he remained three 
years he continued to lecture on Oral Pathology years, the last two as superintendent of schools. He 
and Surgery, and at the same time was Acting Pro- then returned to the University to complete his 




JOHN JACOn ABEI, 



THE uNiJ'ERsrrr senate 



289 



course and was graduated Bachelor of Philosophy 
in 1883. After pursuing post-graduate study at the 
universities of Johns Hopkins and Pennsylvania, he 
went to Europe, where he spent two years at the 
University of Leipzig, a year and a half at Strass- 
burg, a year each at Berne and Vienna, with shorter 
periods at Bedin, Heidelberg, and Wiirzburg. In 
July, 1SS8, he took the degree of Doctor of Medi- 
cine at Strassburg. From January to June, 1 891, he 
was Lecturer on ALateria Medica and Therapeutics at 
the University of Michigan, and from 1891 to 1S93 
he held the full professorship in these subjects. He 
resigned this position in 1893 to become Professor 
of Pharmacology and Professor in charge of Physio- 
logical Chemistry in Juhns Hopkins University, 
which position he still holds. He is a member of 
the American Physiological Society, the Association 
of American Physicians, the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of ALaryland, the American Chemical Soci- 
ety, the American Therapeutic Society, the Society 
for Experimental Biology and Medicine, and the 
Washington Academy of Sciences. He was married 
July 10, 1883, to Mary Hinman, and they have two 
children, George Hinman and Robert. 



tistry. He has for many years served as secretary 
of the dental Faculty. In addition to his other 
duties he has performed a large amount of writing 
for dental societies and professional periodicals ; he 
is also editor of "The Dental Register," which has 
been published in Cincinnati for fifty-five years, and 
which is now the oldest dental periodical in exist- 
ence. He has membership in the following societies : 
the Ohio State Dental Society, the Cincinnati Odon- 
tological Society, the National Dental Society, the 
Northern Ohio Dental Society, the American Society 
of Orthodontists, the Michitrm State \1p^^\^] A'i^o- 



NELVILLE SOULE HOFF was born at 
Elizabeth, West Virginia, July 20, 1854, son of Dr. 
Josiah W. and Sarah A. (Hopkins) Hoff. His father, a 
practising physician for more than fifty years, was the 
son of a Baptist minister of Philippi, ^V'est Virginia, 
and grandson of the progenitor of the American line, 
who came from Germany and settled in Trenton, 
New Jersey. On the maternal side the descent is 
from the family of Sir Francis Drake. His mother, 
Sarah .\. Hopkins, was born near Parkersburg, West 
Virginia. He was educated in the public schools of 
Ohio, including the High School of Pomeroy, where 
he was graduated in 1S73. He began the study 
of dentistry at the age of nineteen under the in- 
struction of Dr. J. R. SafTbrd, of Gallipolis ; fifteen 
months later he entered the Ohio College of Dental 
Surgery, where he was graduated Doctor of Dental 
Surgery in March, 1876. He established an office 
for the practice of his profession in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
and continued there until January, 1888, when he 
removed to Ann .\rbor, Michigan, to accept an ap- 
pointment in the University as Assistant Professor 
of Practical Dentistry. From this position he was 
advanced to the chair of Dental Materia Medica 
and Dental Mechanism in 1891. In June, 1903, his 
title was changed to Professor of Prosthetic Den- 
19 




MIA II. I I, MiriK H(_IFF 

ciation (of which he was president for two years), 
the Detroit Dental Society, the Washtenaw County 
Dental Society, and the Mississippi Valley Dental 
Society. He was married October 24, 1884, to 
Addie L. Chickering, of West Boylston, Massachu- 
setts. 

GEORGE DOCK was bora at Hopewell, 
Pennsylvania, April i, 1S60, son of Gilliard and 
Lavinia Lloyd (Bombaugh) Dock. He is descended 
from German ancestry. He was graduated from 
the Medical Department of the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1884, with an appointment for one year 
as Interne in St. Mary's Hospital, Philadelphia. 
From 1885 to 1887 he pursued professional studies 



290 



UNI VERS rrr of Michigan 



in Europe, and upon his return became an assistant 
in the Laboratory of CHnical Medicine at the Hos- 
pital of the University of Pennsyh'ania, under Pro- 
fessors Wilham Osier and John M. Musser, holding 
at the same time the position of physician to the 
medical dispensaries of that institution and of St. 
Agnes' Hospital. From 1888 to 1891 he was Pro- 
fessor of Pathology and Clinical Medicine in the 
Galveston Medical School. Since 1891 he has been, 
under slightly varying titles, Professor of the Theory 
and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine, 
and of Pathology, in the Department of Medicine 




CEORGE DOCK 

and Surgery of the University of Michigan. He 
was chiefly instrumental in organizing laboratory 
methods of teaching clinical branches here, be- 
ginning with an optional course in auscultation 
and percussion which was attended by the whole 
class, in 1891-1892. The success of this led to the 
organization of similar courses in other branches. 
From the beginning of his work here he rejected 
the duplication of lectures, a relic of the old days of 
medical teaching, according to which classes heard 
the same lectures two successive years. In 1894 
his efforts brought about the abandonment of dupli- 
cation in all branches, with obvious benefit to the 
students. In 1898, after many efforts to get a place 
and time, he began a diagnostic clinic in internal 



medicine, for the elementary study of disease phe- 
nomena. So far as space permitted, ward teach- 
ing has been conducted with distinct advantage ; 
and from the beginning he has had students working 
in the clinical laboratory. In 1898, as Acting As- 
sistant Surgeon in the United States Army, he was 
detailed to examine the nature of camp fevers, and 
was stationed at Chickamauga, Knoxville, and Camp 
Mead. He is the author of numerous articles on 
topics related to Pathology and Clinical Medicine. 
He is a member of the Association of American 
Physicians, tlie American Medical Association, the 
Philadelphia Pathological Society, the American 
Academy of Medicine, the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science, the Michigan State 
Medical Society, and various other medical organiza- 
tions. In 1897 he was a delegate to the Congress 
fiir Innere Medicin at Berlin ; and, as vice-president 
of the Section of Internal Medicine, to the Inter- 
national Medical Congress at Moscow. In 1901 he 
was one of the vice-presidents of the British Con- 
gress on Tuberculosis. In the American Medical 
Association he has held the offices of secretary 
(1891) and chairman (1900) of the Section on 
Medicine. In 1904 lie delivered the oration in 
medicine. Harvard University conferred upon him 
the honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1895, and 
in 1904 he received the honorary degree of Doctor 
of Science from the University of Pennsylvania. 
He was married July 5, 1892,10 Laura McLemore, 
of Galveston, and they have two sons, George and 
William. 



NATHAN DAVIS ABBOTT was born at 
Norridgewock, Maine, July 11, 1854, son of Abdiel 
and Sarah Smith (Davis) Abbott, and the sixth in 
line from George Abbott of .Andover, Massachusetts, 
who came from England about 1630. His early 
training was in the public schools. After three 
years in Phillips Academy at Andover he entered 
Yale College in 1873, and was graduated Bachelor 
of Arts in 1877. He studied law in the ofifice of 
his fother in Boston and at the Boston University 
Law School. He was admitted to the Bar in 1880 
and practised his profession in Boston for about ten 
years. In 1891 he accepted a call to the Tappan 
Professorship of Law at the University of Michigan, 
but held the position only one year, resigning it to 
accept a professorship of law in Northwestern Uni- 
versity. In 1894 he was called to Leland Stanford 



THE UNIVERSirr SEN.l'I'E 



291 



Junior University as Professor of Law, where he still majority, and served the full term of eight years 
is. In 1S93 Boston University conferred upon him from January i following. In 1887 the Regents of 
the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He was married the University conferred upon him the degree of 

Doctor of Laws. From 1891 to 1896 he was pro- 
fessor of Law in the University of Michigan. He 
was married October i, 1856, to Ellen More. 
Three children survive: Kate (Mrs. M. \V. Butts), 




NATHAN DAVIS ABBOTT 



in 1S84 to Frances Field, and they have two chil- 
dren, Dorothy and Phyllis. 




JOHN WAYNE CHAMPLIN 



JOHN WAYNE CHAMPLIN was born 
at Kingston, New York, February 17, 1S31, son of 
Jeffrey Clark and Ellis Champlin. The ancestor of 
the Champlins came from England and settled in 
Rhode Island in 163S. His education was begun 
in the village school and was completed at the acad- 
emies of Stamford, Rhinebeck, and Harpersfield, 
New York. On leaving the last institution he took 
a course of Civil Engineering at the Delaware Liter- 
ary Institute, New York, and afterwards followed 
that line of work for three years, kx the age of 
twenty-three he came to Grand Rapids, Michigan, 
took up the study of the law, and was in due course 
admitted to the Bar. In 1856 he was chosen to 
prepare a revision of the charter of the city of 
Grand Rapids. At various times he filled the ofifices 
of City Recorder and City Attorney, and in 1S67 
he was elected Mayor. In the spring of 1883 he 
received the Democratic nomination for Judge of 
the Supreme Court, was elected by a substantial 



Frederick More, and Estelle. He died at Grand 
Rapids, July 24, 1901. 



EDWIN FORREST CONELY was born 
in New York City, September 7, 1S47, son of 
William S. and Eliza (O'Connor) Conely. In 1853 
his parents removed to Brighton, Michigan, where 
his early education was received, partly in the pub- 
lic schools and partly under private tuition. After 
pursuing the study of law in the offices of various 
law firms as well as at the LTniversity of Michigan, 
he was admitted to the Bar in 1870, and entered 
upon the practice of his profession in Detroit. In 
1872 he entered into partnership with William C. 
Maybury (A.B. 1870, LL.B. 1871), of Detroit, with 
whom he continued to be associated till 1882, 
when, at the request of a number of leading citi- 
zens, he took charge of the Police Department of 
Detroit. Three years later he resumed his legal 



292 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



practice, which was continued without interruption 
up to the time of his death. From 1891 to 1893 
he was professor of Law at the University of Mich- 
igan, resigning at the end of that time to meet the 
demands of a rapidly growing practice. He was a 
Representative from Detroit in the State Legislature 
of 1877, and received the Democratic nomination 
for Speaker of the House. He was a delegate to 
the National Democratic Conventions of 1880 and 
1892 ; and was a member of the Board of Water 
Commissioners of Detroit in 1885. During the 
years 1893, 1894, and 1895 he was a member of 
the Commission to revise the municipal charters of 
the State; and from 1890 to 1896 served on the 
Board of the Library Commissioners of Detroit. 
He was a member of the American Historical Asso- 
ciation, the Michigan Political Science Association, 
and the American and Michigan Bar associations. 
He held office in the State military organization for 
thirteen years, and also held various other local 
positions of trust. He was twice married : on 
December 9, 1873, to Achsah Butterfield, of Green 
Oak, Michigan, who died January 22, 1878; and 
on May 9, 1SS2, to Fanny Butterfield, of Goshen, 
Indiana, who survives him. He died in Detroit, 
April 20, 1902. 



ANDREW CUNNINGHAM MCLAUGH- 
LIN was born at Beardstown, Illinois, February 14, 
]86i, son of David and Isabella (Campbell) Mc- 
Laughlin. He was prepared for college in the High 
School at Muskegon, Michigan. He entered the 
L'niversity of Michigan in 1878, and was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts in 1882 and Bachelor of Laws in 
18S5. In 1895 he also received the honorary 
degree of Master of Arts. He was appointed In- 
structor in Latin in the University in 1886, and the 
following year became Instructor in History. In 
1888 he was made Assistant Professor of History, and 
in 1 891 Professor of American History. In 1903 
he obtained leave of absence to become Director of 
Historical Research in the Carnegie Institution at 
Washington, and after two years resumed his work 
at the University. At the close of the year 1905- 
1906 he resigned his chair to become Professor of 
American History in the LTniversity of Chicago. 
He is the author of " Higher Education in Michi- 
gan " (1891); "Lewis Cass," in the .\merican 
Statesman Series (1891); "A History of the 
American Nation" (1899); "Report on Diplo- 
matic Archives in the Department of State, r 789- 



1S40" (1904) ; and the "Confederation rnd the 
Constitution" (1905). He also edited the tliird 
edition of " Cooley's Principles of Constitutional 
Law." He has been on the board of editors of 
"The American Historical Review" since 1898, 
and for some years was managing editor. He is 
a member of the .Aimerican Historical Association, 
and a corresponding member of the Massachusetts 
Historical Society and of the Wisconsin Historical 
Society. On June 17, 1890, he was mnrrieil to Inis 




\.\l.\"(.aiA-M .M.-LA1. '.lll.l.N 



Thompson .\ngell, daughter of President Angell, 
and they have six children : James Angell, Rowland 
Hazard, David Blair, Constance Winsor, Esther 
Lois, and Isabel ("anipbell. 



JOSEPH BAKER DAVIS was born at 
Westport, Bristol County, Massachusetts, July 31, 
1845, son of Ebenezer Hathaway and Mehitabel 
(Clifford) Davis. He attended various public 
schools of Massachusetts, including the Grammar 
and High schools of New Bedford. In 1864 he 
entered the University of Michigan and was grad- 
uated Civil Engineer in 1868. His first practical 
work in his profession was in connection with the 
United States Lake Survey in 1867, when a survey 
was made of the Lake Superior shore line and of the 



THE UNIFERSITT SENJTE 



293 



portage entry base line, and for four years after 
graduation he continued in engineering work in the 
following relations: With the City Engineer of De- 
troit and with the Paving Contractor of that city in 
1S68; with the Missouri River, Fort Scott, and 
Gulf Railroad in 1868-1S69 ; with the Owosso and 
Big Rapids Railroad as Location Engineer in 1S69 ; 
with the Ann Arbor Railroad as Location Engineer 
in 1870; with the Jackson, Lansing, and Saginaw 
Railroad as Assistant Engineer, engaged chiefly on 
surveys and location, in 1870-1S71. In 1872 he 
was appointed Assistant Professor of Civil l-jigineer- 
ing in the University of Michigan and held that 
position continuously till 1891, when he became 
Professor of Geodesy and Surveying. Shortly after 
the death of Professor Greene in October, 1903, lie 
was appointed Associate Dean of the Department of 
Engineering. He was Chief Engineer of the St. 
Clair Flats Survey for the State of Michigan from 
1899 to 1902. He is a member of the Michigan 
Engineering Society, and has been its president sev- 
eral times. He is also a member of the American 



ASAPH HALL was born at Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts, ( )itobcr 6, 1859, son of Asaph and Angeline 
(Stickney) Hall. He is of New England stock on 
the father's side ; his mother's ancestors were partly 




JoSEl'H BAKER DAMS 

Society of Civil Engineers. He was married July 
10, 1872, to Mary Hubbard Baldwin, of Ann Arbor, 
and they have a son, Charles Baker (B.S. [C.E.] 
1901). 




ASAPH HALL 

from Connecticut and partly from New York. He 
was prepared for college in a private school and en- 
tered Columbian University at Washington in 1876 
where he remained two years. He then changed to 
Harvard LTniversity and was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts in 1882. From 1SS2 to 1SS5 he was assistant 
at the Naval Observatory in Washington. From 
1885 to 1889 he taught at Yale Observatory, at the 
same time doing advanced work leading to the de- 
gree of Doctor of Philosophy, whirii he received 
from Yale in 18S9. From 1889 to 1892 he was 
Assistant Astronomer at the Naval Observatory. 
From 1892 to 1905 he was Professor of Astronomy 
and Director of the Observatory at the University of 
Michigan. Since 1905 he has again been connected 
with the Naval Observatory at Washington. He is 
a member of the German- Astronomical Society, the 
Washington Academy of Sciences, the Philosophi- 
cal Society of Washington, and the American Asso- 
ciation for the Advancement of Science. He was 
married July 14, 1897, to- Mary Estelle Cockrell, 
of Kay, Illinois, and they have two children, Kath- 
erine Cockrell and Marv. 



294 



UNIFERSriT OF MICHIGAN 



ISRAEL COOK RUSSELL was born near 
Garratsville, New York, December lo, 1S52, son 
of Barnabas and Louisa Sherman (Cook) Russell. 
His ancestors were early settlers in New England. 
He was fitted for college at the Rural High School, 
Clinton, New York, and at Hasbrooks Institute, Jer- 
sey City. He entered the University of the City of 
New York (now New York University) in 1869, and 
was graduated Bachelor of Science and Civil Engi- 
neer in 1872. After pursuing graduate studies at 
the Columbia School of Mines, he received the de- 
gree of Master of Science from his Alma Mater in 




ISRAEL COOK RUSSELL 

1875. In 1874 he went to New Zealand as a mem- 
ber of the United States Transit of Venus Expedition, 
and in this connection made the journey around the 
world. On his return home in 1875 he was ap- 
pointed Assistant Professor of Geology in the Colum- 
bia School of Mines, under Dr. J. S. Newberry, where 
he remained two years. In 1878 he became As- 
sistant Geologist on the United States Geographical 
and Geological Survey west of the looth merid- 
ian, and devoted one season to field work in Colo- 
rado and New Mexico. In 1880 he was appointed 
Assistant Geologist on the United States Geological 
Survey, and was subsequently promoted to Geol- 
ogist. His work on the Geological Survey led to 



independent explorations and surveys of a wide ex- 
tent of country between the Rocky Mountains and 
the Sierra Nevadas, and also in the Appalachian 
Mountains. In 1889 he was dispatched by the 
Geological Survey on an expedition up the Yukon 
and Porcupine rivers, Alaska, an inland journey of 
about twenty-five hundred miles. In 1890 and 
1891 he conducted two important explorations in 
the region about Mount St. Elias, under the joint 
auspices of the United States Geological Survey and 
the National Geographic Society, during which 
special attention was given to the study of glaciers 
and to geographical explorations. In 1892 he was 
called to the chair of Geology in the University 
of Michigan, and held this position continuously 
up to the time of his death. He died, after a brief 
illness, at his home in .Ann .Arbor, May i, 1906. 
During his connection with the University he 
carried on extensive explorations in Washington 
and Idaho, the results of which were published by 
the United States Geological Survey. In 1902 he 
visited Martinique and St. Vincent for the purpose 
of studying t!ie eruption of Mt. Pelee. He was 
a Fellow of the Geological Society of America ; 
of the .American Association for the Advancement 
of Science, of which he was vice-president in 
1904 ; of the National Geographic Society and 
a member of the Board of Directors ; of the 
Michigan Academy of Science, of which he was 
president in 1902 ; of the Congres G^ologique 
International ; and of the American Alpine Club. 
He is an honorary member of the Appalachian 
Mountain Club, and a corresponding member of 
the Geographical Society of Philadelphia, and of the 
Royal Scottish Geographical Society. He served 
as chairman of the section of Geography, and 
was a speaker of the section of Physiography, in 
the Congress of .Arts and Sciences held in St. Louis in 
1904. Besides numerous articles published in scien- 
tific journals and popular magazines, he is the author 
of the following reports published by the United 
States Geological Survey : " Sketch of the Geological 
History of Lake Lahontan " (1882) ; " A Geological 
Reconnaissance in Southern Oregon" (1883) ; " Ex- 
isting Glaciers of the LInited States" (1884); 
"Geological History of Lake Lahontan" (1885); 
" Quaternary History of Mono Lake, California " 
(1887); "Subaerial Decay of Rocks" (1889); Sec- 
ond Expedition to Mount St. Elias" (1892); "The 
Newark System" (1892); "Geological Reconnais- 
sance in Southeastern Washington " (1897); "Gla- 
ciers of Mount Rainier" (1897); "A Preliminary 



THE UNIVERSITY SENJ'TE 



295 



Paper on the Geology of the Cascade Mountains in 
Northern Washington " (1900) ; "Geology and Water 
Resources of Nez Perce County, Idaho" (1901); 
"The Portland Cement Industry in Michigan" 
(1902); "Geology and Water Resources of the 
Snake River Plains of Idaho" (1902); "Notes on 
the Geology of Southwestern Idaho and Southeastern 
Oregon" (1903). He also published the following 
works : "Lakes of North America" (1S95) ; "Glaciers 
of North America " (1.S9 7) ; "Volcanoes of North 
America" (1S97); "Rivers of North America" 
(1S98); "North America" (1904). During the 
summers of 1904 and 1905 he vvas engaged in geo- 
logical work in northern Michigan, for the Michigan 
Geological Survey ; a report on the first season's 
work appeared in the Annual Report of the State 
Geologist for 1904, and a report on the second sea- 
son's work is in press. In 1905 he matle a report on 
the Water Supply of Ann Arbor, which was published 
by the city council. He received the degree of Doc- 
tor of Laws from New York University in 1897. On 
November 27, 1886, he was married to Julia Augusta 
Olmsted, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, who, together 
with their four children, — Ruth, Helen, Edith, and 
Ralph, — survives him. 



of Physiology." He also wrote, " fieneral Physi- 
ology of Muscle and Nerve," for " .An .Vmerican 
Textbook of Physiology" (1896); and the article 
on Electrotonus for " Reference Handbook of the 
Medical Sciences" (1900). He has also published 
a number of addresses. He is a member of the 




WARREN PLIMPTON LOMBARD was 

born at West Newton, Massachusetts, May 29, 1855, 
son of Israel and Mary Ann (Plimpton) Lombard. 
His ancestors on both sides were earfy settlers in 
New England. His preparatory education was ob- 
tained in the Boston anil Newton public schools. 
He entered Harvard College and received the de- 
gree of Bachelor of Arts in 1S78. Three years 
later he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
from the Harvard Medical School. He spent two 
years studying physiology under Ludwig, in Leipzig, 
Germany. On his return in 1885 he spent a year 
in research work at Harvard, and later at Johns 
Hopkins University, and then became an assistant 
in Physiology in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons in New York. In 1889 he was appointed 
Assistant Professor of Physiology in Clark Univer- 
sity, and in 1892 Professor of Physiology and His- 
tology in the University of Michigan. In 1898 his 
title vvas changed to Professor of Physiology. He 
is a frequent contributor to the scientific journals, 
including "Archiv fiir Anatomic und Physiologic," 
"The American Journal of Psychology," "The 
American Journal of the Medical .Sciences," "The 
Journal of Physiology," and " The .-American Journal 



WARRFN PI.IMITON LOMBARD 

American Physiological Society and the Michigan 
State Medical Society. On June 21, 1883, he was 
married to Caroline Cook, of Staten Island, New 
York. 



FLOYD RUSSELL MECHEM was born 
at Nunda, New York, ALiy 9, 1S5.S, son of Isaac J. 
and Celestia (Russell) Mechem. His ancestors 
were of English origin. Having had a preliminary 
education in the common schools, he took up the 
study of the law and was admitted to the Bar at Battle 
Creek, Michigan, in 1879. He removed to Detroit 
in 1 88 7 and there engaged in practice and legal 
authorship. In 1S92 he vvas appointed 'J'appan 
Professor of Law at the University of Michigan, 
where he remained till 1903, when he resigned to 
accept a professorship of law in Chicago University. 
He is the author of the following works : " .\ 
Treatise on the Law of .'\gency" (1889); "A 
Treatise on the Law of Public Offices and Officers " 
(1890) ; "Cases on the Law of Agency" (1893, 



296 



UNIIERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



second edition, 1898); " Cases on the Law of Sue- Bachelor of Philosophy in 1882. The following 
cession to Property after the Death of the Owner " year he was teaciier of Science in tiie Laporte High 
(1895) ; "Cases on the Law of Damages " (1895, School. The years from 1883 to 1885 he spent as 
third edition, 1902) ; " Elements of the Law of a private tutor at North Attleboro, Massachusetts, 

pursuing studies at the same time in the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology of Harvard University. The 
following year lie took up medical studies at .Ann 
Arbor. Li 1886 he was appointed Instructor in 
Zoology in the University of Michigan and has been 
connected with the teaching corps since that date. 
He was Acting .'Assistant Professor of Zoology for 
one year. From 18S9 to 1892 he was Assistant 
Professor of Zoology, and from 1892 to 1S95 Pro- 
fessor of .'\nimal Morphology. The year 1894-1895 
was spent in study abroad. On his return \n 1895 
he became Professor of Zoology and Director of 
the Zoological Laboratory. From 1890 to 1895 he 
was in charge of the scientific work of the Michigan 
f'ish Commission and since 189S he has been in 
charge of the Biological Survey of the Great Lakes for 
the United States Fish Commission. He is a Fellow 
of the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science ; also, a member of the American Society of 



FLOVD RUSSELL RIECHEM 

Partnership" (1896) ; "Cases on the Law of Part- 
nership" (1896, second edition, 1903) ; "Outlines 
of the Law of Agency" (1901) ; "A Treatise on 
the Law of Sale of Personal Property" (1901). 
In addition he has written extensively for the law 
journals. In 1S94 the University of Michigan con- 
ferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of 
Arts. He was married in 1884 to Jessie Collier, of 
Battle Creek, Michigan, and they have two children, 
John Collier and Philip Russell. 




JACOB ELLSWORTH REIGHARD 

was born at Laporte, Indiana, |uly 2, i.SOi, sun of 
John Davidson and Mary (Hulburt) Reighard. 
His father was a physician of Pennsylvania German 
extraction, his ancestors for several generations hav- 
ing been resident along the Susquehanna, chiefly 
farmers. His mother's family had been residents 
for some generations in Schoharie County, New 
York. The son was fitted for college in the public 
schools of Laporte. He entered the University of 
Michigan at the age of seventeen and was graduated 




JACOB ELI.SWOR'IH REIGHARD 

Naturalists ; the Americr.n Society of Zoologists, in 
which he was president of the Central Branch, and 
vice-president of the Eastern Branch, in 1903; the 
American Fisheries Society ; and the Michigan 



THE uNii'ERsrrr senate 



297 



Academy of Science, of which he was president in 
1900. In 1 90 1 he published (in conjunction witli 
Herbert S. Jennings) a work on tlie " Anatomj- of 
the Cat." He has also been a frequent contributor 
to the scientific journals. On July i. 1S87, he was 
married to Katharine Kliza Farrand, and they have 
four children : I'aul Roby, John Jacob, Katharine, 
and Farrand Kitchell. 



THOMAS CLARKSON TRUEBLOOD 

was born at Saleni, Indiana, A|iril 6, i'^S''> ^"" "f 
Jehu and Louisa (Pritchard) i'rueblood. His an- 
cestors came from Knglaiid in the early |iirt of the 




1 Hi IM \S (lAKK^ilX I kl I- la ( li >l i 

seventeenth century and settled in North Carolina. 
He received his early educati(jn at Blue River 
Academy, Salem. He entered Eariham College, 
but left in his Junior year. Some years afterwards 
(18S5) that institution conferred upon him the 
degree of .Master of Arts. He prepared for pro- 
fessional life under the guidance of James E. Mur- 
doch, of Cincinnati, Charles John Plumptre, of 
King's College, London, and other eminent elocu- 
tionists. Associated with Robert Irving Fulton he 
founded in 1879 a School of Oratory at Kansas 
City, Missouri, which flourished for some years but 
which was discontinued in 1892. From 1884 to 



1886 he was annual lecturer in Oratory in the 
Universities of Michigan and of Missouri, in Ken- 
tucky University, and in the Ohio Wesleyan Uni- 
versity. From 1886 to 1889 he taught elocution 
in the University of Michigan and the Ohio 
Wesleyan University, dividing his time equally be- 
tween the two institutions. He was then made 
Assistant Professor of Elocution and Oratory in the 
University of Michigan, and in 1892 he was advanced 
to a full professorship. He has held at different times 
the posts of Treasurer, Secretary, and President of 
the National Association of Elocutionists. In 1891 
he organized the Northern Oratorical League, com- 
posed of the Oratorical Associations of the Univer- 
sities of Michigan, Chicago, ^Visconsin, Iowa, and 
Minnesota, of Oberlin College, and of Northwestern 
LIniversity. He also formed, in 1898, the Central 
Debating League, composed of the Universities of 
Chicago, Michigan, and Minnesota, and of North- 
western Universiiy. He has been associated with 
Professor Robert Irving Fulton in the author- 
ship of the following works : " Choice Readings " 
( 18S4) " Practical Elements of Elocution " (1893), 
"Patriotic Eloquence " (1900), and "Handbook of 
Standard Selections" (1906). He was married 
September i, 1881, to Carolyn Hobbs, and they 
have two children, Hyram Clarkson and Clara 
Louise. 

JAMES ALEXANDER CRAIG was born 
at Fitzroy Harbour, Ontario, Canada, March 5, 
1855, son of James and Rachel (Cughan) Craig. 
He was prepared for college in the public schools, 
under private instruction, and at the Collegiate 
Institute in Cobourg, Ontario. He entered McGill 
University and was graduated Bachelor of .^rts in 
1880, winning honors in Logic and Philosophy. 
Three years later the degree of Master of Arts was 
conferred upon him by the same institution. He 
pursued theological studies at Yale University and 
received the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1883. 
For the next three years he studied abroad, and 
received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the 
University of Leipzig in 1886. The same year he 
was called to Lane Theological Seminary, Cincin- 
nati, at first as Instructor in Biblical Languages and 
later as .\djunct Professor, and continued there for 
five years. In 1891-1892 he was Acting Professor 
of Old Testament Languages and Theology in 
Oberlin College. He then went to Europe for 
further study in Semitics, engaging in special re- 
search in Assyriology in the British Museum, and 



298 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



ill the study of Arabic and Aramaic at thie Uni- Assyrians : tlieir liistory to the fall of IJabylon, their 
versity of Berlin. It was his custom for several life, customs and religion, excavations, and deciph- 
years to spend a portion of his summer vacations erment of inscriptions ; Syria and Palestine: ancient 
at work in the British Museum. In 1S93 he was historj', including the nations of Moab, Edom, 

Ammon, etc. ; Arabia : discoveries, history and 
religion until Mohammed, Arabic literature and 
science since Mohammed, the development of 
Islamic theology and jurisprudence ; Phcenicia : 
its history, government, colonies, trade, and relig- 
ion. Five volumes of this series have already 
appeared, and others are nearing completion. He 
is the author of the articles on " The Tribes of 
Israel," and on " The Individual Tribes," in Hast- 
ings " Dictionary of the Bible." He is a member of 
the Vorderasiatische Gesellschaft, of Berlin. He 
was married .April 19, 1S99, to Marion Matheson 
Innes, and they have two daughers, Catherine 
(libson and Shirley. 




ALEXIS CASWELL ANGELL was bom 

at Providence, Rhode Island, April 26, 1857, son of 
James Burrill and Sarah (Caswell) /Xngell. .After 



JAMES ALEXANDER CRAKJ 

appointed Professor of Oriental Languages in the 
University of Michigan, and the following year his 
title was changed to Professor of Semitic Languages 
and Literatures and Hellenistic Greek, which he still 
retains. He is the author of the following : " Inscrip- 
tions of Salmannassur II, 860-S24 B.C." (18S6) ; 
a "Hebrew Word Manual" (1890); "Assyrian 
and Babylonian Religious Texts " from the original 
tablets in the British Museum (2 volumes, 1895- 
1897) ; and "Astrological and Astronomical Texts" 
from the original tablets in the British Museum 
(1899). He has also been a frequent contributor 
to periodical literature in his special lines of study. 
He delivered the opening address before the Sem- 
itic Section of the World's Congress of Arts and 
Sciences, St. Louis, 1904, on the subject, "The 
Relations of Semitics to Religion." Under his edi- 
torship is now appearing the " Semitic Series of 
Handbooks," to be completed in thirteen volumes 
by various hands. This extensive work embraces 
five important departments, as follows : The 
Hebrews : their history and government, ethics and 
religion, and social life ; The Babylonians and 




ALEXIS C.-iSWELL ANGELL 



receiving his preparatory training in the public 
schools of Burlington, Vermont, and of Ann Arbor, 
Michigan, he entered the University of Michigan in 
1874, where he was graduated Bachelor of .Arts in 



THE UNIVERSrrr SENATE 



299 



1 8 78 and Bachelor of Laws in 18S0. He immedi- 
ately began the practice of his profession in Detroit, 
where he has continued to the present time. During 
the years 1 893-1 898 he was Professor of Law at the 
University, lecturing one half of each year. He 
edited the second edition of Cooley's Torts (1888), 
the sixth edition of his Constitutional Limitations 
(1890), and the second edition of his Principles of 
Constitutional Law (1891). He was married, June 
6, 1880, to Fanny Cary Cooley, daughter of the 
Honorable Thomas M. Cooley, of Ann Arbor. Six 
children have been born to them, of whom only 
three survive : Sarah Caswell (A.B. [Vassar] 1905), 
James Burrill, 2d, and Robert Cooley. 



ARTHUR R. CUSHNY was born near 
Fochabers, Scotland, March 6, 1S66, son of John 
and Catherine Ogilvie (Brown) Cushny. 'J"he 




AKIHI R R. CUSHNY 

Cushny family, originally of Aberdeenshire, has been 
for many years prominent in the Church of Scot- 
land, resident in Aberdeen. After early training in 
the schools of Huntly and Fochabers he entered the 
University of Aberdeen and was graduated Master 
of Arts in 1886. His medical studies were begun 
in the same institution in 1885, and in 1889 he had 
won the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and 



ALaster of Surgery, and the Thompson Travelling 
Fellowship. Under the privileges of this appoint- 
ment he spent the year 1S89-1890 in the physio- 
logical laboratory of the University of Berne, and 
pursued further studies in the pharmacological 
laboratory of the University of Strassburg until 
1892, when he received the degree of Doctor of 
Medicine from Aberdeen. From 1892 to 1S93 he 
was assistant at Strassburg, and in the latter year 
he was appointed to the chair of Materia Medica 
and Therapeutics in the Department of Medicine 
and Surgery in the University of Michigan. This 
position he filled with conspicuous success till 
March, 1905, when he resigned to accept the chair 
of Materia Medica in University College, London. 
He is a member of the Association of American 
Physicians, the American Physiological Society, and 
the American Therapeutic Society. In 1899 he 
published a " Textbook of Pharmacology and Thera- 
peutics," which passed to a fourth edition in 1906. 
He was married July 21, 1896, to Sarah Firbank, 
and they have a daughter, Helen Ogilvie. 



MAURICE PATTERSON HUNT was 

born in 1 Jclaw.ire Count)-, Ohio, February 28, 1S53, 




MAURICE PATtERajN HUN'i 



son of John Bingham and Angeline (Patterson) 
Hunt. He is of New England ancestry. His eaily 



UNIVERSriT OF MICHIGAN 



education was had in the country schools. He was 
graduated from the Homceopathic Hospital College 
at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1879, and the same year 
entered upon the practice of his profession at Sel- 
ma, Ohio. Four years later he removed to Delaware, 
Ohio. In 1892-1S93 he held the chair of Gynaecol- 
ogy in the Cleveland Medical College. In the fall 
of 1893 he removed to Ann Arbor, Michigan, hav- 
ing been appointed Professor of Gynaecology and 
Obstetrics in the Homceopathic Medical College. 
He remained in this position until 1895, when he 
resigned it to resume his practice in Ohio. He is at 
present surgeon to the Sixth .-Avenue Private Hospi- 
tal in Columbus. He has served as president of 
the Homoeopathic Medical Society of Ohio, and is a 
member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, 
the Michigan State Homoeopathic Medical .Society, 
the Miami Valley Homceopathic Medical Society, 
and the Northwestern Ohio Homceopathic Medical 
Society. He was married at Selma, Ohio, .'\pril 13, 
1 88 1, to Luella Kitclien. 



EUGENE RANSOM EGGLESTON was 

born at Aurora, Ohio, July 28, 1838, son of Myron 
and Sally (Little) Eggleston. He is of New England 
ancestry. After a preliminary education in the com- 
mon schools he engaged in mercantile business. At 
the breaking out of the Civil War he entered the Army 
as first sergeant, and went through the regular pro- 
motions, being finally breveted Captain in the Forty- 
first Regiment of the Ohio Volunteer Infantry. In 
returning to civil life he resumed his business career, 
but finally took up the study of medicine, and was 
graduated from the Homoeopathic Hospital College 
of Cleveland in 1875. He continued in active prac- 
tice till 1893, when he was called to Ann Arbor as 
Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in 
the Homoeopathic Medical College. At the end of 
two years he resigned this position and returned to 
the practice of his profession in Ohio. He is a 
member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, 
the Ohio State Medical Society, the American Public 
Health Association, and the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science. He was married 
in 1863 to Anna M. Davis, by whom he had one son, 
Halbert M. In 1876 he was married to Abbie Darby, 
by whom he had two children, Florence J. and 
Edward B. In 1889 he was married to Olive Kelly, 
and there are three children from this union : Mar- 
garet, Roger S., and Katherine. His present address 
is Chardon, Ohio. 



JOHN CAREW ROLFE was born at Law- 
rence, Massachusetts, October 15, 1859, son of 
William James and Eliza (Carew) Rolfe. He was 
fitted for college at the Cambridge High School, 
and was graduated Bachelor of Arts from Harvard in 
1 88 1. He afterwards pursued graduate studies at 
Cornell University, from which he received the degree 
of Master of Arts in 1884, and the degree of Doctor 
of Philosophy in 1885. From 18S5 to 1888 he 
taught in the Hughes High School at Cincinnati. The 
year i888-r889 was spent in the American School 
at Athens, Greece. He was instructor in Latin nt 




JnHN t ARI W Rdl.FK 

Harvard Lhiiversity, i889-i89o,and thefollowing year 
was made Assistant Professor of Latm at the Univer- 
sity of Michigan. During Professor Kelsey's absence, 
1892-1893, he was Acting Professor of the Latin 
Language and Literature. The following year he 
was made Junior Professor of Latin, and in 1894 
Professor of Latin. He resigned this position in 
1902 to accept a professorship of the Latin Language 
and Literature in the University of Pennsylvania, 
which position he still holils. He is a member of 
the Shakespeare Society of Philadelphia, and of 
the Oriental and Classical Clubs of Philadelphia. 
He was married August 29, 1900, to Alice 
Griswold Bailey, and they have a daughter, Esther 
Carew. 



THE UNIJ'ERSITr SENATE 



301 



JAMES PLAYFAIR McMURRICH was 

born at Toronto, Canada, October 16, 1859, son of 
Hon. John and Janet (Dickson) McMurricli. His 
ancestors were Scotch. He was fitted for the uni- 




ja:\iks plam-'aik -\h .mirrich 

versity at ITpper Canada College, Toronto, and 
completed his work for the degree of Bachelor of 
Arts at the University of Toronto in 1879, fiiini 
which university he also received the degree (if 
Master of Arts in 1881. For the next three years 
he was Professor of Biology in tlie Ontario Agricul- 
tural College. In 1884 he became an instruct; r in 
Johns Hopkins University at Bdtimore, where he 
also completed studies for the degree of Doctor of 
Philosophy in 1886. For the following three years 
he was Professor of Biology in Haverford College. 
In 1889 he was called to Clark University as Assist- 
ant Professor of .-Vnimal Morphology. In 1S92 he 
became Professor of Biology in the University of 
Cincinnati, and in 1894 Professor of Anatomy at 
the University of Michigan. In 189S he also became 
director of the Anatomical Laboratory. From 1S90 
to 1893 he was secretary of the American Morpho- 
logical Society, and has been a member of the execu- 
tive cornniittee and president of the Central Branch 
of the American Society of Naturalists. He is a 
member of the executive committee of the Association 
of American Anatomists, and was a trustee of the 



Marine Biological Laboratory from 1S92 to 1901. 
He is also a member of the ailvisory hoard of the 
Wistar Institute of Anatumy, and a member of the 
editorial board of the " American Journal of Anat- 
omy." Besides numerous articles contributed to the 
scientific journals he is the author of the following 
works : '• A Textbook of Invertebrate Morphology " 
(1894, 2d edition 1897) and "The Development 
of the Human lioiiy, a Manual of Human Embry- 
ology " (1902,2(1 edition 1904). He is editor of 
the American edition of Sobotta's "Textbook and 
Atlas of Human Anatomy" (1906), and American 
editor of the fourth edition of Morris's "Human 
Anatomy" (1906). In 1S.S2 he was marrieil to 
Katie Moodie, daughter of J. J. \ickers, Ls(]., of 
Toronto, and they have tu'o children, Kathleen 
Isabel and [ames Ronald. 



THOMAS ASHFORD BOGLE was born 
in Ciuernsey County, ( )hio, May 14, 1852, son 
of Samuel and Margaret Catherine (Cist) Bogle. 
His ancestors were Scotch-Irish. His early educa- 




THOMAS ASHFORD BflGLE 

tion was obtained in the common schools. He 
afterwards took a course of normal training in Kan- 
sas, and taught for some years. He was for six 
years principal of the city schools of Marion, Kan- 



•:;o2 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



sas. He was admitted to the Bar in 1879, and at 
once opened an office and engaged in practice. 
From 1 88 1 to 1883 he was county superintendent 
of schools for Marion County, Kansas, and from 
1883 to 1887 he was county attorney. He entered 
the Law Department of the University of Michigan 
in 1887, and was graduated Bachelor of Laws the 
following year. After his graduation he entered 
upon the practice of the law in Ann Arbor, and was 
appointed city attorney in 1894. This office he 
resigned the same year, after his appointment as 
Professor of Law in charge of the Practice Court in 
the University. In 1878 he was married to Alice 
Burgard, and they have six children : Winifred 
(A.B. 1900, A.M. 1901), Katherine (A.B. 1903), 
Eva, Lois, Thomas Ashford, Jr., and Henry C. 



WILBERT B. HINSDALE was born at 
Wadsworth, Medina County, Ohio, May 25, 185 1, 
son of Albert and Clarinda (Eyles) Hinsdale. His 
parents were of Connecticut origin. He was gradu- 




WILHF.RT K. HINSDALE 

ated Bachelor of Science at Hiram College in 1875, 
and spent several years in teaching in the public 
schools of Ohio. Later he studied medicine at 
Cleveland, being registered in the offices of Drs. 
Boynton and Schneider, at that time two of the best 



known Homoeopathic physicians in the State of Ohio. 
He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 
1887 at the Homceopathic Hospital College of 
Cleveland, now the Cleveland Homoeopathic Medical 
College. In 1890 he became Professor of Materia 
Medica in that institution, to which subject was 
added that of Theory and Practice of Medicine in 
1S93. In 1895 he was called to the University of 
Michigan as Dean of the Homoeopathic Medical 
College, Professor of the Theory and Practice of 
Medicine and Clinical Medicine, and Director of 
the Homoeopathic Hospital. He is a member 
of various national, state, and district Homceo- 
pathic societies. He is also a member of the 
American Association for the Advancement of 
Science, the American Anthropological Society, the 
Historical and Archaeological Society of Ohio, the 
Wisconsin Historical Society, the Michigan Acad- 
emy of Science, the Michigan Ornithological So- 
ciety, and the Wisconsin Ornithological Society. 
He is also a trustee of Hiram College, from which 
he received the honorary degree of Master of Arts 
in 1900. He is a frequent contributor to the pro- 
fessional journals. He was married in 1S75 to 
Estella Stone, and they have a son, Albert liuclid 
(M. D. 1906). 

OSCAR LeSEURE, a graduate of the De- 
partment of Medicine and Surgery of the Univer- 
sity of Michigan in 1873 ^•'"^1 o^ Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College in 1874, and a practitioner of De- 
troit, Michigan, was appointed Professor of Surgery 
and Clinical Surgery in the Homoeopathic Medical 
College of the L'niversity in 1895 and continued in 
that office till 1 900. He then resigned the chair to 
devote himself wholly to his practice. He is a 
member of the Michigan State Homoeopathic So- 
ciety and the ."American Institute of Homoeopathy, 
and attending surgeon and gynaecologist to Grace 
Hospital, Detroit. 



ROYAL SAMUEL COPELAND was born 

at Dexter, Michigan, November 7, 1S68, son of 
Roscoe Pulaski and Frances Jane (Holmes) Cope- 
land. His father was born in Maine, and his grand- 
father and great-grandfather, the latter an army 
officer during the Revolution, were natives of Ver- 
mont, .^fter early training in the public schools of 
his birthplace he entered the Michigan State Nor- 
mal School, where he was a student until 1886. 
He was graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical 



THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 



303 



College of the University of Michigan in 1889, and 
later pursued post-graduate studies in New York 
City and in England, France, Switzerland, and 
Germany. His professional career began with an 
appointment, immediately after graduation, as 
house surgeon in the Homceopathic Hospital of 
the University. Five years were spent in Bay City, 
Michigan, in the practice of his specialty, — diseases 
of the eye, ear, nose, and throat. Since 1895 he 
has been Professor of Ophthalmology, Otology, and 
Paedology in the Homceopathic Medical College of 
the University, to which chair he had previously 




ROYAL SAMUEL COI'ELAND 

been for one year an assistant. For some years he 
has been secretary of the Homoeopathic Faculty 
and dean of the Training School for Nurses. In 
connection with various professional organizations 
he has held offices as follows : he was president of 
the Saginaw Valley Homoeopathic Medical Society 
in 1893-1894; secretary of the Michigan State 
Homceopathic Medical Society from 1893 to 1898, 
and president of the same society in 1900— r 901 ; 
delegate to the World's Homceopathic Congress in 
London, England, in 1896; chairman of the Eye 
and Ear Section of the American Institute of 
Homoeopathy in 1900, and president of the Ameri- 
can Homceopathic Ophthalmological, Otological, 
and Laryngological Society in 1905. In religious 



work he has also taken an active interest, having 
been from 189S to 1900 president of the Michigan 
State Epworth League; in 1896 and again in 1900, 
a member of the General Conference of the Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church ; and a member of the CEcu- 
menical Methodist Conference in 1901. From 
1 90 1 to 1903 he was Mayor of Ann Arbor; and 
is at present a member of the Board of Education. 
In 1898 Lawrence University conferred upon him 
the honorary degree of Master of Arts. He is the 
author of a textbook on " Refraction." He was 
married December 31, 1891, to Mary DePriest 
Ryan, daughter of the Reverend E. W. Ryan. 



MYRON HOLLY PARMELEE, a gradu- 
ate of the Hahnemann Medical College and Hos- 
pital, of Chicago, in 1870, and a practitioner of 
Toledo, Ohio, was appointed Acting Professor of 
Gynsecology and Obstetrics in the Homoeopathic 
Medical College of the University in 1895, and 
served for two years. He then resigned the office 
to devote his entire time to his practice in Toledo. 
He was a student in the Department of Literature 
Science, and the Arts in 186 7- 1868. 



ROBERT MARK WENLEY was born in 
Edinburgh, Scotland, July 19, 1861, son of James 
Adams and Jemima Isabella (Veitch) Wenley. His 
father, sometime a treasurer of the Bank of England 
and president of the Institute of Bankers in Scotland, 
was of East Anglian, originally Norman- French, 
descent. His mother was of Lowland or Border 
Scottish ancestry. He is closely related to the 
families of Romanes and Sibbald. His early edu- 
cation was obtained in a preparatory school at 
Edinburgh, and later at the Park School and High 
School at Glasgow. He took the degree of Master 
of Arts at Glasgow in 1884, having been three times 
gold medalist, and also university medalist in Phil- 
osophy. From 1884 to 1888 he was a Fellow at 
Glasgow. He pursued post-graduate studies at 
Edinburgh and received the degree of Doctor of 
Science there in 1S91. In 1895 he received the 
degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University 
of Glasgow, and in 1901 the degree of Doctor of 
Laws. From 1885 to 1893 he was Assistant Profes- 
sor of Logic at Glasgow; and from 1886 to 1895 
was Lecturer on Logic and Moral Philosophy in 
Queen Margaret College, Glasgow. He was Lee- 



304 



UNJFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



turer on Metaphysics at Glasgow from 1892 to 1895, 
and Degree Examiner on Mental Philosophy from 
18SS to 1891. Since 1896 he has been Professor 
of Philosophy in the University of Michigan. In 



Gibson, Esq.. and they have five children : Margaret, 
James Mark, Catherine Dickson, Jemima Veitch, and 
.Archibald Gibson. 




KIIHERT MARK WKXLICV 

1899 and again in 1901 he gave courses of lec- 
tures in the Hartford Theological Seminary. He is 
a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and of 
the Royal Society of Literature. He is a mem- 
ber of the .Aristotelian Society, ami the .American 
Psychological Association ; also of the Section for 
History of Religions in the American Oriental So- 
ciety. From 1892 to 1895 he was on the council 
of the Goethe Society of London. From 1891 to 
1896 he was secretary of Glasgow University F^xten- 
sion Board, and Dean of the .Arts Department of 
Queen Margaret College. Besides numerous maga- 
zine articles and reviews, he has published the fol- 
lowing : ''Socrates and Christ" (1889); ".Aspects 
of Pessimism " (1894); " Contemporary Theology 
and Theism" (1897) ; ".An Outline Introductory to 
Kant's Critique of Pure Reason" (1897); "The 
Preparation for Christianity in the Ancient World " 
(1898). In 1895 he edited with memoir Veitch's 
" Monism and Dualism." He was also an associate 
editor of Baldwin's "' Dictionary of Philosophy and 
Psychology." On April 25, 1889, he was married 
to Catherine Dickson Gibson, daughter of .Archibald 



ELIZA MARIA MOSHER was born in 
Cayuga County, New York, October 2, 1846, daugh- 
ter of .Augustus and Maria (.Sutton) Mosher. Her 
grandparents were among the early settlers in 
Cayuga and ^Ladison counties. New York, and 
were devout members of the Society of Friends. 
Her early education was obtained at the Friends 
.Academy at Union Springs, New York, and under 
l^rivate tutors. She entered the Department of 
Medicine and Surgery at the University of Michigan 
in 1M71, and received the degree of Doctor of 
Medicine in 1S75. She at once took up the prac- 
tice of medicine in Poughkeepsie, New York. Early 
in her medical career she was called by the Gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts to organize the hospital of 
the Reformatory Prison for Women at Sherborn. 
Later, she studied in London and Paris; and on her 
return im|)ortant changes being demanded in the 




EUZA M.-iRIA MOSHER 



administrative work of the Reformatory Prison, Gov- 
ernor Long persuaded her to undertake this task. 
She remained there in the capacity of superintend- 
ent two and one-half years, after which she was 



THE uNii'ERsrrr senate 



305 



settled in Brooklyn, New York, in association with 
Dr. Lucy M. Hall, also a graduate of the University 
of Michigan. Together Dr. Mosher and Dr. Hall 
held the chair of Physiology and the position of 
Resident I'hysician at Vassar College, doing the 
work there in alternate semesters, during the first 
three years of their professional life in Brooklyn. 
For twelve years Dr. Mosher conducted an e.xten- 
sive practice in that city. In 1896 she was called 
to the University of Michigan as Professor of Hygiene 
and Women's Dean. This position she resigned in 
the summer of 1902 to resimie her practice in Brook- 
lyn. She is a member of the Medical Society of the 
County of Kings, New York ; the American Public 
Health .Association ; the .American Association for 
the Advancement of Physical Education ; and 
various other societies and clubs. 



Germanic Philology." He died in Boston, .August 
16, 1899, as the result of a bicycle accident in the 
White Mountains while upon his summer vacation. 



GEORGE ALLISON HENCH was horn 
at Centre, Pennsylvania, Octob<.r 4, r866, son of 
George and Rebecca (.Allison) Hench. On his 
father's side he was descended from Johannes 
Hench, who came to this country late in the seven- 
teenth century and settled in Pennsylvania. His 
mother's family were from the north of Ireland, 
and were of Scotch-Irish origin. In iSSi he en- 
tered Dickinson College, but in the following year 
changed to Lafayette College, where he was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Arts in 1885. The same year he 
entered Johns Hopkins University and remained 
four years. The summer of 18S7 was spent in 
attending courses in Berlin, and the summer of 
1 888 in working on old High-German manuscripts 
in the Imperial Library at Vienlia. In 1S8S-1889 
he held a Fellowship in German at Johns Hopkins 
University, and at the close of the year received the 
degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He came to the 
University of Michigan as Instructor in German in 
1890. The following year he was made Assistant 
Professor of German, and on the resignation of Pro- 
fessor Thomas in 1895 he succeeded to the head- 
ship of the Department of Germanic Languages and 
Literatures. The summer of 1S97 he again spent 
in foreign travel and study. He published the fol- 
lowing works : " The Monsee Fragments, a Newly 
Collated Text with Notes and a Grammatical Trea- 
tise " (1890) ; "Der Althochdeutsche Isidor, Fac- 
simile- Ausgabe " (1893) ; also, a number of articles 
and reviews in " Modern Language Notes," in " Paul 
und Braune's Beitrage," and in " The Journal of 




GEORGE ALLISOM HEXlH 

His library, consisting largely of works on Germanic 
Philology, was presented to the University by his 
mother. 



WILLIS ALONZO DEWEY was born at 
MidiUebury, Vermont, October 25, 1858, son of 
Josiah E. and Eunice C. (Carpenter) Dewey. He 
is descended from Thomas Dewey, who came 
from England in 1632. He was educated at the 
High School of Middlebiiry and at the Burr and 
Burton Seminary, Manchester, Vermont. In 1880 
he was graduated from the New York Homceopathic 
Medical College. After one year at Ward's Island 
Hospital he went abroad for further study and 
spent two years in Vienna. From 18S4 to 1893 
he filled the chair of Materia Medica in the Hahne- 
mann Hospital College, of San Francisco. The 
next three years he was in New York City, two 
years as Professor of Materia Medica in the Metro- 
politan Post-graduate School. In 1896 he was 
called to the same chair in the Homoeopathic 
Medical College of the University of Michigan. 
He has done a large amount of literary work in con- 
nection with his profession, notably as editor of 



!o6 



UNI VERS ITF OF MICHIGAN 



'• The California Homceopath " and of " The 
Medical Century." His published works include : 
" Boericke and Dewey's Twelve Tissue Remedies of 
Schiissler " (now in its fourth edition, and also in a 
Spanish translation) ; " Essentials of Homoeopathic 
Materia Medica" (novv in its third edition, and also 
in German, Spanish, and Portuguese translations) ; 
"Essentials of Homoeopathic Therapeutics " (now in 
its second edition) ; and " Practical Homoeopathic 
Therapeutics." He is a member of the State 
Homoeopathic Society of California, the British 
Homoeopathic Society, the Societe Frangaise d'Hom- 
(eopathie, the Mexican Institute of Homoeopathy, 
the Homoeopathic Medical Society of Ohio, the 
New York State Homoeopathic Medical Society, 
and the Michigan State Homoeopathic Medical 



versify of Michigan, and received the degree of 
Doctor of Medicine in 1888. He was at once 
appointed assistant to the Professor of Obstetrics, 
and held this position for four years. From 1892 




WILLIS ALONZO LiEWEY 

Society. He was married January 31, 1885, to 
Celina J. Lalande, and they have a son, Josiah 
Earl. 

JAMES GIFFORD LYNDS was born at 
Hopewell, New Brunswick, February 13, 1863, 
son of Silas C. and Huldah A. (Turnbull) Lynds. 
His ancestors were Scotch, Irish, and English. 
His early education was obtained in the Canadian 
common schools. He took the full course in the 
Department of Medicine and Surgery at the Uni- 




JAMES GIFFORD LVNDS 

to 1 90 1 he was Demonstrator of Obstetrics and 
Gynaecology, with the exception of the year 1897- 
1898, when he was Acting Professor of Obstetrics 
and Gynaecology. He severed his connection with 
the University in 1901, and has since been actively 
engaged in the practice of his profession in Ann 
.^rbor. He is a member of the American Medi- 
cal Association, the Michigan State Medical Society, 
the Washtenaw County Medical Society, and the 
Ann Arbor Medical Club. On July 27, 1893, he 
was married to Emma Elizabeth Buys, of Sturgis, 
Michigan. 

GEORGE HEMPL was born at Whitewater, 
Wisconsin, June 6, 1S59, son of Henry Theodore 
and Anna (Haentzsche) Hempel. He is of German 
and Slavic descent. His early education was in the 
public schools of Chicago, Illinois, and of Battle 
Creek, Michigan, including a high school course at 
the latter place. He entered the University of 
Michigan, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 
1879. For the next three years he was principal 
of the West Side High School at Saginaw, Michigan, 



THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 



307 



and the following two years he held a similar po- 
sition at Laporte, Indiana. From 1884 until 18S6 
he was instructor in German at Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity. He then vvent abroad for further study. 
During the three years from 1886 to 1889 he pur- 
sued studies at the Universities of Gottingen, Tubin- 
gen, Strassburg, Jena, and Berlin, and received the 
degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Jena in 1889. 
He was immediately called to the University of 
Michigan as Assistant Professor of English. In 
1893 he was advanced to Junior Professor, and in 
1897 he was made Professor of English Philology 
and General Linguistics. In the spring of 1906 he 
accepted a call to Leland Stanford Junior Univer- 
sity as Professor of Germanic Philology, service to 
begin January, 1907. He has published various 
writings in the form of books and articles on Eng- 
lish, German, and Latin Philology, treating in par- 
ticular the subjects of phonology, etymology, and 
alphabetics. He has also devoted considerable time 
to collecting data for the mapping of American dia- 
lects. For several years past he has collaborated 
on the new edition of Worcester's Dictionary, and 




GEORGE HEMPL 



on Pierce's International Dictionaries. He is a 
member of the Modern Language Association of 
America, of which he was president in 1903 ; the 
American Dialect Society, of which he was president 



from 1900 to 1905 ; the American Philological Asso- 
ciation, of which he was president in 1904 ; the 
Archaeological Institute of America; and the Asso- 
ciation Phon^tique Internationale. In 1904 the 
University of Wisconsin conferred upon him the 
degree of Doctor of Laws. He was married July 3, 
1890, to Anna Belle Purmort (A.B. 1887), and 
they have two daughters, Hilda and Elsa. 



VICTOR HUGO LANE was born at Ge- 
neva, Ohio, May 27, 1S52, son of Henry and Clo- 
tilda Catherine (Sawyer) Lane. His early education 
was had in the public schools of his native place and 




\ICTOR HUGO LANE 

of Hudson, Michigan. In 1870 he entered the Uni- 
versity of Michigan and received the degree of Civil 
Engineer in 1874. Subsequently, he completed the 
course in the Department of Law and was graduated 
Bachelor of Laws in 1878. He practised law at 
Hudson, and later at Adrian, Michigan, till Jan- 
uary I, 1888, when he assumed the duties of Judge 
to the First Judicial Circuit of Michigan, a position 
to which he had been elected the preceding spring. 
He was re-elected in 1893, but resigned the ofifice 
in October, 1897, to accept the Fletcher Professor- 
ship of Law at the University of Michigan. Since 
1899 he has also been Law Librarian of the LTni- 



3o8 

versity. He edited the seventh editiijn of Cooley's 
Constitutional Limitations (1903), and the tenth 
edition of Tififany's Justices' Guide for Michigan 
(1905). He was married September 28, 1876, to 
Ida ]\[. Knowlton, of Ann Arbor, and they have 
four children: Esther Mildred (now Mrs. Dr. 
HaroKl Leon Simpson, of Harbor Beach, Mich- 
igan), Charlotte Geraldine (now Mrs. WilHam 
Dexter McKenzie, of Chicago), Victor Hugo, Jr., 
and Henry Knowlton. 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



JAMES HENRY BREWSTER was born 
at New Haven, Connecticut, April 6, 1856, son of 
Rev. Joseph and Sarah (Bunce) Brewster. He is 
ninth in descent from Elder William Brewster, rul- 




J.'VMEH HENRY IIREWSTF.R 

ing elder of the church in Plymouth. He was pre- 
pared for college in the Hopkins Grammar School in 
New Haven, and at the age of seventeen entered the 
Sheffield Scientific School, where he was graduated 
Bachelor of Philosophy in 1877. Two years later 
he took the degree of Bachelor of Laws at the Yale 
Law School and removed to New York City to enter 
the practice of the law. In 1881 he was settled in 
Albany in connection with the legal department of 
the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, with 
which concern he continued for two years. He 



then removed to Detroit, Michigan, where he con- 
tinued in the active practice of his profession for 
fourteen years. During this period he served two 
terms on the Board of Education. In 1897 he was 
called to the professorship of Conveyancing in the 
University of Michigan. Since 1 903 he has also been 
etlitor of "The Michigan Law Review." In 1904 
he pubhshed " 'l"he Conveyance of Estates in Fee 
by Deed." He was married June 28, 1888, to 
Frances Stanton, and they have had five children, of 
whom four survive : Susie, Chauncey Bunce, Edith 
Navarre, and Oswald Cammann. 



HORACE Lafayette wilgus was 

born at Conover, (Jhio, April 2, 1S59, son of James 
and Susannah Throckmorton (LaFetra) Wilgus. 
His ancestors on the father's side were English ; on 
his mother's, Dutch and French. He obtained his 
early education in the public schools of Miami 
County, Ohio, and the National Normal School, 
Lebanon, Ohio; and in 1S77 entered the Ohio 
State University, at Columbus, where he was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Science in 1882. During a part 




IlilKAO. I.^FAVEITE WII.CLS 

of his course he was assistant in Mathematics, and 
the year after graduation was instructor in Physi- 
ology. Meantime he had been reading law, and in 
October, 1SS4, was admitted to the Ohio Bar. 



THE UNIVERSITT SENATE 



309 



From April, 1S85, to July, 1886, he was private CLARENCE GEORGE TAYLOR, who 

secretary to the receiver and general manager of received the degree of liacheior of Science in 
the Cleveland and Marietta Railroad. He then Mechanical Engineering from the Worcester Poly- 



entered upon the practice of the law at Troy, Ohio, 
but removed to Columbus in 1888. The following 
year he pursued post-graduate studies in History 
and Political Science at the Ohio State University 
and received the degree of Master of Science. In 
1891 he helped to organize the Law Department 
of the Ohio State University and was chosen 
secretary of that department and Professor of 
Elementary Law and Law of Domestic Relations. 
Meanwhile he continued in the practice of the law 
till 1894. In 1895 he was elected Acting Professor 
of Law at the University of Michigan and in 1897 
was made Professor of Law. The subjects originally 
assigned to him were Klementary Law, Torts, Evi- 
dence, and Corporations. He now confines himself 
to Torts and Corporations. He is the author of " A 
Study of the United States Steel Corporation in its 
Industrial and Legal Aspects" (1901), '•Private 
Corporations" (1902), " A Proposed National In- 
corporation Law" (1903), and " Should There be 
National Corporation Law for Commercial Corpora- 
tions?" (T904). On June 24, 1SS6, he was 
married to I'". Ilelle luving, of Columbus. Ohio, who 
died in 1894, leaving him two sons, Walter 
Quincy nntl Horace Ewing. On September i, 
1897, he was married to Julia (Say Pomeroy, of 
Palmyra, New York, and they have a daughter, 
Caroline Gav. 



ELIAS FINLEY JOHNSON was born at 
Van Wert, Ohio, June 24, 1861, son of Abel and 
Margaret (Gillespie) Johnson. His ancestry is of 
Welsh origin on his father's side, and through his 
mother he is descended from an English family. 
From the High School of Van Wert he entered the 
Ohio State University, but did not complete his 
course there. He entered the Law School of the 
University of Michigan in 1888, and was graduated 
Bachelor of Laws in 1890 and Master of Laws in 
1S91. From 1891 to 1897 he served as instructor 
and assistant professor in the Department of Law, 
when he was advanced to the position of Professor 
of Law and Secretary of the Law Faculty. He 
resigned this position in .April, 1901, to accept a 
United States judgeship in the Philippine Islands. 
He was a member of the Michigan State Board of 
Education from 1898 to 1901. He was married 
September 6, 1883, to Clara .Annis Smith, and they 
have two children, Eva and Cecil. 



technic Institute in 1881, came to the University of 
Michigan in 1883 as assistant in the mechanical 
laboratory. From 1885 to 1889 he was su])erin- 
tendent of shops, and from 1S89 to 1897 he -held 
the same position with the rank of Assistant Pro- 
fessor. In 1S97 he was made Professor of Mechan- 
ical Practice and Sujierintendent of Shops. In 
1899 he resigned this position and entered the 
College of Dental Surgery, where he was graduated 
Doctor of Dental Surgery in 1901. He is at present 
a constructive engineer at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, 
with residence at Winchendon. 



CLAUDIUS BLIGH KINYON was born 
at Sharon, Walworth County, Wisconsin, January 6, 
1S51, son of James Nelson and Mary Ann (Bene- 
dict) Kmyon. His ancestors for two generations 




CLAUDIUS BI.IOH KINVON 

were born and resided in the State of New York. 
His preliminary education was obtained in the 
public schools, followed by four years of study at the 
Illinois State Normal University, where he was 
graduated in 1876. He then took up the study of 
medicine in the Homceopathic Medical College of 
the University of Michigan and after one year 



3IO 



UNIVEKSITr OF MICHIGAN 



changed to the Chicago Homoeopathic Medical 
College, where he was graduated Doctor of Medicine 
in 1878. He began the practice of his profession 
at Rock Island, Illinois, and remained there till 
1897. In that year he was appointed Professor of 
Obstetrics and Gynaecology in the Homoeopathic 
Medical College of the University of Michigan, 
which position he still holds. He was president of 
the Illinois Homoeopathic Medical Society in 1887, 
president of the Rock River Institute from 1892 to 
1896, and president of the United States Board of 
Pension Examiners from 1890 to 1894. He was 
also a member of the Rock Island Board of Educa- 
tion from 1893 to 1896. He is a member of the 
Michigan State Homoeopathic Medical Society, and 
the American Institute of Homoeopathy. He was 
married April 25, 1878, to Maria VValdron, and they 
have two children, Howard Bligh and Melinda J. 



AARON VANCE McALVAY was born at 
Ann .^rbor, Michigan, July 19, 1847, son of Patrick 
Hamilton and Sarah (Drake) McAlvay. His father 




AARiJN VANCE McALVAY 



was Scotch-Irish ; his mother was born in New 
Jersey, of Puritan ancestry. He received his pre- 
paratory education in the public schools of Ann Arbor 
and entered the University of Michigan in 1864. 



After three years he changed to the Law Depart- 
ment, and was graduated Bachelor of Laws in 1869. 
In 1881 the Regents conferred upon him the degree 
of Bachelor of Arts as of the class of 1868. After 
his graduation in law he spent a year in the law office 
of Hiram J. Beakes, of Ann Arbor, and one year in 
the law office of Lawrence and Frazer, also of this 
city. He entered upon the practice of his profes- 
sion at Manistee, Michigan, in November, 1871. 
He was city attorney at Manistee for three terms, 
prosecuting attorney for one term, supervisor for 
two terms, and deputy collector of customs for two 
terms. He was also Circuit Judge by appointment 
in 1878-1879, and again in 1901-1902. In 1901 
he was elected Circuit Judge for the full term of six 
years from January i following, but resigned the 
office after three years, having been chosen at the 
November election of 1904 a Justice of the State 
Supreme Court for the term extending from January 
I, 1905, to January i, 1908. In 1897 he accepted 
a call to the University of Michigan, serving the first 
year as Acting Professor of Law, and from 1898 to 
1903 as Professor of Law. His subject the first 
year was Equity Jurisprudence ; after that he lec- 
tured on Wills and Administration and on Domestic 
Relations. He was married at Ann Arbor, Decem- 
ber 9, 1872, to Barbara Bassler, and they have had 
six children: Harry S., Carl Emil (Ph.B. 1898), 
Bayard 'V., Sarah Drake (A.B. 1904), Barbara 
Hamilton (now a student in the University), 
and Margrethe (deceased). Residence, — Lansing, 
Michigan. 

ARTHUR GRAVES CANFIELD was 

born at Sunderland, Vermont, March 27, 1859, 
son of Malcolm and Harriet Augusta (Graves) 
Canfield. He is of New England descent, the 
early homes of both lines having been at Guilford 
and New Milford, Connecticut. He had his pre- 
paratory education in the public schools and at 
Burr and Burton Seminary, Manchester, Vermont. 
He then entered Williams College, ami was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Arts in 1878. The degree of 
Master of Arts followed in 1882. He spent three 
years in study at Berlin, Leipzig, Gottingen, ana 
Paris, making special research in Philology. One 
year after his return in 1882, he was appointed 
instructor in Modern Languages at the University 
of Kansas, and in 1887 he was advanced to the 
chair of French. This position he retained until his 
appointment as Professor of Romance Languages at 
the University of Michigan in 1900. He has made 



THE UNIVERSITT SENATE 



frcciuent contributions to periodical literature, and in 
1S99 published a selection of French Lyrics, edited 
with Introduction and Notes. He is a member of 
the Modern Language Association of America, the 




year he became Bates Professor of the Diseases of 
Women and Children in the Department of Medicine 
and Surgery of the University of Michigan, which 
position he still holds. He is a member of the 
American Medical Association, of the American 
Gynsecological Society, of the American Academy 
of Medicine, of the Michigan State Medical Society, 
and of various local societies and clubs. He was 
president of the Chicago (iynsecological Society 



ARTHUR GRAVES CANFIELL) 

Soci6t6 des Anciens Textes Francjais, and the Soci^t6 
d'Histoire Litt^raire de la France. He was married 
June 6, 1895, to Jeannette Piatt Sayre, of Lawrence, 
Kansas, and they have two daughters, Ellen and 
Ruth. 



REUBEN PETERSON was born in Boston, 
Massachusetts, June 29, 1S62, son of Reuben and 
Julia (Beale) Peterson. He is a descendant of 
John Alden and George Soule, who came over in 
the Mayflower. After a preliminary training in the 
common schools of Boston and the Boston Latin 
School, he entered Harvard University, where he was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1885 and Doctor of 
Medicine in 1889. He pursued his studies further 
in connection with various hospitals, and then came 
to Michigan in 1890 and began the practice of his 
profession at Grand Rapids. In i8g8 he removed 
to Chicago to accept the professorship of Gynaecol- 
ogy at the Post-graduate Medical School. In 1900 
he was made Assistant Clinical Professor of Gyne- 
cology at Rush Medical College, and in the following 




REUBEN PETERSON 



in 1900. He was married, March 6, 1890, to 
Josephine Davis, and they have four children : 
Reuben, Marion, Ward, and Julia. 



DEAN TYLER SMITH was born at Port- 
land, Michigan, September 9, i860, son of Dr. 
John E. and Amelia J. (Tyler) Smith. He is of 
New England ancestry. When he was twelve years 
of age his family removed to Nebraska. His early 
education was received in the public schools of Jack- 
son, Michigan, and the district schools of Nebraska. 
At nineteen he began school teaching. In 1880 he 
entered the University of Nebraska, but his college 
life was interrupted for three years, during which 
he was engaged in teaching and sheep-raising. He 
finally completed his course at the university, and 
was graduated Bachelor of Science in 1887. Two 



312 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



years later he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
at the Chicago Homoeopathic Medical College. He 
practised his profession at Decatur, Alabama, from 
1S89 to 1892, and at Jackson, Michigan, from 1892 
to 1 90 1. In February, 1901, he was appointed 
Acting Professor of Surgery in the Homceopathic 
Medical College of the University of Michigan, and 
later in the year became Professor of Surgery and 
Clinical Surgery. He is a member of the American 
Institute of Homoeopathy, the Alabama State Homoe- 
opathic Society, the Soutliern Homceopathic Medical 
Association, and the Michigan State Homceopathic 
Medical Suciety, of which last he was president in 




1878, at Muskegon. In 1878 he entered the Law 
Department of the University and was graduated 
Bachelor of Laws in 1880. He began at once to 
practice his profession at Muskegon, where he re- 




KiiJ'.ERI' EMMET BUNKER 

mained till called, in 1901, to a professorship of Law 
in the University. On August 8, 1870, he was mar- 
ried to Mary L. Brown, and they have two children : 
Mary Louise (Ph.B. 1899, now Mrs. Frank \Vard 
Howlett, of L^ckson, Michigan) and Dr. Robert 
Emmet, Jr., of Youngstown, Ohio. 



IJEAN TYLER SMITH 



1905. He was married January 17, 1894, to Ella A. 
Snook, and they have three children : Stella Louise, 
Ella Gretchen, and Adelia. 



ROBERT EMMET BUNKER was born 
at Grass Lake, Michigan, March 25, 1848, son of 
John and Lavinia (Hall) Bunker. His preparatory 
education was received in the public schools of his 
native place. He entered the University of Michi- 
gan and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1872. 
The degree of Master of Arts followed in 1875. 
From 1872 to 1875 he was superintendent of 
schools at St. Johns, Michigan, and from 1875 to 



FRED NEWTON SCOTT was born at 
Terre Haute, Indiana, August 20, i860, son of Har- 
vey D. Scott, judge of the Superior Court. At the 
age of twenty he entered the University of Michigan 
and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1884. Five 
years later he received the degree of Doctor of 
Philosophy on examination. He was assistant in the 
General Library at the University in 1 884-1 885 and 
1 88 7-1 888, and the following year was assistant libra- 
rian. He became a member of the teaching staff in 
1889, occupying the following positions successively : 
Instructor in English, 1889-1890; Assistant Pro- 
fessor of Rhetoric, 1890-1896; Junior Professor of 
Rhetoric, 1896-1901 ; Professor of Rhetoric, 1901-. 



THE UNIVERSITY SF.NATE 



313 



TTe is a member of the Modern Language Association 
of America, and a frequent contributor to its Pub- 
lications. He edited the " University News Letter" 
from 1 89 7 to 1900. He has pnbUshed the following : 
" y^isthetics, Its Problems and Literature " (1890) ; 
" Principles of Style " (1890) ; an edition of Lewes's 
"Principles of Success in Literature" (1S91), of 
Spencer's "Philosophy of Style" (1S91), of J)e 
Quincey's " Essays on Style, Rhetoric, and Lan- 
guage " (1S93), of Johnson's " Rasselas " (1894), 
of Webster's " First Bunker Hill Oration" (1897), 
of Webster's " First Bunker Hill Oration and Wash- 
ington's Farewell Address" (1905), and "Mem- 
orable Passages from the Bible" (1905). In 
conjunction with Charles M. tl.iylcy he has pub- 
lished: "Guide to the Literature of .'L'.sthetics " 
(1890), and "Introduction to the Methods and 
INIaterials of Literary Criticism" (1899); in con- 
junction with Joseph V. Denney : " Paragraph 
Writing" (1893), " Composition- Rhetoric " (1S97), 
"Elementary F2nglish Composition" (1900), and 
" Composition-Literature " (1902) ; with George R. 
Carpenter and Franklin T. ISaker, " The Teaching of 



■;''T'? 




Thompson (A.B. 1884), and they have three chil- 
dren : Harvey Davis, Marian Lind, and Richard 
Cushman. 

MAX WINKLER was born at Krakau, Aus- 
tria, September 4, i8'')6, son of Simon Marcus and 
Mathilde (Greiwer) \Vinkler. He received his .pre- 
paratory education in the public schools of Cincin- 




MAX WII'.'KLER 




nati. Ohio, entered Harvard L'niversity in 1SS5, ard 
j was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1889. The year 

I following he was Assistant Professor of Modem Lan- 

guages at the University of Kansas. In 1890 he 
was called to the University of Michigan, where he 
has held the following positions successively : Instruc- 
tor in German, 1 890-1 89 2, 1 893-1 895 ; .Assistant 
Professor of German, 1895-1900 ; .Acting Professor 
of German, 1900-190 2 ; Professor of the German 
Language and Literature since 1902. During his 
first two years at .'\nn Arbor he pursued graduate 
studies in connection with his teaching and received 
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Uni- 
versity in 1892. The year 1892-1893 was spent in 
studies at the University of Berlin. He is a member 
English" (1903) : with Gertrude Buck, "A Brief of the Modern Language Association of America. 
English Grammar" (1905) ; and with Gordon A. In addition to numerous contributions to "Modern 
Southworth, "Lessons in English, Books I and II " Language Notes," he has edited with Introduction 
(1905). He was married in 1887 to Isadore and Notes, the following works: Lessing's Emilia 




FRED NEWrON SCOTl' 



3H 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



Galotti (1895); Goethe's Egmont, together with 
Schiller's Essays : Des Grafen Laiiioral von Egmont 
Leben und Tod, and Ueber Egmont, Trauerspiel 
von Goethe (1898) ; Schiller's Wallenstein (1901); 
and Goethe's Iphigenie auf Tauris (1905). On 
June 16, 1906, he was married at Poughkeepsie. 
New York, to Clemence Hamilton (A. 1!. 1893). 



FREDERICK GEORGE NOVY was born 
in Chicago, Illinois, December 9, 1864. He was 
fitted for college in the public schools of Chicago 




FREDERICK OEORGF. NOW 

and was graduated from the University of Michigan 
in 1886 with the degree of Bachelor of Science in 
Chemistry. A year later he received the degree of 
Master of Science, in 1890 the degree of Doctor 
of Science, and in 1891 the degree of Doctor of 
Medicine. From 1887 to 1891 he was Instructor 
in Hygiene and Physiological Chemistry in the Uni- 
versity of Michigan. He was then made Assistant 
Professor, and two years later Junior Professor. In 
1902 he became Professor of Bacteriology. From 
1897 to 1899 he was a member of the Michigan State 
Board of Health. He is a member of the Associa- 
tion of American Physicians, the Society of American 
Bacteriologists, the American Physiological Society, 
the American Association of Pathologists and Bac- 



teriologists, the Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft, 
and an associate member of the American Medi- 
cal Association. In 1901 he was a member of the 
United States Commission appointed to investigate 
the bubonic plague in California. He is the author 
of textbooks on laboratory work in Bacteriology, and 
on laboratory work in Physiological Chemistry; and 
joint author with Professor Vaughan of " Ptomaines 
and Leucomaines," which has appeared in the 4th 
edition under the title of " Cellular Toxins." He 
has also made numerous contributions to scientific 
journals, home and foreign. In 1 891 he was married 
to Grace Garwood, of Ann Arbor, and they have 
four children : Robert Leo, Frank Orel, Marguerite 
F., and Frederick George, Jr. 



ED'WARD DeMILLE CAMPBELL was 

born in Detroit, Michigan, September 9, 1863, 
son of James Valentine and Cornelia (Hotchkiss) 
Campbell. He is of New England ancestry. He 
was educated in the city schools of Detroit and was 
graduated from the Central High School in 1S81. 




EDWARD DeMILLE CAMPBELL 

Entering the University he specialized in Chem- 
istry and in 1886 received the degree of Bachelor of 
Science in Chemistry. For the next four years he 
was chemist in succession to the Ohio Iron Com- 



THE uNiJERsrn' senate 



VS 



pany at Zanesville, Ohio ; the Sharon Iron Company, 
Sharon, Pennsylvania ; and the Dayton Coal and 
Iron Company, Dayton, Tennessee. In 1890 he 
was appointed Assistant Professor of Metallurgy in 
the University of Michigan, and three years later 
was made Junior Professor of Metallurgy and Metal- 
lurgical Chemistry. In 1896 his title was changed 
to Junior Professor of Analytical Chemistry, and in 
1902 to Professor of Chemical Engineering and 
Analytical Chemistry. In 1905 he was made Direc- 
tor of the Chemical Laboratory. He has contrib- 
uted numerous articles to the scientific journals, 
embodying his researches in metallurgy and analyti- 
cal chemistry, with special reference to the con- 
stitution of steel and of Portland cement. He is a 
member of the American Chemical Society, the 
American Institute of Mining Engineers, and the 
Iron and Steel Institute. He is also an honorary 
member of the Michigan Gas Association. In 1888 
he was married at Cincinnati, Ohio, to Jennie Maria 
Ives, and they have six children : Cornelia Hotch- 
kiss, Edward DeMille, Jr., Mary Lavinia Ives, Jane 
Allen, James Valentine, and Charles Duncan. 



ALLEN SISSON WHITNEY was born at 
Mount Clemens, Michigan, June 16, 1S58, son of 




ALLEN SISSON WHITNEV 



ogy reaching back to the time of William the Con- 
queror. His maternal great-grandfather came to 
this country from Germany. He received his early 
education in the common schools and High School 
of Mount Clemens, and entered the University of 
Michigan, where he was graduated Bachelor of Arts 
in 1885. He spent the summer session of 1893 at 
Cornell and that of 1894 at Clark University; the 
two following years he studied for one semester 
each at Jena and Leipzig. Before entering the 
University he had been principal of the Pewabic 
Mine School. From 1885 to 1892 he was superin- 
tendent of schools at Mount Clemens, and from 
1892 to 1S99 he filled the same office at Saginaw, 
East Side. In 1899 he was called to the University 
of Michigan as Junior Professor of the Science and 
the Art of Teaching and Inspector of Schools. In 
1902 he was made Professor of Pedagogy and In- 
spector of Schools, and in 1905 his title was changed 
to Professor of Education and Inspector of Schools. 
He has been president of the Michigan School 
Superintendents' Association and of the Michigan 
Schoolmasters' Club. 



HERMANN KIEFER. (See Regents, pages 
204, 205.) 



Samuel and Ann (Stroup) Whitney. On the father's 
side he is descended from the Massachusetts branch 
of the Whitney family, which lays claim to a geneal- 



FILIBERT ROTH was born at Wilhelmsdorf, 
\\urtemberg, Germany, April 20, 1858, son of Paul 
Raphael and Amalie (Volz) Roth. His father was 
German, his mother Swiss. He attended the village 
school in Wilhelmsdorf, then went to a special school 
for French boys, after which he had one year in the 
Real-schule at Ravensburg. Coming to this country 
he entered the LTniversity of Michigan and was 
graduated Bachelor of Science in 1890. While a 
student and up to 1S93 he was custodian of the 
LTniversity Museum. From 1888 to 1898 he did 
work for the United States Department of Agricul- 
ture, giving special attention to forestry problems. 
From 1898 to igoi he was Assistant Professor of 
Forestry at Cornell University, and in 1901 he again 
entered the employ of the United States Department 
of Agriculture and was placed in charge of the Na- 
tional Forest Reserves. Since 1903 he has been 
Professor of Forestry in the University of Michigan, 
and warden of the State Forest Reserves. He is 
a member of the American Association for the 
Advancment of Science, the American Forestry 
Association, the Michigan Forestry Association, the 



3i6 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



Society of American Foresters, the Canadian For- 
estry Association, the Washington Academy of Sci- 
ences, and the Michigan Academy of Science. He 




fILIBERr RDIH 



was married, October, 1888, to Clara R. Hoffman, 
of Merrill, Wisconsin, and they have a daughter, 
Stella Rosa. 



GOTTHELF CARL RUBER w.as born in 
Hoobly, India, August 30, 1865, son of the Reverend 
John and Barabara (Weber) Huber, his family on 
both sides being Swiss. His early life from his 
twelfth year was spent in Attica, New York, where 
he was educated under private instruction, in the 
public schools, and at the Attica .'\cademy. Having 
been graduated from the last-named school in 1883, 
he entered the University of Michigan and was grad- 
uated Doctor of Medicine in 1S87. Since that date 
he has studied abroad one year at the University 
of Berlin, in 1 891-1892, and five months at the 
University of Prague, in 1895. Since graduation he 
has been continuously connected with the medical 
instruction in the University of Michigan. In this 
period of eighteen years his titles have been as 
follows : .-Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy, from 
1887 to 1889 ; Instructor in Histology, from 18S9 to 
1892; .Assistant Professor of Histology, from 1S92 



to 1898; Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Di- 
rector of the Histological Laboratory in 1 898-1 899 ; 
Junior Professor of Anatomy and Director of the 
Histological Laboratory, from 1899 to 1903; and 
Professor of Histology and Embryology and Di- 
rector of the Histological Laboratory since 1903. 
He has been secretary of the Faculty of Medicine 
and Surgery for some years. He has published : 
'• Textbook of Histology," translated from Bohm 
and Davidofif, edited with extensive additions to both 
text and illustrations (2d edition, 1904); "Atlas 
and Epitome of Human Histology and Miscroscopic 
Anatomy," translated from Sobotta, edited with ex- 
tensive additions (1903); and "Laboratory Work in 
Histology" (3d edition, 1900). He has also made 
contributions to " Anatomischer Anzeiger," " Archiv 
fiir Mikroskopische Anatomie," "The Journal of 
Morphology, " The Journal of Experimental Medi- 
cine," "The American Journal of Physiology," and 
•' The American Journal of Anatomy." He is a 
member of the Ameiican Medical Association, the 
American Physiological Society, the Association 
of .American .Anatomists, the American Association 




GOITHELF C.^RL HUBER 



of Pathologists and Bacteriologists, the Michigan 
State Medical Society, and the Royal Microscopical 
Society of England. He is also a member of the 
advisorv board of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy. 



THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 



317 



He was married April 18, 1893, to Lucy Anna 
Parker, of Ann Arbor, and they have tliree children : 
Lucy, Carl, and John Franklin. 



HENRY MOORE BATES was horn in 
Chicago, Illinois, ^Larch 30, 1869, son of CJeorge 
Chapman and Alice Emily (Moore) Bates. His an- 
cestry is entirely English on the paternal side ; on the 
mother's side it is English witli a strain of Scotch- 
Irish. Both families settled in New England in tlie 
seventeenth century. His early education was re- 
ceived at Park Institute, Chicago, and at the Chicago 
High School. At seventeen he entered the University 
of Michigan, and was graduated Bachelor of Philos- 
ophy in 1890. He then studied law at Northwestern 
University, where lie received the degree of Bachelor 
of Laws in 1892. He was law clerk for the firm of 
Williams, Holt, and Wheeler 1890-1892 ; and after 
a year with the firm of Norton, Ikirley, and Howell, 
and another year as librarian of the Chicago Law 
Institute, he practised his profession in Chicago 
from 1895 to 1903, being in partnership during the 




HF.NRV MIX)RE HATES 



Belfield, of Chicago, and they have one child, Helen 
BeUield. 

EDWIN CHARLES GODDARD was born 
at Winnebago, Illinois, August 20, 1S65, son of 
James W. and Mary (Blodgett) Goddard. He is 




last five years of that time with John Maynard Harlan. 
Since October, 1903, he has held the Tappan Pro- 
fessorship of Law at the Ihiiversity of Michigan. 
He was married September 4, 1S94, to Clara Anne 



EliWIN CHARLES CODDARD 

descended from New England ancestry. He was 
educated in the public schools of Winnebago and 
prepared for college at the Ann Arbor High School. 
He entered the University of Michigan and was 
graduated Bachelor of Philosophy in 1889. In the 
same year he was appointed teacher of Mathematics 
in the Saginaw High School, of which school he was 
subsequently Principal from 1891 to 1895. He was 
then called to an instructorship in Mathematics at 
the University and continued in that position until 
1900. Having in the meantime completed a course 
of study in the Department of Law he received the 
degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1899. In 1900 he 
was appointed Assistant Professor in the Department 
of Law, and in 1903 was advanced to the rank of 
Professor of Law. For some years he has been 
secretary of the Law Faculty. He was secretary 
of the Michigan Schoolmasters' Club from 1891 to 
1893, and its president in 1S96-1897. In 1892 he 
was married to Lilian Rosewarne, who was graduated 
from the University with him in 1889. 



3i8 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



ALDRED SCOTT WARTHIN was born 
at Greensburg, Indiana, October 21, 1867, son of 
Edward Mason and Eliza Margaret (Weist) Warthin. 
His father was descended from an English family 




Ai.nRED scorr warthin 

that settled in Maryland before the Revolutionary 
War. His mother was of Pennsylvania German 
descent. He was fitted for college in the public 
schools of his native place and was graduated from 
Indiana University with the degree of Bachelor of 
Arts in 1888. He entered the University of Michi- 
gan in the same year and received the degree of 
Master of Arts in 1890, the degree of Doctor 
of Medicine in 1891, and the degree of Doctor of 
Philosophy in 1893. On his graduation from the 
Department of Medicine and Surgery in 1891 he 
became assistant to the professor of the Theory 
and Practice of Medicine, and was Demonstrator of 
Clinical Medicine from 1892 to 1895. In 1895 he 
was made Instructor in Pathology, was advanced to 
the rank of Assistant Professor in 1899, and to that 
of Junior Professor in 1902. Since 1903 he has 
been Professor of Pathology in the Department of 
Medicine and Surgery, and Director of the Patho- 
logical Laboratory. He is the author of " Practical 
Pathology " (1897, second edition 1906), and has 
published numerous scientific articles in the journals 
and reviews. He is translator and editor of Ziegler's 



"General Pathology" (1904), and edited the de- 
partment of Pathology in the second edition of the 
"Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences." 
He is a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, the Association of American Physicians, the 
American Association of Pathologists and Bacteri- 
ologists, the Association of American Anatomists, 
the Society of Experimental Medicine, the Society 
for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, and of 
other professional societies and clubs. On June 27, 
1900, he was married to Katharine Louise Angell, of 
Chicago, and they have two children, Margaret and 
Aldred Scott, Jr. 

LOUIS PHILLIPS HALL was boin in 
Toledo, Ohio, June i, i86o, son of Israel and Olivia 
(Bigelow) Hall. His maternal grandfather was 
Judge Otis Bigelow, of Baldwinsville, New York. 
He completed the public school course at Ann Ar- 
bor, graduating from the High School in 1879, and 
for one year attended the Literary Department of 
the University of Michigan. For the next six years 
he was engaged in business pursuits, but in 1886 he 




LOUIS PHILLIPS HALL 



re-entered the LTniversity as a student in the College 
of Dental Surgery. Here he was graduated in 1S89 
and since that date has practised his profession con- 
tinuously in Ann Arbor. In the fall of 1889 he was 



THE UNIFERSirr SENATE 



319 



appointed assistant in the Dental College, and four 
years later became Instructor. In 1S99 he was 
advanced to the rank of Assistant Professor of 
Dental Anatomy, Operative Technique, and Clinical 
Operative Dentistry, and in 1903 he was made 
Professor of Operative and Clinical Dentistry. He 
is a member of the Institute of Dental Pedagogics, 
the International Dental Congress, the Michigan 
Dental Association, the Detroit Dental Society, the 
Toledo Dental Society, the U'ashtenaw County Den- 
tal Society, and the Tri-state Dental Association. He 
was married February 22, 1885, to Elizabeth Camp- 
bell Douglass, and they liave four children : Doug- 
lass, Louis P., Jr., Richard N., and Elizabeth O. 



peutics at the University. He was president of the 
Michigan Dental Association for the year 189 7-1 898, 
and of the Saginaw Valley Dental Association during 
1895-1896. He is also a member of several other 
Dental associations. From 1901 to 1903 he was a 
member of the State Board of Examiners in Den- 
tistry. During the last year of his residence in 
Saginaw he served on the School Board. He was 
married July 28, 1884, to Lillie Lovine Miley, and 
they have one child, Harry Egbert, born May 27, 
1886. 

FRED MANVILLE TAYLOR was born at 
Northville, Michigan, July 11, 1855, son of Barton 
Stout and Marietta (Rowland) 'laylor. His ances- 



EGBERT THEODORE LOEFFLER was 

born at Saginaw (West Side), Michigan, December 
31, 1861, son of John and Anna Barbara (Martir) 
Loeffler. After a preliminary training in the country 
schools and a course in the Saginaw High School, 
he entered the University of Michigan, and was 
graduated Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 




EGBERT THEODORE LOEFFLER 

in 1885. He then entered the Dental College and 
was graduated Doctor of Dental Surgery in 18S8. 
He practised dentistry at Saginaw till 1903, when he 
accepted a call to the professorship of Dental Thera- 




FKED i\L-VNVILLE JAYLOR 

tors were English, Dutch, and Scotch. His early 
education was obtained in the public schools of 
Northville, Houghton, and Mount Clemens, Michi- 
gan. He entered Northwestern University, at Evans- 
ton, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1876. 
In 1879 he was appointed Professor of History 
and Belles Lettres in Albion College, which title 
was afterwards changed to Professor of History and 
Politics. While discharging the duties of his pro- 
fessorship at Albion, he took up studies for the doc- 
torate at the University of Micliigan and received 
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1S88. Two 



320 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



years later he was appointed lecturer on Political 
Economy at the University for the first semester 
during the absence of Professor Adams. In 1892 
he was called to a permanent place in the Univer- 
sity as Assistant Professor of Political Economy and 
Finance, and the following year was advanced to the 
rank of Junior Professor. In 1904 he became full 
Professor. He is a member of the American Eco- 
nomic Association. In 1890 he published "The 
Right of the State to Be," and has written various 
articles on the money question for the political and 
economic journals. On July 15, iSSo, he was 
married to Mary Sandford Brown, of .'^nn Arbor, and 
they have four children : Sandford Brown, Margaret 
Chapin, Edith Anna, and Edward Clark. 



ALEXANDER ZIWET was born in Bres- 
lau, Germany, February 8, 1853, of German and 
Polish ancestry. His early education was obtained 




AI.KXANIllR ZIWET 



in a German gymnasium. He afterwards studied in 
the universities of Warsaw and Moscow, one year 
at each, and then entered the Polytechnic School at 
Karlsruhe, where he received the degree of Civil 
Engineer in 1S80. He came immediately to the 
United States and received employment on the 
United States Lake Survey. Two years later he was 



transferred to the United States Coast and Geodetic 
Survey, computing division, where he remained five 
years. In 1888 he was appointed Instructor in 
Mathematics in the University of Michigan. From 
this pijsiti(jn he was advanceil to Acting Assistant 
Professor in 1S90, to Assistant Professor in 1891, 
to Junior Professor in 1896, and to Professor of 
Matliematics in 1904. He is a member of the Coun- 
cil of the American Mathematical Society and an 
editor of the " Bulletin " of the society. In 1893- 
1894 he published an "Elementary Treatise on 
Theoretical Mechanics " in three parts, of which a 
revised edition appeared in 1904. He also trans- 
lated from the Russian of I. Sonioff " Theoretische 
Mechanik " (two volumes, 1S7S, 1S79). 



HERBERT CHARLES SADLER was 

burn in London, England, 1S72, son of Frederick 
Charles and Christina de Wilde (Cater) Sadler. 
He is a lineal descendant of Sir Ralph Sadler, of 
the sixteenth century. On iiis mother's side he is 
descended from the de Wilde family of The Hague. 
After a preparatory course at Dulwich College, Lon- 




HERBERT CHARLES SADLER 

don, he entered Cllasgow LTniversity and received 
the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1S93. The 
next three years were spent in practical shipbuilding 
on the Clyde. In 1896 he was appointed Assistant 



THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 



321 



Professor of Naval Architecture in the University of 
Glasgow, where he remained four years. In 1900 
he was called to the new chair of Naval Architecture 
in the University of Michigan with the rank of Junior 
Professor. In 1904 he was made Professor of 
Naval Architecture. He was president of the Glas- 
gow University I'jigineering Society from 1896 to 
1898. lie is a member of the Institute of Naval 
Architects, of London ; the Society of Naval .Archi- 
tects and Marine Engineers, of New Vork ; and the 
Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders of Scotland. 
In 1902 the University of Glasgow conferred upon 
him the degree of Doctor of Science. 



KEENE FITZPATRICK was appointed 
Director of the Waterman Gymnasium in 1898, and 
since 1904 he has been Professor of Physical 'I'rain- 
ing and Director of the Waterman Ciymnasium. 



FRANK LINCOLN SAGE was born at 
Lewiston, New Vork, July 13, 1867, son of Franklin 
S. and Elizabeth .\. (Gray) Sage. .After receiving 
an early education in the common schools of 




FRANK LINCOLN SAGE 



Lewiston and the High School of Lockport, New 
York, he entered Mt. Union College, Ohio, and was 
graduated Baclielor of Science in 1890. The same 
year he came to Michigan to accept the principal- 



ship of the West Side High School at Saginaw, 
where he remained till 1899. He then entered the 
Law Department of the University of Michigan, 
from which he was graduated Bachelor of Laws in 
1 90 1. He immediately took up the practice of his 
profession in Buffalo, New York, but a year later 
was called to a place on the Law Faculty of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, becoming at first Assistant Pro- 
fessor of Law and in 1904 Professor of Law. He 
was married November 26, 1890, to Ida A. Miller, 
and they have one child, Carleton Miller. 



GARDNER STEWART WILLIAMS was 

born at Saginaw City, Michigan, October 22, 1866, 
son of Stewart Beech and Juliet Merritt (Ripley) 




CAKDNKR SIIWARI WILLIAMS 

Williams, and grandson of Gardner D. Williams, the 
founder and first mayor of Saginaw City. He traces 
his paternal ancestry back to Robert Williams, of 
Roxbury. Massachusetts. He was prepared for 
college in the High School of Saginaw and entered 
the University of Michigan, where he was graduated, 
in 1889, Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. 
Ten years later he received from the University the 
degree of Civil Engineer. In the summer of 1887 
he was Assistant Engineer on Water \Vorks Con- 
struction at Bismarck, North Dakota ; the following 



!22 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



summer he was Resident Engineer on Water Works 
Construction at Greenville, Michigan ; and in the 
summer of 1S89 he was Engineer in charge of 
Water Works Construction at Owosso, Michigan. 
From 1890 to 1893 he was Draughtsman and Engi- 
neer for the Russel Wheel and Foundry Company, 
of Detroit, and from 1893 to 1898 he was Civil 
Engineer to tlie Board of Water Commissioners of 
Detroit. In 189S he accepted a call to Cornell 
University, as Professor of Experimental Hydraulics 
and Engineer in charge of the Hydraulic Labora- 
tory, where he remained till 1904. In that year he 
was called to the University of Michigan as Pro- 
fessor of Civil, Hydraulic, and Sanitary Engineering, 
which position he still holds. He has also carried on 
a practice as Consulting Engineer since 1895. In 
October, T903, he was appointed a member of the 
International Waterways Commission, but resigned 
the office in June, 1905. He is a member of the 
American Society of Civil Engineers, of the New 
England Water Works Association, and of the 
Michigan Engineering Society. He is also a member 
of the Detroit Engineering Society, and was its sec- 
retary from 1895 to 1898. Since 1898 he has been 
a member of the Board of Managers of the Associa- 
tion of Engineering Societies. He was married at 
Saginaw, in 1893, to Jessie B. Wright, and they have 
two children, Harriet Ripley and William Wright. 
In conjunction with Clarence W. Hubbell (B.S. 
[C.E.] 1893), and George H. Fenkeli, a student 
in the same class, he received the Norman Medal 
for 1902, awarded by the American Society of Civil 
Engineers, for a paper entitled " Experiments at 
Detroit, Michigan, on the effect of Curvature upon 
the Flow of Water in Pipes." 



MOSES GOMBERG was born at Elizabet- 
grad, Russia, February 8, 1866, son of George and 
Marie Ethel (Resnikoff) Gomberg. His early edu- 
cation was in a gymnasium of his native country, 
and after coming to the United States, in 1884, he 
attended the Lake High School, Chicago. He en- 
tered the University of Michigan, and was graduated 
Bachelor of Science in 1890, Master of Science in 

1892, and Doctor of Science in 1894. In the 
meantime he had also been teaching Organic Chem- 
istry in the University, as assistant from 1888 to 

1893, and as Instructor since 1893. In 1S96 he 
went abroad for further study, and engaged in 
special work in science at the universities of Munich 
and Heidelberg. In 1897 he returned to his posi- 



tion as Instructor at the University, from which he 
was advanced to the rank of Assistant Professor of 
Organic Chemistry in 1899. In 1902 he became 
Junior Professor, and in 1904 Professor of Organic 
Chemistry. He has made important contributions 
to the literature of his subject. He is a Fellow of 




MllSKS GO.Mr.KKG 



the American Chemical Society, and a member of 
the Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft and of the 
Washington Academy of Sciences. 



GEORGE WASHINGTON PATTER- 
SON was born at Ciirning, iNew York, February i, 
1864, son of George Washington and Frances 
DeEtta (Todd) Patterson. The Pattersons are of 
Scotch-Irish descent, their ancestors having settled 
in Londonderry, New Hampshire, early in the 
eighteenth century. On his mother's side he is 
descenfled from Christopher Todd, one of the 
founders of New Haven, Connecticut. Through the 
Todds of later generations he is descended from 
many of the early New Haven families. His early 
education was obtained in the Union School at Corn- 
ing, New York. Later he attended the union 
schools and academy at Westfield, New York, and 
the New York School of Languages. He entered 
Yale University in 1S80, was graduated Bachelor of 



THE unu'ersitt senate 



323 



Arts in 1SS4; and in 1.S91 he received the degree 
of Master of Arts for work done /// absfiitia. He 
passed two years at the Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology and obtained the degree of Bachelor of 
Science in 1SS7. The following year he was assist- 
ant in Mathematics at the same institution. He 
then took up law studies for a year at Harvard Uni- 
versity. In 1889 he was called to the University uf 
Michigan as Instructor in Electrical B^ngineering, 
and the following year the title was changed to In- 
structor in Physics. In i S9 1 he became Assistant 
Professor of Physics, and in 1897 was advanced to 
the rank of Junior Professor. In 1905 he was made 
Professor of Electrical Engineering. The year 
1898-1899 he spent in foreign study and received 
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Uni- 
versity of Munich at the conclusion of his work 
there. He is a member of the American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science, the American 
Physical Society, and the American Electrochemical 
Society; also, an associate member of the American 
Institute of Electrical Engineers. He has been a 
vestryman of Saint Andrew's church, Ann Arlxir, for 



FREDERICK CHARLES NEWCOMBE 

was born at Flint, Michigan, May 11, 1858, son 
of Thomas and Eliza (Gayton) Newcombe. His 
parents came to this country from England in 1849, 




GEORGE WASHINGTON PATrERSON 

many years. On July 2, 1890, he was married to 
Merib Susan Rowley (.A.B. 1890), of Adrian, Michi- 
gan, and they have three children : Gertrude, George 
Washington, Jr., and Robert Rowley. 




FRII'EKlLK CHARLES NEWCU-MliK 

both being descended from landholders and farmers 
of Devonshire. His early education was obtained 
in the public schools of Flint. From 1880 to 1887 
he taught in the Michigan School for the Deaf at 
Flint. In 1S87 he entered the University of Michi- 
gan, and was graduated Bachelor of Science in 
1890. He was immediately appointed Instructor 
in Botany at the University. The year 1892-1893 
was spent at the University of Leipzig, where he 
received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the 
end of the year. He returned to .Ann .Arbor to 
become Acting Assistant Professor of Botany in the 
L'niversity. Two years later he became .Assistant 
I'rofessor of Botany, and in 1897 Junior Professor, 
la 1905 he was made Professor of Botany. He is 
a Fellow of the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science, of which he was one of the 
secretaries in 1899; a member of the Botanical 
Society of .America ; of the Society for Plant Mor- 
phology and Physiology, and its first vice-president 
in 1901 ; and of the Michigan Academy of Science. 
Of the last-named he was secretary in 1894, vice- 
president from 1894 to 1896, and president in 



324 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



1903. He has published a number of scientific 
papers in the botanical journals. He was married 
to Susan Eastman, of Flint, in 1SS5. 



JOHN OREN REED was born at Newcastle, 
Indiana, December 31, 1S56, son of Jesse Mellette 
and Frances (McAllister) Reed. His parents came 




fessor of Physics. He has been active in promoting 
the interests of the Summer School at the University 
and since 1904 has been Dean of the Summer 
Session. The year 1896-1897 was spent in study 
abroad, at the close of which he received the degree 
of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Jena. 
He is author of" Elements of Physics " (1903) ; and 
(in conjunction with Karl E. Guthe), of " Manual of 
Physical Measurements " (1902). He has also pub- 
lished a number of papers in the technical journals. 
He is a Fellow of the .■\merican Association for 
the Advancement of Science, and a member of the 
American Physical Society. On July 8, 1S86, he 
was married to Mary McNeal (l!.L. 1SS5), and they 
liave a daughter, Hester. 



JOHN' UKl-..\ RLED 

from Virginia, where their parents had also been 
born. The ancestors of both were from the North 
of Scotland. His early education was had in the 
public schools, from which he passed to Spiceland 
Academy, Indiana, where he was graduated in 1878. 
He had already taught two winters in the district 
schools. In 1879 he entered the University of 
Michigan, where he received the degree of Bachelor 
of Philosophy in 1885. During the year 1881-1882 
he was Principal of the High School at Newcastle, 
Indiana. Immediately after his graduation at Ann 
Arbor he was appointed Principal of the East Sagi- 
naw High School, where he remained six years. 
He resigned this position in 1891 to take up grad- 
uate study at Harvard University. In 1892 he 
became Instructor in Physics at the University of 
Michigan. He was advanced to the rank of Assist- 
ant Professor in 1894 and in 1899 to that of Junior 
Professor of Physics. In 1905 he was made Pro- 



THEODORE WESLEY KOCH was born 

in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 4, 1871, son 
of William Jefferson and Wilhelniina (Bock) Kocli. 
He was educated in the public schools of his native 
city and entered the University of Pennsylvania, 
where he was graduated Bachelor of .Arts in 1892. 




IHF.ODilRF. WESLEY KOCH 



He then proceeded to Harvard University, where 
he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1893 
and of Master of Arts in 1S94. The year 1894- 
1895 was spent in further graduate study at Harvard. 



THE UNIVERSITY SENATE 



325 



Having become interested in the study of Dante, he 
was invited in iiS95 to take charge of the Willanl 
Fiske Dante Collection at Cornell University. He 
spent the next five years in compiling an annotated 
catalogue of this collection, which was published in 
two quarto volumes (i 898-1 900) and which won 
high praise at home and abroad for its accuracy and 
thoroughness. In connection with his labors on 
this catalogue he published several cognate studies as 
follows : " Dante in America ; a Historical and Bibli- 
ographical Study " (1896); "The (irowth and Im- 



Eye Hospital in that city, he came to Detroit and 
entered upon the practice of his profession. 1 )ur- 
ing the year 1896 he went to iuiropc, and took a 
course in Eye Clinics in Vienna. In 1904 ho ac- 
cepted a call to the Clinical Professorship of Oph- 
thalmology at the University of Michigan, and in 
1905 he was appointed Professor of Ophthalmology. 
He has had ten years' service in the Michigan Naval 
Militia, serving as landsman, seaman, quartermaster, 
ensign, and lieutenant as navigating and ordi- 
nance officer. .\t the outbreak of the .Spanish- 



portance of the Cornell Dante Collection" (1900); American War, he was commissioned ensign in the 
" Hand-List of Framed Reproductions of Pictures 
and Portraits belonging to the Cornell Dante Collec- 
tion " (1900); "A List of Danteiana in American 
Libraries, supplementing the Catalogue of the Cor- 
nell Collection " (1901). After the completion of his 
work at Cornell University he went to Europe for 
further st\idy, and passed the year 1900-1 901 at 
the University of Paris. Returning to America at 
the end of the year he accepted a position in the 
Library of Congress as assistant in the catalogue 
division, where he remained till 1904. In that 
year he was called to the University of Michigan 
as assistant librarian, and on the retirement of 
Mr. Davis the following year, became Librarian of 
the University. He is an honorary member of the 
Dante Society, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and of 
the Dante Society, London, ICngland. He is also a 
member of the Council of the American Library 
Association, and vice-president of the Michigan 
State Library Association. 



WALTER ROBERT PARKER was bor;i 
at Marine City, Michigan, October 10, 1866, son of 
Leonard Brooks and Jane (Sparrow) Parker. He 
is of early New England stock on the paternal side, 
both his paternal great grandfathers having served 
in the War of the Revolution. His mother was 
born in Canada and came to Michigan when a girl. 
His father, a physician by profession, removed to 
Michigan from Vermont in 1845. He received a 
preparatory training in the Marine City High School 
and in the Michigan Military Academy. He 
entered the University of Michigan and was grad- 
uated Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineer- 
ing in 1888. He then took up the study of 
medicine and after a year changed to the University 
of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated Doctor 
of Medicine in 1891. .'\fter serving as House Sur- 
geon at St. Joseph's Hospital, Philadelphia, for one 
year, and a second year as House Surgeon at Wells 




WAIIER KOBERl PAKKKk 

LInited States Navy, and served as such in Cuban 
waters during the continuance of the war. He is a 
member of the American Medical Association, the 
American Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto- 
laryngology, the Michigan State Medical Society, 
the Wayne County Medical Society, the Detroit 
Academy of Medicine, the Ann Arbor Medical 
Club, and the Detroit Ophthalmologic and Otologic 
Club. 



R. BISHOP CANFIELD was born at Lake 
Forest, Illinois, July 22, 1874, son of Eli Lake and 
Sarah Maria (Bishop) Canfield. He received his 
preparatory education in the Chicago Grammar 



326 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



School, the Chicago Manual Training School, and 
the Ann Arbor High School. He entered the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, and was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts in 1S97 and Doctor of Medicine in 1899. 



County Medical Society, and the Ann Arbor Medical 
Club. 




CYRENUS GARRITT DARLING was 

burn at Bethel, New York, January 6, 1856, son of 
Walter and Eliza (Starr) Darling. His mother was 
descended from the Burr family ; his father's grand- 
parents were among the first settlers of southern 
New York, having come to America from the vicin- 
ity of Edinburgh, Scotland. He received his early 
training in the public schools of Bethel and at the 
academy at Monticello, New York. He entered the 
University of Michigan and was graduated Doctor 
of Medicine in 1881. He began the practice of his 
profession at Homer, Michigan ; but soon returned 
to Ann Arbor to assist Dr. \V. F. Breakey in his 
practice. After one year he started an independent 
practice in Ann Arbor. His connection with the 
teaching force of the University dates from 1890, 
when he became assistant to the chair of Surgery. 
Since that year he has continued to receive addi- 
tional appointments to new duties, his complete 



K. IIIMIOP (. \\1 11 1 I) 



During the first semester following graduation he 
was assistant to the Professor of Ophthalmology and 
Otology at the University. From January, 1900, to 
April, 1901, he was House Surgeon to the Massachu- 
setts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston. 
He then went abroad for two years' work in his line 
of special surgery, spending the year from October, 
1901, to CJctober, 1902, as Assistant Surgeon and 
Chief of Clinic in Jansen's Clinic in the University 
of Friederich VVilhelm, Berlin. On returning to 
this country he first settled in New York City, where 
he held the appointments of Assistant Surgeon to 
the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital and Attending 
I.aryngologist to the Pulmonary Clinic of the City 
of New Y'ork. In October, 1904, he was appointed 
Clinical Professor of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryn- 
gology at the University of Michigan, and the fol- 
lowing year became Professor of Otolaryngology. 
He is a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, the American Laryngological, Rhinological, 
and Otological Society, the New York Academy of 
Medicine, the Michigan State Medical Society, the 
Washtenaw County Medical Society, the Hillsdale 




CYRENUS GARRITT DARLING 

titles at present being : Professor of Clinical Oral 
Surgery and Acting Dean of the College of Dental 
Surgery ; Clinical Professor of Surgery, and Demon- 
strator of Surgery, in the Department of Medicine 



THE UNI/ERSJrr SENATE 



327 



and Surgery. For one year from April, i>S94, 
he was Mayor of the city of Ann Arbor. Hl- 
is a member of the Washtenaw County Medical 
Society and the Ann Arbor Medical Club. He was 
married October 22, 1884, to Mary Augusta Payne, 
and they have three children : Harold Payne 
Donald Iknjamin, and Cyrenus Garritt, (r. 



WILLIAM FLEMING BREAKEY was 

born at Bethel, Sullivan County, New York, Septem- 
ber 10, 1S35, son of Isaiah and Polly Ann (Lyon) 
Breakey. His father emigrated with his parents 
from the north of Ireland at the age of twenty ; on 
this side the descent is from Huguenot ancestry. 
His mother's family is from early New I'higland 
settlers, the maternal branch. Holmes, being de- 
scended from Mayflower pioneers. In 1856 he 
entered the Albany Medical College and after one 
year changed to the Department of Medicine and 
Surgery in the University of Michigan, where he 
was graduated Doctor of Medicine in 1859. He 
began the practice of his profession at Whitmore 
Lake, Michigan, which was soon interrupted by his 
enlistment in the Army of the Tennessee in May, 

1862. In the following June he was commissioned 
Assistant Surgeon of the Sixteenth Michigan Infantry, 
which then constituted a part of the Army of the 
Potomac, and reported for duty while the regiment 
was at Harrison's Landing, James River. A few 
days after the second battle of Bull Run. he was 
taken ill with fever and was left with a camp of in- 
valids and recruits at Arlington, Virginia, hi Janu- 
ary, 1863, he was detailed on hospital duty in 
Alexandria, Virginia. Rejoining his regiment at 
Rappahannock Station in April, he was soon after 
detailed as surgeon-in-charge of the Twentieth 
Maine Infantry, and later became surgeon-in-charge 
of a division smallpox hospital. After the closing 
of this hospital he was detailed with the Artillery 
Brigade of the Fifth Corps, in charge of Battery I, 
Fifth United Slates Artillery, and of Bigelow's Ninth 
Massachusetts Battery. With these commands he 
served until after the battle of Gettysburg in July, 

1863, after which he was assigned to the charge of 
the Artillery Brigade Hospital of the Fifth Corps. 
Later he was in charge of a division of the Letter- 
man General Field Hospital at Gettysburg, where 
cases too seriously wounded to be moved farther 
were treated. In January, 1864, he rejoined his 
regiment on its return to Michigan for re-enlistment. 
He re-entered the service, but in April his increas- 
ing debility, resulting from a wound received at 



Gettysburg, rendered him unfit for duty in the field, 
and necessitated the resignation of his commission. 
He then came to Ann Arbor and resumed his prac- 
tice. He was first appointed to the teaching force 
of the University of Michigan in 1868, when he 
became Prosector of Surgery and Associate Demon- 
strator of Anatomy for one year. P'lom i S90, to 
1905 he was Lecturer on Dermatology and Syphilol- 
ogy, and since 1905 he has been Professor of those 
branches. In civil life Dr. Breakey has held the 
office of United States Ex.Tmining Surgeon for Pen- 
sions for thirty years, and that of Health Officer of 




WII.LIA.M FLEMIN(, IIKI 'iKI \ 

Ann .Arbor for ten years. He is a member of the 
Grand Army of the Republic; the Military Order of 
the Loyal Legion, the American Medical Associa- 
tion, the American Dermatological Association, the 
Michigan State Medical Society, the Tri-state Med- 
ical Society, and the Washtenaw County Medical 
Society. He is also an Honorary member of the 
New Sydenham Society. He is the author of 
numerous articles on medical, scientific, and other 
subjects. He was first married June 28, 1862, 
to Jennie E. Stevens, who died March 13, 1879 ; 
and again, April 28, 1S84, to M. Louise Renville. 
By his first wife he had two children. May S. 
(Mrs. Ephraim D. Adams) and James F. 
(M.D. 1894). 



uNiyERsirr of michigjn 



WILLIAM JOSEPH HUSSEY was born 
at Mendon, Mercer County, Ohio, August lo, 1862, 
son of John MiUon and Mary Catherine (Severns) 
Hussey. He traces his paternal ancestry to Chris- 




WILLIAM JOSICI'H HUSSEY 

topher Hussey, who emigrated from England in 
1630 and setded in Massachusetts. He received 
his preparatory training in the country schools and 
in the Normal School at Valparaiso, Indiana. He 
entered the University of Michigan and was grad- 
uated Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering in 
1889. From 18S4 to 18S7 he was principal of 
schools at Ohio, Bureau County, Illinois. He served 
as assistant in the Nautical Almanac Office of Wash- 
ington in 1889. In the same year he returned to 
the University of Michigan as Instructor in Mathe- 
matics, filling that position till 1891, when he be- 
came Instructor in Astronomy. From 1892 to 1894 
he was .iXEsistant Professor of Astronomy in Leland 
Stanford Junior University, and from 1894 to 1896 
Professor of Astronomy. From 1896 to 1905 he 
was Astronomer at the Lick Observatory. In the 
latter year he was recalled to the University of 
Michigan to become Professor of Astronomy and 
Director of the Observatory. He is a member of 
the American Mathematical Society, the Astronomi- 
cal Society of the Pacific, the Washington Academy 
of Sciences, and the Astronomical and Astrophysical 



Society of America. He is also an honorary asso- 
ciate member of the Royal Astronomical Society of 
London, and an honorary member of the Mexican 
Astronomical Society. In 1903 he acted as expert 
on Observatory Sites for the Carnegie Institution of 
Washington, visiting in this connection the plateau 
region of Arizona, the mountains of southern Cali- 
fornia, and various places in eastern and southern 
Australia. In the summer of 1905 he conducted 
an eclipse expedition to Egypt for the Lick Obser- 
vatory. On June 27, 1895, he was married to 
Ethel Fountain ( Ph. B. 1891), and they have two 
cliildren, Roland Fountain and Alice Lilian. 



CLAUDE HALSTEAD VAN TYNE was 

born at Tecumseh, Michigan, October 16, 1869, son 
of Lawrence M. and Helen (Rosacrans) Van Tyne. 
After completing a course at the Tecumseh High 
School he entered the University of Michigan in 
1892, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1896. 
He then went abroad and studied in Heidelberg, 
Leipzig, and Paris, returning in the fall of 1898 to 
become Fellow in American History at the Univer- 




CLAUDE HALSTEAD VAN TVNE 

sity of Pennsylvania, where he received the degree 
of Doctor of Philosophy in 1900. The following 
year he became Senior (or teaching) Fellow in the 
University of Pennsylvania. In 1904 he was ap- 



THE UNI VERS irr SENATE 



329 



pointed Assistant Professor of American History in 
the University of Micliigan, with charge of the ik-- 
partment during Professor McLaughlin's absence in 
Washington. The six months preceding the accept- 
ance of this appointment were occupied in making 
an examination of Government Arcliives at Washing- 
ton, under a gniiit from the Carnegie Institution. 
On the resignation of Professor McLaughlin in 
1906, he became Professor of .American History. 
He is author of the following works: '• History of 
the United States" (issued by the government in 
1900 for use in the P!iilipi)ii!e Islands), "The 
Loyalists in the American Revolution " ( 1902 ). and 
"The .'\merican Revolution" (1905). He edited 
"The Letters of Daniel Webster from Documents 
owned principally by the New Hampshire Historical 
Society " (19021. Li conjunction with W. ('.. Leland 
he prepared "A Ciuide to the Archi\es of the (;o\- 
ernment of the Lhiited States in Washington " 
(1904). He has also written a number of encyclo- 
paedia articles and contributed to " Stepping-stones 
of American History." He is a member of the 
American Historical Association and the Pennsyl- 
vania Historical Society. He was married |ime 17, 
1S96, to Belle Joslyn, anil they have three children : 
Evelyn, Joslyn, and David. 



JOSEPH HORACE DRAKE was born at 
Lebanon, Ohio, May 18, 1860, son of Dr. Isaac 
Lincoln and Sarah (Fivans) Drake. He was pre- 
pared for college in the Lebanon High School, 
entered the University of Michigan, and was grad- 
uated Bachelor of Arts in 18S5. He was Principal 
of the Battle Cieek High School from 1885 until 
1888, and was then called to the University as In- 
structor in Latin. In 1S90 he went abroad for 
study and remained two years, chiefly at Jena and 
Munich. On his return in 1892 he was advanced 
to the rank of Assistant Professor of Latin, and in 
1 90 1 he was made Junior Professor. In 1900 he 
received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy on 
examination from the University. Since that year 
he has also been connected with the Department of 
Law as Lecturer on Roman Law. Meantiuie, he 
pursued law studies, and in 1902 received the 
degree of Bachelor of Laws from the LIniversity. 
In 1906 he was made Professor of Latin, Roman 
Law, and Jurisprudence. In 1893 he published an 
edition of the Fables of Phaedrus, with Introduction 
and Notes. In 1895 he revised Jones's First Lessons 



in Latin; and in 1S96, Jones's F^xerciscs in Lain 
Prose Composition. lie contributed to the first 
volume of LIniversity of Michigan Studies (1904) a 
paper on "The Principales of the Farly l'"mpire." 
He has also published several [lapers on the Roman 
law in "The Michigan Law Review," and '-Studies 
in the Scriptores Historiae Augusta? " in the twenlii th 
volume of "The .American Journal of I'liilokgy." 




JOSKPH HllKAL]; hkAKI', 

He was married lunc 20, 1S94, to Maud Elizabeth 
Merritt (ll.L. 1893), of Battle Creek, and they have 
four children : Joseph Horace, Jr., Charles Merritt, 
Robert Lincolii, and Elizabeth Maud. 



JOHN ROMAIN ROOD was born at Lapeer, 
Michigan, July 9, 1868, son of Al]5heus A. and 
Martha E. (Gass) Rood. He is descended from 
New England families on both sides, his maternal 
ancestors having been originally Scotch. His grand- 
father, Aaron Rood, came from Barre, Vermont, 
with his family and settled at Lapeer in 1834. The 
grandson was graduated from the Lapeer High 
School in 1SS9, read law, entered the Law Depart- 
ment of the University of Michigan the following 
year, and was graduated Bachelor of Laws in 1891. 
He began the practice of his profession at Mar- 



33° 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



quette, Michigan, and remained there till 1898, 
when he was called to the University as Instructor 
in Law. In 1904 he was advanced to Assistant 
Professor of Law, and in 1906 he was made Pro- 




JOHN ROMAIN ROOD 

fessor of Law. Besides numerous articles on 
legal topics, he has published the following: "A 
Treatise on the Law of Garnishment " (1896) ; " A 
Treatise on the Common Remedial Processes, or 
the Means by which Judgments are Enforced" 
(1900); "Important English Statutes such as are 
Re-enacted in Form or in Substance in Most of the 
States of the United States " (1900) ; " A Treatise 
on the Law of Attachments, Garnishments, Judg- 
ments, and Executions, together with a collection 
of Cases on the Same Topics " ( 1902) ; " A Treat- 
ise on the Law of Wills and Gifts Causa Mortis, and 
an Outline of the Law of Descent and Administra- 
tion " (1904). On November 14, 1893, he was 
mairied to Stella B. Davenport, and they have two 
children. Royal and Marion. 



mother was of early New England Colonial and 
Revolutionary stock, .^fter completing the course 
in the Ann Arbor High School he entered the Uni- 
versity of Michigan in 1892, and was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts in 1897. Meanwhile he spent a 
year in Europe and did some work at the University 
of Berlin. In the following year he received the 
degree of IVLister of Arts on examination. He then 
spent a year at the University of California, after 
which he studied for two years in the Law Depart- 
ment of the University of Michigan and was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Laws in 1901. In the same year 
he was appointed Instructor in Law, and in 1904 
he was promoted to an Assistant Professorship of 
Law. In 1906 he was made Professor of Law. His 
subjects are Pleading and Practice, in connection 




EliSON READ SUNDERLAND 



with the Practice Court of the Law Department. 
On August 23, 1905, he was married to Hannah 
Dell Read (A.B. 1901), of Shenandoah, Iowa. 



EDSON READ SUNDERLAND was born 

at Xorthfield, Massachusetts, August 29, 1874, son 
of Jabez Thomas and Eliza (Read) Sunderland. 
His father was born in Yorkshire, England, and his 



ALBERT MOORE BARRETT was born 
at Austin, Illinois, July 15, 1871, son of Edward 
Newton and Anna Sarah (Moore) Barrett. Through 
his father he is a descendant of Thomas Barrett, who 
lived in Braintree, Massachusetts, in 1645 '> o" ^^^ 



THE UNIFERSITT SENJTE 



331 




ALL;i;kr mdore iiarrfit 



mother's side he is descended from Richard Mon- 
tague, who settled in Hadley, Massachusetts, before 
1655. He received his early education in the com- 
mon schools and entered the State University of 
Iowa, where he was graduated Bachelor of Arts and 
Doctor of Medicine in 1893. He was physician 
and pathologist at the Iowa State Hospital for. the 
Insane, at Independence, from 1895 to 1901. 
The year 1901-1902 he spent as a student at the 
University of Heidelberg, Germany. From 1902 to 
1905 he was physician and pathologist at the 
l>anvers Insane Hospital, Massachusetts, and from 
1905 to 1906 he was assistant in Neuropathology 
at the Harvard Medical School. In 1906 he was 
called to the University of Michigan as Associate 
Professor of Neural Pathology and Director of the 
Psychopathic Ward of the University Hospital. He 
is also pathologist of the Michigan State Asylums for 
the Insane. He is a member of the American 
Medico-Psychological Association, the Boston Soci- 
ety of Neurology and Psychiatry, and tlie New 
England Psychological Association. (.)n July 8, 
1905, he was married to Eliza Jane Bowman. 



JUNIOR PROFESSORS 



ALFRED HENRY LLOYD was burn at 
Montclair, New Jersey, January 3, 186.4, son of 
Henry Huggins and Anna Mary (Badger) Lloyd. 
His early education was obtained in the public 
schools of his native town and of Westfield, Massa- 
chusetts. He was fitted for college at the Punchard 
Free School at Andover, Massachusetts, and at St. 
Johnsbury Academy, Vermont. He entered Har- 
vard College in 1882, and received the degree of 
Bachelor of Arts in 1886. The following year he 
taught in Phillips Academy at Andover. He pur- 
sued graduate studies at Harvard University from 
1 88 7 to 1889 and spent the following two years in 
Gottingen, Berlin, and Heidelberg, as Walker Fellow 
of Philosophy from Harvard. He received the 
degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Harvard Uni- 
versity in 1S93. In 1891 he was appointed Instruc- 
tor in Philosophy at the University of Michigan. 
He became Acting Assistant Professor in 1894 and 
Acting Professor jn 1895. From 1896 to 1899 he 
was Assistant Professor of Philosophy, and since 
1899 has been Junior Professor of Philosophy. He 
has published the following works : " Citizenship and 
Salvation, or Greek and Jew, a Study in the Philoso- 




AI.FRED HENRY LLUYD 



332 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



phy of History" (1897) ; "Dynamic Idealism, an 
I-'Jementary Course in the Metaphysics of Psychol- 
ogy " (1S98) ; " Philosophy of History, an Introduc- 
tion to the Philosophical Study of Politics" (1899). 
He has contributed to " The Psychological Re- 
view," " The Philosophical Review," " The Monist," 
" The International Journal of Ethics," " The Jour- 
nal of Philosophy," " Psychology and Scientific 
Method," "The American Journal of Sociology," 
and "The American Historical Review." He is a 
member of the American Psychological Association, 
the American Philosophical Association, and the 
American Historical Association. December 28, 
1892, he was married to Margaret Elizabeth 
Crocker, and they have four children : Alice 
Crocker, Frederick Thurston, Anna Mary, and 
Putnam. 

MORITZ LEVI was born at Sachsenhausen, 
in the principality of Waldeck, Germany, November 
23. '857, son of Hirsch and Helene (Rosenbaum) 
Levi. He received his preparatory education in the 
common schools of Germany and at the Ann Arbor 
High School. He entered the University of Michi- 




MORIIZ LKVI 



gan, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 18S7. 
For the next two years he was engaged in teaching 
at a private school for boys in Chicago. During 
the academic year 1 889-1 890 he studied at the 



Sorbonne. He became connected with the teach- 
ing force of the University in 1890, filling succes- 
sively the following positions : Instructor in French, 
1890-1896; Assistant Professor of French, 1896- 
1902 ; Junior Professor of French since 1902. In 
1S96, in conjunction with V. E. Frangois, he pub- 
lished a French Reader. He has also brought 
out editions, with Introduction and Notes, of Mo- 
liere's L'Avare (1900), and of Manzoni's I Pro- 
messi Sposi (1901). He is a member of the 
Modern Language Association of America and of 
the Dante Society, Cambridge, Massachusetts. He 
was married September 12, 1899, to Bertha Wolf 
(I'h.B. 1893), of Grand Rapids, Michigan, and they 
have two children, Marian and Waldeck. 



WALTER DENNISON was born at Saline, 
Michigan, August 9, 1869, son of James L. and 
Eiizi J. (Flower) Dennison. His parents had re- 




WAI.TF.R DENNISllX 

moved to Michigan from New York state in the 
early forties. His early education was received at 
Ypsilanti. He entered the L'niversity of Michigan 
and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1893. He 
remained another year for graduate work and re- 
ceived the degree of Master of Arts in 1894. He 
then went abroad and studied for three years at the 
University of Bonn and at the American School of 
Classical Studies in Rome. In 1897 he returned to 



THE UNI/'ERSirr SEN.rrE 



333 



the University as Instructor in Latin and remained 
two years. Meantime he had received from the 
University the degree of Doctor of Philosophy on 
examination in 1898. In iSgg he accepted an 
Associate Professorship of Latin at Oberhn College, 
and three years later he was recalled to the Uni- 
versity as Junior Professor of Latin. He is a mem- 
ber of the Archaeological Institute of America, the 
American Philological Association, and the Classical 
Association of the Middle West and South. He was 
married August 5, iSgi, to Anna L. Green, and 
they have one child, David Mathias. 



the rank of Assistant Professor, and in 1902 to that 
of Junior Professor of History. During the summers 
of 1894 and 1897 he studied at Leipzig, and from 
1896 to 1898 he pursued further studies at the Uni- 
versity of Paris and other French institutions of 
higher learning. He is a member of the American 
Historical Association and of the Michigan Political 
Science Association. He was married August 1 1 , 
1896, to Helen May Babcock, who died in Paris, 
June 12, iSg8. On June 20, 1903, he was married 
to Sybil Matilda Pettee (A.B. 1901 ), and they have a 
son, Philip. 



EARLE WILBUR DOW was burn near 
Bellefontaine, Ohio, April 28, 1S68, son of Peter 
and Charity (Spain) Dow. His ancestry on the 
father's side is Scotch, and on the mother's side 
Scotch-Irish, with a mingling of Dutch, Crerman, 
and Welsh. He received his early education in the 
public schools of Bellefontaine and in the Ann 
Arbor High School. He entered the University of 
Michigan in 1SS7 and was graduated Bachelor of 




EARLE WILBUR DOW 



.Arts in 189 1. After something over a year spent 
in high school teaching and in newspaper work he 
became, in 1892, Instructor in History at the Uni- 
versity of Michigan. In 1899 he was advanced to 



JOHN ROBINS ALLEN was born in Mil- 
waukee, Wisconsin, July 23, 1S69, son of James M. 
and VXxza J. (Stanton) Allen. On the mother's side 




JOHN" ROBINS ALLEN 

he is descended from ancestors who came to .Amer- 
ica in the Mayflower ; his paternal ancestors emi- 
grated to Massachusetts in the seventeenth century. 
He was prepared for college in the public schools 
of his native city, and in 1892 was graduated 
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering 
at the University of Michigan. After graduation 
he at once engaged in professional work as erect- 
ing engineer in the employ of the Bay City In- 
dustrial Works. In 1S93 he became secretary of 
the L. K. Comstock Construction Company, and in 



334 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



1S94 a member of the firm of Ball and Allen, Con- 
sulting Engineers, of Chicago, Illinois. At the end 
of one year in this connection he returned to the 
University of Michigan for further study in me- 
chanics; and in 1896 he received the degree of 
Mechanical Engineer and an appointment as In- 
structor in Mechanical Engineering. He was ad- 
vanced to the rank of Assistant Professor in 1899 
and in 1903 to the rank of Junior Professor. He is 
a member of the American Society of Mechanical 
Engineers and of the Detroit Engineering Society, 
and an honorary member of the National Associa- 
tion of Stationary Engineers. He was married 
November 9, 1S94, to Lola H. Conrad, of Ann 
Arbor. 

JOSEPH LYBRAND MARKLEY was 

born at Ivist Nantmeal, Chester County, Pennsyl- 
vania, October 6, 1859, son of Napoleon 1!. and 




JOSEPH LYBRAND MARKLF.V 

Ellen Ann (Liggett) Markley. He traces descent 
from German, French, Welsh, and Irish ancestry. 
He was educated in the common schools of Chester 
County and at the State Normal School, West Ches- 
ter, Pennsylvania. He was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts from Haverford College in 1885. The follow- 
ing year he was assistant in the Haverford College 
Observatory. He then took up graduate study at 



Harvard University, where he received the degree 
of Doctor of Philosophy in 1S89. He served one 
year as instructor in Mathematics at Harvard, and 
was then called to a similar position at the Univer- 
sity of Michigan. The years from 1S95 to 1897 
were spent in travel and study abroad. In 1896 he 
became Assistant Professor of Mathematics, and 
in 1904 he was advanced to the rank of Junior Pro- 
fessor. He was one of the organizers of the Har- 
vard Graduate Club and its president in 1S90. He 
is a member of the American Mathematical Society. 
On July 6, 1893, he was married to Mary Elizabeth 
Butler (A.B. 1892), of Brooklyn, New York. 



LEWIS BURTON ALGER was born at 
lOlyria, Ohio, June 22, 1873, son of Francis G. and 
Helen (Hawkins) Alger. His ancestors were among 
the first settlers on the Western Reserve, where both 
his parents were born and reared. His education 
was begun in the rural schools of Ohio, and con- 
tinued in the elementary schools and the High 
School of St. Joseph, Michigan, to which place his 




LEWIS BURTON ALGER 



parents had removed. He entered Albion College 
in 1893, and remained there three years. He then 
spent a year at the University of Michigan, where he 
was graduated Bachelor of Philosophy in 1897. He 



THE UNIFERSIIT SENATE 



335 



was superintendent of schools at Gaylord, Michigan, 
in 1897-1S9S, and at Nashville, Michigan, from 
1898 to 1900. He then took up studies at Colum- 
bia University and was graduated Master of Arts 
in 1 901. lie was principal of the State Normal 
School at Cheney, Washington, in 1902-1903. In 
the latter year he accepted a call to the University 
of Michigan as Junior Professor of Pedagogy and 
Assistant Inspector of Schools. This position he 
resigned in 1905 to engage in business. He was 
married August 23, 1898, to Blanche Selway, and 
they have two children, Florence and Virginia. 



CHARLES HORTON COOLEY was born 

at Ann Arbor, Michigan, August 17, 1864, son of 
Thomas Mclntyre and Mary (Horton) Cooley. His 
descent is traced directly from Benjamin Cooley, who 
settled in West Springfield, Massachusetts, before 
1640 ; one of the allied branches is of Scotch-Irish 
origin. He was prepared for college in the schools 
of Ann Arbor, entered the University of Michigan 
in 1881, and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts 



study leading to the Doctor's degree. During this 
period two of his positions were as special agent of 
the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1889, and 
as special agent and chief of division in the eleventh 
United States census of 1890-1S91. He returned 
to the University as assistant in Political Economy 
in 1892, and was advanced to an instructorship in 
Sociology in 1895. In 1894 he received from the 
University the degree of Doctor of Philosophy on 
examination. In 1S99 he was appointed Assistant 
Professor of Sociology, and Junior Professor in 1904. 
He has published several minor works, and, in 1902, 
" Human Nature and the Social Order," a treatise 
on the psychology of society. He is a member of 
the Council of the American Economic .^Vssociation ; 
also, a member of the American Sociological Society, 
the Michigan Political Science Association, and the 
National Conference of Charities and Correction. 
He was married July 24, 1890, to Elsie Jones (A.B. 
1888), and they have three children : Rutger Hor- 
ton, Margaret, and Mary Elizabeth. 




CHARLES HORIUN CUULEV 



in 1887. Following graduation he was for several 
years engaged in business operations in Bay City, 
Michigan, in statistical work in Washington, District 
of Columbia, in European travel, and in graduate 



GEORGE REBEC was born at Tuscola, 
Michigan, March 11, 1868, son of William and 
Leopoldina (Herbeck) Rebec. His ancestors were 
Bohemian, witli a strain of Russian. His early 
education was obtained in the public schools of 
East Saginaw, Michigan. He entered the University 
of Michigan at the age of nineteen, and was gradu- 
ated Bachelor of Philosophy in 1891. For the next 
two years he served as Instructor in English at the 
University, but declined reappointment in order to 
take up graduate study abroad. The year 1893- 
1S94 was spent at the University of Strassburg, from 
which he was recalled in September, 1894, to the 
University of Michigan to become Instructor in 
Philosophy. In 1897 he received the degree of 
Doctor of Philosophy on examination from the Uni- 
versity, and in 1900 was advanced to the rank of 
Assistant Professor of Philosophy. Since 1904 he 
has been Junior Professor of Philosophy. During 
the year 1 900-1 901, and again during the second 
semester of 1 904-1 905, he gave instruction in the 
department of Education in the University. In the 
summer of 1903 he delivered a course of lectures on 
Psychology and Pedagogy in Honolulu before the 
teachers of Hawaii, under the auspices of the Terri- 
torial department of Public Instruction. He has 
contributed a number of papers to the professional 
journals, chiefly along the line of Esthetics. He is 



zz^^ 



UNii'ERsrrr of Michigan 



a member of the Western Philosophical Association 
anil the American Psychological Association. In the 
summer of 1S93 he was married to Elise Naomi 




GEORGE REBEC 

Sorg6, and they have two children, Mary Elise and 
William George. 

EDWARD DAVID JONES was born at 
Orfordville, Wisconsin, May 15, 1870, son of David 
Oliver and Frances R. (Hield) Jones. He is de- 
scended on the father's side from a Carnarvonshire 
Welsh family, being at the fourth remove from 
Robert Evans, the well-known Welsh divine. His 
maternal ancestry is of Yorkshire extraction. After 
a preliminary education in public and preparatory 
schools, he spent one year at Lawrence University, 
and then entered the Ohio Wesleyan University at 
Delaware, where he was graduated Bachelor of 
Science in 1S92. He pursued further studies at 
Halle and Berlin, and later at the University of 
Wisconsin, where he received the degree of Doctor 
of Philosophy in 1895. He was sent as expert in 
charge of the Social Economy Exhibit made by the 
United States Government to the Paris Exposition 
of 1900, and was a member of the Jury of .Awards. 
The following year he was lecturer on the Indus- 
trial Resources of the United States at the University 
of Michigan. He was then made .Assistant Professor 
of Commerce and Industry, and three years later 



Junior Professor, which position he still holds. In 
1900 he published a volume entitled "Economic 
Crises." He is a member of the American Econo- 
mic Association, the Political Economy Club of 
Chicago, and the National Geographic Society. On 




EDWARD D.WID JONES 

June 27, 1S95, he was married to .Annabelle White, 
of Columbus, Ohio. 



JULIUS OTTO SCHLOTTERBECK was 

born at Ann .Arbor, Michigan, September i, 1865, 
son of Hermann William and Rosina Christina 
( Kempf) Schlotterbeck. His ancestors on both 
sides were German. He passed through the various 
grades of the Ann Arbor schools, served a time as. 
prescription clerk, and was graduated from the 
School of Pharmacy of the University of Michigan 
in 1887. A year later he became assistant in Phar- 
macognosy and Pharmacy at the University while 
pursuing studies for the degree of Bachelor of Science 
in Chemistry, which was conferred in 1891. From 
1892 to 1895 he was Instructor in Pharmacognosy 
arid Botany. The year 1895-1896 was spent in 
study at the University of Berne, where he received 
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the end of the 
year. He then returned to the University as Assist- 
ant Professor of Pharmacognosy and Botany, from 
which position he was advanced to the rank of 
Junior Professor in 1904. In 1905 he was also made 



THE UNirERSITT SENJTE 



337 



Dean of the School of Pharmacy. He is a frequent 
contributor to the scientific journals. He is a mem- 
ber of the American Pharmaceutical Association, the 
Michigan Pharmaceutical Association, the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science, and the 
American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties. 
On August II, i8g8, he was married to Eda May 
Clark (B.L. 1891, B.S. 1897), and they have three 




JLLIUS OTIO SCHLOITEKBECK 

idiildien : Prescolt (iolder, Miriam Arda, and Karl 
Theodore. 

SAMUEL LAWRENCE BIGELOW was 

born in Boston, Massachusetts, February 23, 1870, 
son of Samuel A. and Ella H. (Brown) Bigelow. 
He was graduated Bachelor of Arts from Harvard 
University in 1891, and Bachelor of Science from 
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1895. 
He then proceeded to the University of Leipzig, 
where he received the degree of Doctor of Philoso- 
phy in 189S. He was immediately called to the 
University of Michigan as Instructor in General 
Chemistry, his special line of work being Physical 
Chemistry. During the absence of Professor Freer 
from 1 90 1 to 1904 he was in charge of the Depart- 
ment of General Chemistry, with the rank of As- 
sistant Professor. In 1904 he was made Junior 
Professor of General Chemistry, and in 1905 Junior 
Professor of General and Physical Chemistry. He 



is a member of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science, the American Chemical 
Society, the American Electrochemical Society, the 
Michigan Academy of Science, and the Deutsche 




SAMUl'I, r.AWRF.NLE BIUFXOW 

Chemische Gesellschaft. On May 10, 1892, he was 
married to Mary C. Barry, and they have two chil- 
dren, John Lawrence and Robert Barry. 



WALTER BOWERS PILLSBURY was 

born at Burlington, Iowa, July 21, 1872, son of 
William Henry Harrison and Eliza Crabtree (Bow- 
ers) Pillsbury. Both his father and mother were of 
New England ancestry. His early education was 
obtained in the public schools of Oskaloosa, Mt. 
Pleasant, and Ottumwa, Iowa, and of FuUerton, 
Nebraska. He attended Penn College, Iowa, from 
1888 to 1890 and then changed to the University 
of Nebraska, where he was graduated Bachelor of 
Arts in 1892. He took up graduate study at Cor- 
nell Lhiiversity in 1893, and received the degree of 
Doctor of Philosophy there in 1896. For one year 
thereafter he was assistant in Psychology in Cornell 
University. In 1897 he was appointed Instructor 
in Psychology at the University of Michigan, and in 
1900 became Assistant Professor of Philosophy and 
Director of the Psychological Laboratory. In 1905 
he was advanced to the rank of Junior Professor. 



33^ 



UNIFERSrn" OF MICHIGAN 



He is a member of the Western Philosophical Asso- 
ciation, of which he is also president. He was 
married in June. 1905, to Margaret May Milbank 



Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is a member of the 
American Society of Mechanical Engineers and 




WALIKK EUWLRS 1'1I.1,SI!URY 



(A.B. 1905), of Rye, New York, and tluy 
daughter, Margaret Elizabeth. 



WILLIAM LINCOLN MIGGETT was 
born in the city of New York, March 10, 1S65, son 
of James and Sarah Jane (Slack) Miggett. His 
paternal ancestry is Scotch ; on the mother's side 
he is descended from Pennsylvania German stock. 
After receiving a common school education he be- 
came an apprenticed machinist, then a journeyman 
machinist, then foreman of machinists, later me- 
chanical and steam expert. Coming to Ann Arbor 
in 1895 he spent one year in the High School, then 
entered the University, and in 1899 was graduated 
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. In 
1904 he received the degree of Mechanical Engi- 
neer. Since 1899 he has been superintendent of 
the engineering shops at the University, with the 
rank of Junior Professor since 1904. He has also 
given expert advice in organizing machinery manu- 
facturing plants for the Westinghouse Machine 
Company and for the H. K. Porter Company of 




WILLIAM LINCOLN .MIGCF.IT 

the Society for the Promotion of Engineering 
P^ducation. 

ALVISO BURDETT STEVENS was 

born at Tyrone, Livingston County. Michigan, 
June 15, 1S53, son of Harvey Root and Hannah 
Ann (Cale) Stevens. He was educated in the high 
schools of Byron, Michigan, and of East Saginaw, 
Michigan, and was graduated from tlie University 
of Michigan in 1S75, with the degree of Pharma- 
ceutical Chemist. From 1875 to 1886 he followed 
the profession of analytical chemist and prescrip- 
tion pharmacist. From 1S79 to 1882 he taught 
pharmacy in the Detroit College of Medicine. In 
1886 he was called to the University as Instructor 
in Pharmacy, frcm which he was advanced in 1890 
to the rank of Lecturer in Pharmacy, in 1892 
t(j that of Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, and in 
1906 to that of Junior Professor of Pharmacy. The 
years 1 903-1 905 were spent in foreign travel and 
study, at the end of which time he received the 
degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University 
of Berne. He was president of the Detroit Pharma- 
ceutical Society from 18S4 to 1885 ; president of 
the Michigan State Pharmaceutical Association in 
1893; and first vice-president of the .American 



THE UNIJERSirr SENATE 



339 



Pharmaceutical Association in 1S90. He was a ceived two liowdoin ])ri/es, one for a dissertation 
member of the Committee on Revision of tlie United on 'J'he Wisdom of Gladstone's I'olicy of Home 
States Pharmacopoeia in 1900; also, a member of Rule for Inland, ami the other for a dissertation 
the Committee on Publication of the National For- on the Monroe Doctrine. In 1897 he entered 

upon studies in the Columbia University School of 
Political Science, where he held a Fellowship in 
Administration. Here he worked for the Doctor- 
ate, having as major study Administrative Law, and 
as minors Constitutional Law, Political I'^conomy, 
and Finance. 'Ihe degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
was conferreil upon him at the end of the year, 
in 1898. Li 1899 he was secretary to the Roose- 
velt-Greeiie Committee on Canals of New York 
state, antl was a]>iioiiitrd Lecturer on Municijial 
Administration at Columbia in the same year. 
In J 900 he was appointed Assistant Professor of 
Admimstrative Law at the University of Michigan, 
and in 1906 he was advanced to Junior Professor. 
Here he presents courses in Administrative Law, 




l;lKtiKH ^M-,\l-.\^ 



mulary in 1SS8, and on its revision in 1S95, and 
again in 1906. On August i, 1S76, he was married 
to Amoretta Louise Search, and they have one son, 
Don Search (A.I!. 1903). 



JOHN ARCHIBALD FAIRLIE was born 
in (;lasg()w, Scotland, October 30, 1872, son of 
James Mitchell and Margaret Simpson (Miller) 
Fairlie. The ancient family of Fairlie held exten- 
sive lands in Ayrshire, and the ruins of Fairlie 
Castle (now owned by the Earl of Glasgow) are 
to be seen on the bank <.)f the Clyde, near the 
village of Fairlie. His early education was ob- 
tained in the public schools of Scotland. The 
family came to America in 188 1 and settled at 
Jacksonville, Florida, where the boy continued 
his studies and where he was graduated from the 
High School in 1S87. He afterwards entered Har- 
vard Universit)', where he was graduated Bachelor 
of Arts in 1895 and Master of .'\rts in 1896. Dur- 
ing his last year at Harvard he was assistant to 
Professor Macvane in History. In 1894 he won 
second-year honors in History, and later he re- 




JOHN ARCHIBALD FAIRLIE 

Municipal Administration, and English Political 
Institutions. He has made extensive contribu- 
tions to "The Political Science Quarterly," "The 
Quarterly Journal of Economics," " The Annals 
of the American Academy of Social and Political 
Science,' " The Michigan Law Review," and other 
publications, on canal transportation and various 
topics in national, state, and municipal administra- 
tion. He has also published the following works : 



340 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



" The Centralization of Administration in New York 
State " (1898), " Municipal Administration " (1901), 
" The National Administration of the United States " 
(1905), and "Local Government in the United 
States" (1906). He is a member of the National 
Municipal League, the American Economic Asso- 
ciation, and the American Political Science Associa- 
tion. He is one of the board of editors of " The 
American Political Science Review," and is secre- 
tary of the Michigan Political Science Association 
and of the League of Michigan Municipalities. 



JOHN ROBERT EFFINGER was born at 

Keokuk, Iowa, July 3, 1869, son of the Reverend 
John Robert and Lucretia (Knowles) Effinger. On 




J(JHN ROBERr EFFINGER 

his father's side he is descended from Captain John 
Ignatius von Effinger, a Revolutionary soldier who 
was granted a tract of land in the Shenandoah Val- 
ley by the Congress as a remuneration for military 
service. On his mother's side he is related to a New 
England family, of which the first representative in 
America, the Reverend John Knowles, came over 
about the middle of the seventeenth century, and 
married the granddaughter of Elder Brewster of 
Plymouth. He attended the public schools of Des 
Moines, Iowa, and of Bloomington, Illinois, and was 



prepared for college in the High School depart- 
ment of the Illinois State Normal University. At 
the age of eighteen he entered the University of 
Michigan, and was graduated Bachelor of Philos- 
ophy in 1 89 1. The following year he was assist- 
ant principal in the High School at Manistee, 
Michigan. In 1S92 he was appointed Instructor 
in French at the University, where he remained 
three years. Continuing his studies meantime, he 
received the degree of Master of Philosophy on 
examination in 1894. He spent the summer of 
1894 and the year of 1 895-1 896 in foreign study, 
working on his dissertation for the Doctorate at the 
L'niversity of Paris and in the National Library 
in Paris. Two months were also spent in Siena, 
Italy, in the study of Italian. In 1896 he returned 
to his former position as Instructor in French at 
the University, from which he was advanced to the 
rank of .Assistant Professor in 1901, and to that of 
Junior Professor in 1906. In 1898 he was granted 
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy on examination. 
In 1895 he published, with Notes and an Introduc- 
tion, Select Essays from Ste. Beuve ; in 1900, Victor 
Hugo's Hernani and Preface de Cromwell, edited 
with notes and a literary and historical introduction 
on The Beginnings of the Romantic School ; and in 
1905, Labiche's Le Voyage de M. Perrichon, edited 
with Notes, Introduction, and Vocabulary. He is 
a member of the Modern Language Association of 
America and the American Dialect Society. He 
was married on June 24, 1903, to Ida Margaret 
Thain (B.L. 1900), and they have a daughter, 
Margaret Knowles, born January 4, 1905. 



TOBIAS JOHANN CASJEN DIEK- 
HOFF was born in Hanover, Germany, October 1 1, 
1 86 7, son of Frerich G. and Anna Margaretha 
(Ostendorf) Diekhoff. Both his father and his mater- 
nal grandfather were teachers. He received his first 
training in the elementary branches under his father's 
instruction. He came to .America with his brother 
in 1882, and learned the printer's trade. In 1887 
he entered the seminary at Mt. Morris, Illinois, 
where he was graduated in r892. While studying 
at Mt. Morris he also taught German in the semi- 
nary. He entered the University of Michigan in 
1892 and was graduated Bachelor of Arts after one 
year's study. Immediately on graduation he was 
appointed Instructor in German at the University. 
This position he held till 1902, when he was made 



THE UNIl'ERSITT SEN.ITE 



341 



Assistant Professor of German. In 1906 lie was 
advanced to the rank of Junior Professor. The 
years 1897-1899 were spent in foreign study, at the 
end of which time he received the degree of Doctor 
of Philosopliy at the University of Leijjzig. During 
this period he made special studies in Germanics, 



1906 to that of Junior Professor. He is a member 
of the Michigan Engineering Society and the Detroit 




TOBIAS JOHANN CASJEN DIICKHOFF 

Old English, and Philosophy mider Sievers, Bahder, 
Brugmann, Wulcker, and Wuiidt. In 1902 he 
brought out an editiiju of Lessing's Nathan dcr 
Weise, with Introduction, Notes, and an Appendix 
of Parallel Passages. He was married, August 9, 
1900, to Julia Catlierine Schacht, of Erie, Pennsyl- 
vania, and they have three children : Reimar Fred- 
erick, Frieda Sophie, and John Simon. 



HENRY CLAY ANDERSON was born at 
Morganfield, Kentucky, December 4, 1S72, son of 
John G. and Sophia F. (Cromwell) Anderson. His 
early education was received in the country schools 
and in Morganfield .Academy. He entered the 
Kentucky State College and was graduated Mechan- 
ical Engineer in 1897. Two years later he was 
called to the University of Michigan as Instructor in 
Mechanical Engineering. In 1903 he was ad- 
vanced to the rank of Assistant Professor, and in 




HINKV CLAV ANDKKMJN 



Engineering Society. He was married .August 19, 
1903, to Sara Graham Sinnall. 



EDWARD HENRY KRAUS was born at 
SyraLUh.e, New York, December i, i.'-!75, sonof John 
Erliardt and Rosa (Kocher) Kraus. His father was 
of German ancestry ; his mother, Swiss. He received 
his preparatory education in the public schools of 
his native place and entered Syracuse University, 
where he wa^ graduated Bachelor of Science in 1896 
and Master of Science in 1897. After serving for 
two years as instructor in German and Mineralogy 
at Syracuse University, he went to Europe in 1899 
and took up graduate work at Munich, where he 
received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1901. 
From 1901 to 1902 he was again instructor in 
Mineralogy at Syracuse University, being promoted 
to an .Associate Professorship in the latter year. 
From 1902 to 1904 he was head of the Department 
of Science in the Syracuse High School, also serving 
as Professor of Geology and Chemistry at the Sum- 
mer Sessions of Syracuse University in 1903 and 
1904. In the fall of 1904 he was called to the 



34^ 



UNIVERSirr OF MICHIGAN 



University of Michigan as Assistant Professor of 
Mineralogy, and in 1906 he was advanced to the 
rank of Junior Professor. He is a Fellow of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Sci- 




mWAKll HKN'KN KRAI^ 

ence and the Geological Society of America ; also, 
a member of the American Chemical Society, the 
Michigan Academy of Science, the Onondaga Acad- 
emy of Science, of which he was president in 1903 
and 1904, and the New York Science Teachers 
Association, in which he was chairman of the Section 
of Chemistry and Physics in 1904. He is the author 
of " Essentials of Crystallography " (1906). He has 
also contributed numerous articles on Crystallography 
and Mineralogy to " The American Journal of Sci- 
ence," " The American Geologist," and "Zeitschrift 
fur Krystallographie und Mineralogie." He was 
married June 24, 1902, to Lena Margaret Hoffman, 
and they have had two children : Margaret Anna 
and Edward Hoffman (the latter deceased). 



LOUIS A. STRAUSS was born in Chicago, 
Illinois, March 26, 1S72, son of Abraham and 
Ernestine (Leopold) Strauss. His parents were 
both of German birth. He came up through the 
Chicago public schools, and was graduated from the 
I'niversity of Michigan with the degree of Bachelor 
of Letters in 1893. The following year he received 
the degree of Master of Philosophy on examination. 
He was assistant in English in the University from 
1S93 to 1895. From 1895 to 1904 he was Instructor 
in Ijiglisii. In 1904 he was advanced to the rank 
of Assistant Professor, and in 1906 to that of Junior 
Professor. In October, 1900, he received from 
the I'niversity the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 




LOUIS A. blKAL'; 



on examination. He was married December 17, 
1896, to Elsa Riegelman, of New York City, and 
they have two daughters, Margaret Louise and 
Elizabeth. 



THE UNIVERSITT SENATE 



343 



ASSISTANT PROFESSORS 



ALFRED DUBOIS was bom at Libcrtyville, 
Ulster County, New York, July 17, 1.S24, son of 
John Henry and Catherine l)ul!(iis. His ancestors 
were Huguenots who came to New York in the sev- 
enteenth century. His parents removed to Michi- 
gan, where he was fitted for college in the public 
schools and at the preparatory department of the 
University of Miihigan in Ann Arbor. lie was ad- 



of Professor (".eorge 1'. Williams, and by her he had 
four children : [ohn Henry, Catherine Elizabeth, 
Olivia Mary, and .Alfred (deceased). Residence, — 
Graniteville, California. 




.^T^FRED UuIlOIS 

mitted to the Freshman class in 1S44, and was 
graduated Bachelor of .Arts in iS4,S. The degree 
of Master of Arts followed in 1S54. .\ year or two 
after graduation he went to California, but returned 
to .'\nn Arbor in 1852. He now took up the study 
of Analytical Chemistry and gave private instruction 
for a time. In 1855 he was appointed assistant to 
the Professor of Chemistry in the University, and in 
1857 was made Assistant Professor of Chemistry. 
He resigned this position in 1863 to enter upon a 
career as chemist and assayer, first in Colorado, and 
later in California. His first wife was Elizabeth E. 
Gibson, from whom he was divorced in 1S63. In 
1869 he was married to Louisa Williams, daughter 



DATUS CHASE BROOKS was born ab.nit 
the year 1S30 and was prepared for college at 
Albion, Michigan. He entered the University in 
1S53, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1856. 
The degree of Master of Arts followed in 1859. 
For the first year after gra<lu.ition he was assistant 
in Creek and Rhetoric in the University, and in 
1 85 7 was appointed .Assistant Professor of Rhetoric 
and English Literature. He filled this position till 
1S63, when he resigned it and became Librarian of 
the L^niversity. .After one year's service in this posi- 
tion he went into journalism, to which he devoted 
the remainder of his active life. .\s a journalist he 
was successively the musical and dramatic critic of 
"The 'Chicago Times" (1S64-1S66); editor of 
"The Chicago Post" (1866-1867); one of the 
founders and editors, anil later sole ]iroprietor, of 
"The Chicago Railway Review" ( 1867-1876) ; 
and finally, manager and editor of "The Omaha 
Republican" (1876-1884). He was married in 
1S5S to Harriet Sophia Brewer, of Dundee, Michi- 
gan, who died while they were at Omaha. Not 
long after her death he removed to New York, 
where he lived in retirement v.-ith his only daughter, 
Mrs. Edwin Emerson, wife of the well-known corre- 
spondent of " Leslie's Weekly." He died at Saranac 
Lake, in the Adirondacks, August i, 1901. 



JOHN EMORY CLARK was born at North- 
ampton, New York, .\ugust S, 1S32, son of the 
Reverend John and Sarah Miller (Foote) Clark. 
He was prepared for college at the Troy Conference 
.Academy of West Poultney, Vermont, and entered 
the University of Michigan, where he was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts in 1856, The degree of Master of 
Arts followed in 1859. He was Professor of Mathe- 
matics in the Michigan State Normal School from 
1856 to 1857, and Assistant Professor of Mathe- 
matics in the University of Michigan from 1857 to 
1859. During the year 1859-1860 he studied at 



!44 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



the universities of Heidelberg, Munich, and Berlin. 
From 1861 to 1862 he was a United States deputy 
surveyor in Dakota. In August, 1862, he entered 
the Union Army as Captain of the Fifth Michigan 




JOHN F.MORV CLARK 

Cavalry. On July 3, 1863, he was promoted to the 
rank of Major, and was honorably discharged Febru- 
ary 25, 1865. On March 13, 1865, he was made 
Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel, United States Volunteers. 
In 1866 he returned to teaching, and was Professor 
of Mathematics and Physics, and, after one year, of 
Mathematics and Astronomy, in Antioch College, 
Ohio, till 1872. In the summer and fall of 1869 he 
again served the govermiient as deputy surveyor in 
Colorado, and in the summer and fall of 1872 he 
was assistant astronomer to the United States 
Northern Boundary Commission. The latter part 
of the academic year 1872-1873 he was instructor 
in Mathematics in the Sheffield Scientific School of 
Yale University, and in June, 1873, was appointed 
Professor of Mathematics in that institution. He 
held that position till June, 1901, when on account 
of impaired health he resigned his chair and retired 
to Longmeadow, Massachusetts. He was married 
August 20, 1856, to Caroline C. Doty, and has 
four children : John Frederick, Helen (wife of the 
Reverend Harry R. Miles), William Russel, and 
Alice Tucker. 



ALLEN JEREMIAH CURTIS was born 

near Disco, Macomb County, Michigan, Decem- 
ber 13, 1838. He entered Kalamazoo College and 
was graduated Bachelor of Arts in i860. He then 
pursued post-graduate studies at the University of 
Michigan and received the degree of Master of 
Arts in 1861. From 1S61 to 1863 he was Asso- 
ciate Professor of Latin in Kalamazoo College. 
From 1863 to 1865 he was Instructor in Rhetoric 
and Mathematics in the University of Michigan and 
was then made Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and 
Elnghsh Literature. By the summer of 1867 his 
health showed signs of serious impairment, and he 
obtained leave of absence for a year in hope of re- 
storing It ; but he was never able to resume his 
work. Hf died at his birthplace, December 28, 




AI.LEN JKREMIAH CURTIS 

1871. He had exceptional gifts as a teacher, and 
his early death was much deplored. 



STILLMAN WILLIAMS ROBINSON 

was born at South Reading, Vermont, March 6, 
1838, son of Ebenezer and Adeline (Williams) 
Robinson. He is of New England ancestry, being 
descended on the father's side from William Robin- 
son, of Newton, Massachusetts, who was born about 
the middle of the seventeenth century. His early 



THE UNIFERSriT SENATE 



345 



training was received in the common schools of South 
Reading, Vermont. From his seventeenth to his 
twenty-first year he served an apprenticeship at the 
machinist's trade. In January, 1861, he entered 
the University of Michigan, and in June, 1863, took 
the degree of Civil Engineer. Immediately after 
graduation he was employed on the United States 
Lake Survey. He left this work in 1866 to 
accept a position as Instructor in Engineering at 
the University of Michigan. The following year he 
was made .Assistant Professor of Mining Engineering 
and Geodesy, which position he held till 1S70, 
when he accepted a call to the professorship of 
Mechanical Engineering and Physics at the Univer- 
sity of Illinois. This position he resigned in 187S 




STILLMAX WILLIAMS ROBINSON 

to accept a similar chair in the Ohio State Univer- 
sity. In 1 88 1 his title was changed to Professor of 
Mechanical Engineering ; and in 1895 he resigned 
his active duties, becoming Professor Emeritus. 
From 1880 to 18S4 he served as inspector of 
railroads and bridges in Ohio. In 1887 he was 
Consulting Engineer for the Lick Telescope and 
Mountings. From 1887 to 1890 he was Consulting 
Engineer for the Santa F6 Railway. He has also 
been Consulting Engineer for various other firms. 
He has been a prolific inventor, and has taken out 
about forty patents on a great variety of subjects. 



He has also been active as a writer for the scien- 
tific societies and magazines, and as an author of 
books. He is a Fellow of the American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science, and has been 
its vice-president. He is a member of the Ameri- 
can Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society 
of Mechanical Engineers, the Society of Naval 
.Architects and Marine Engineers, and the Society 
for the Promotion of -Engineering Education. He 
was married December 29, 1863, to Mary E. 
Holden, by whom he had three children : Eckka M. 
(Mrs. Rowe), Ertlis G., and Zella V. (Mrs. Hakes). 
A\m\ 12, 1888, he was married to Mary Haines. 



CHARLETS DeWITT LAWTON. (See 
Regents, page 210). 



PRESTON BENJAMIN ROSE was born 
in Trumbull County, Ohio, September 16, 1834, son 
of Jesse and Susan (Everhart) Rose. He received 
the usual education in the public schools, studied at 
Western Reserve Seminary, and entered the Univer- 
sity of Michigan, where he was graduated Doctor 
of Medicine in 1862. Before graduation he had 
begun to do some teaching in the University, where 
his appointments were as follows : Assistant in 
Cheinistry, 1861-1863, and 1866 to 1875; Assist- 
ant Professor of Physiological Chemistry, 1875 ; 
Assistant Professor of Physiological Chemistry and 
Toxicology and Lecturer on Renal Diseases, 1879- 
188 1. In March, 1863, he was appointed Assistant 
Surgeon of the Fifth Michigan Infantry, and held 
that position till 1865. He was wounded in the 
line of duty and lost a leg. In April, 1863, he was 
married to Cornelia E. Robinson, and there are four 
children: Luella May, Gertrude Belle (A.B. 1889, 
Mrs. Louis C. Hill), Carlton Raymond (Ph.B. 1894, 
Ph.M. 1896), and Bertha Isadore (Mrs. Cassius E. 
Wakefield). 

BENJAMIN CHAPMAN BURT was born 

at Bridgeton, Indiana, June 2, 1S52, son of James 
Gordon and Maria Sophia (Fuller) Burt. His an- 
cestors were among the early English settlers of 
Connecticut. He received his preparatory educa- 
tion in the public schools of Terre Haute, Indiana, 
and at the Indiana State Normal School. He then 
entered the University of Michigan, where he was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1875 and Master of 
Arts in 1879. From 1875 to 1878 he taught read- 



346 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



ing in the State Normal School of Indiana, and in 
18S0-1881 he was Fellow in Philosophy in Johns 
Hopkins University. From 1881 to 1887 he was 
Assistant Trofessor of English and Rhetoric in the 




BENJAMIN CHAl'MAN IllKI 

University of Michigan. He was Docent in Philos- 
ophy at Clark University in 1 889-1 890. In 1894 
he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy on 
examination at the University of Michigan. During 
the year 1 894-1 895 he was Professor ad interim of 
Philosophy and Pedagogy at the University of Colo- 
rado. Since 1896 he has been joint agent of the 
Chicago and Northwestern and the Atchison, To- 
peka, and Santa F(5 Railways, and of the American 
and Wells-Fargo Express companies, at Superior, 
Nebraska. He is author of " A P)rief History of 
Greek Philosophy" (1SS9), and a "History of 
Modern Philosophy" {2 vols., 1892). He pub- 
lished a translation of Enlmann's " Grundriss der 
Geschichte der Philosophic des Neunzehnten Jahr- 
hunderts " ( 189 1 ) , and of the same author's " Logik 
und Metaphysik " (1896). In 1892 he brought out 
a translation of Hegel's " Rechts-, Pflichten-, und 
Religionslehre." He has also contributed a number 
of articles to the philosophical journals. He was 
married July 6, 1876, to Lelia Alice Taber (A.B. 
1875), and they have five children : Barbara, Waldo 
Wadsworth, Morris Arthur, Alice, and Paul Gordon. 



THEODORE JOHN WRAMPEL- 
MEIER was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, July 17, 
1856, son of Jolm Henry and Theresa (Bues) 
Wrampelmeier. His parents were both born in 
Germany. The family settled in Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, where the father pursued the business of 
banker and manufacturer. The son received his 
])rfparatory education in the public schools of 
Louisville, and later in the Ann .Arbor High School. 
He then entered the University of Michigan, where 
he was graduated Bachelor of Arts and Pharmaceu- 
tical Chemist in 1878. During the year 1878-1879 
he was private assistant to Professor A. B. Prescott. 
For the next two years he was engaged in com- 
mercial work in Louisville. In 1881 he was called 
to the University as Instructor in Analytical Chem- 
istry, and in 1SS5 was promoted to be Assistant 
Professor of Organic Chemistry and Pharmacy. The 
year 1S83 1884 was spent on leave in foreign study 
at Strassburg and Zurich. In 1886 he severed his 
connection with the University on account of poor 
health, and went to California. From 1890 to 1898 
he was superintendent and chemist of the Mexican 




THEODORE JOHN WRAMPELMEIER 

Phosphite and Sulphur Company. From 1S92 to 
1901 he held the position of chemist of the United 
States Internal Revenue at San F"rancisco. During 
this time he also served as general consulting chem- 



THE UNIIERSITT SENJTE 



347 



ist to the California Powder Works, tlie Giant 
Powder Company, and other firms. From 1902 to 
1905 he was connected with the ]•]. I. (hi Pont de 
Nemours Powder Company, of Wihnington, Dela- 
ware, acting as Foreign Representative, with head- 
quarters in London, England. Since September, 
1905, he has been consulting chemist and chemical 
engineer in New York City. He is a I'ellow of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Sci- 
ence, and a member of the American t'hemical 
Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Verein 
Deutschcr Chemiker, and the Chemists' Club, of 
New York. He was married on November 12, 
1879, to I.odorsca .Adelaide Swift, and they have 
three children ; Ernest Leon Sivift, lOthel Florence, 
and Henry Franklin. 



DeWITT BRISTOL BRACE was born at 

Wilson, New York, I.iiiuarv 5, i<SS9, son of Lusk 
and Emily C. Ilrace. He was graduated Bachelor 
of .Arts at Boston University in 18S1 and Master of 
Arts in 18S2. I'Kjm 18S1 to 1883 he pursued 
special studies at the Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology and at Johns Hopkins University. 
From 1883 to 18S5 he studied under Helmholz 
and Kirchhoff in Berlin, and received at the close 
of this period the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 
Returning to this country he accepted the assistant 
professorsliip of Physics at the University of Michi- 
gan, which he held from February to June, 1886. 
From 1 888 till his death he occupied the chair of 
Physics at the University of Nebraska. He was a 
Fellow and vice-president of the .American .Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science, associate of 
the liritish Association for the .Advancement of 
Science, and a member of the Council of the Amer- 
ican Physical Society. Besides frequent contribu- 
tions to the technical journals, he published " Laws 
of Radiation and Absorption " (1901 ). On October 
16, 1901, he was married to Elizabeth Russell Wing, 
of West Newton, Massachusetts. He died at his 
home in Lincoln, Nebraska, October 2, 1905. 



CHARLES MILLS GAYLEY was born 
at Shanghai, China, February 22, 1858, eldest son 
of the Reverend Samuel Rankin Gayley (formerly of 
County Tyrone, Ireland, and later a graduate of 
Lafayette College, Pennsylvania, and of Princeton 
Seminary) and Sarah Sophia (Mills) Gayley, of 
Guilford, New York. His paternal ancestors were 



Scotch-Irish. On his mother's side he is a descend- 
ant of Simon Mills, of Yorkshire, England, who came 
to Plymouth in 1628, and was one of the founders 
of Windsor, Connecticut, 1635 > ^"^^ of John Skinner, 
of Braintree, P2ssex, an original proprietor of Hart- 
ford, Connecticut, 1639 ; and of Thomas Rogers, 
one of the passengers on the Mayflower, who died 
in 1 62 1. He was a student at Blackheath, England, 
from 1867 to 1S74 and at the Royal .Academical 
Institution, Belfast, 1874-1875. Later he entered 
the University of Michigan, and was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts in 1878. After serving for two 




CHARLES MILLS i;AVLF,V 

years as Principal of the Muskegon High .School, he 
returned to the University of Michigan in 1880, 
where he was Instructor in Latin till 1884, and 
Acting Assistant Professor of Latin from 1884 to 
1886. He then spent a year in post-graduate study 
at Giessen and Halle. In 1887 he became Assistant 
Professor of English and Rhetoric, and held this 
position till 1889, when he resigned it to accept the 
]3rofessorship of the English Language and Literature 
in the University of California. He received the 
degree of Doctor of Literature from Kenyon College 
in 1900, and the degree of Doctor of Laws from the 
University of Glasgow in 1901 and from the Uni- 
versity of Michigan in 1904. He is a member of 
the Modern Language Association of America, and 



348 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



has at various times served as its vice-president ; 
also of the Pacific Coast branch of the /\merican 
Philological Association, of which he was president 
in 1902-1903. He is president of the Canterbury 
Club of California. He is an honorary member of 
the Senior Common Room, Lincoln College, Oxford, 
and of the Oxford Union. He is a contributor of 
verse and prose to "The Atlantic," "The Nation," 
" The International Quarterly," and other periodi- 
cals. He is author of " Classic Myths in English 
Literature," based on Bulfinch's Age of Fable 
(1893), and of "The Star of Bethlehem " (1904). 
He is joint author with F. N. Scott of "A (;ui<le to 
the Literature of .-Lsthetics " (1890), and of "An 
Introduction to the Methods and Materials of Liter- 
ary Criticism" (1899); ^^'''^' ^^- ^- Flaherty, of 
"Poetry of the People " (1904) ; with Clement C. 
Young, of the " Principles and Progress of English 
Poetry" (1904) ; and with C. S. Bradley, of " Eng- 
lish in Secondary Schools" (1S94, revised 1906). 
He is editor-in-chief of " Representative English 
Comedies" (1903). He was married at Detroit, 
December 17, 1S91, to Saliie Pickett, daughter of 
the Right Reverend Samuel Smith Harris, late 
Bishop of Michigan, and they have two children, 
Mary Harris and Elizabeth Pickett. 



PAUL ROUSSEAU BELLON de 
PONT was born in Paris, France, January 3, 
1840, son of Leon Pascal Rousseau and Pauline 
Henriette Victoire Bellon de Pont. On his father's 
side he was related to members of the families of 
Pontchevron and Makaye, descendants of the family 
of Belzunce. His mother, whose name he retained, 
was a de Pont, and through her he was allied to the 
family of des Urssins. He was eight years at the 
College de Juilly, and two years at the College Rol- 
lin. After the completion of his studies he received 
the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1856 and the 
degree of Bachelor of Science in 1857. He then 
pursued post-graduate work leading to the poly- 
technic and military schools. In i860 he became 
engaged in the railroad business. In 1866 became 
to America and taught in New York City and vicinity 
for a few years. In 1871 he was appointed Instruc- 
tor in French and Drawing at the University of 
Michigan. After one year he became Instructor in 
French, and in 1888 he was advanced to the rank 
of Assistant Professor. He was also secretary of the 
Faculty of the Department of Literature, Science 
and the Arts from 1875 to 1888. This title was 



then changed to Registrar, though the duties re- 
mained the same. He took an active interest in 
musical and dramatic matters, and was president 
of the Choral Union of Ann Arbor from 1890 to 
the time of his death. He died suddenly on the 
morning of March i, 1906, at his home in Ann 
Arbor. He was married in June, 1S70, tu Hen- 




PAUL ROUSSEAU BELLON 



riette Wiltse, of New York. There were five chil- 
dren, of uh(jm three survive : Edivard Paul, Henri 
Pierre, and Donald Maclean. 



LEO DWIGHT MINER, a graduate of the 
United States Naval Academy in 18S0, and an 
."Assistant Engineer in the Navy, was appointed 
Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Marine Engi- 
neering in the L^niversity in 1899 and served for 
one year. He is now a Lieutenant-Commander in 
the Navv. 



FRANK NELSON COLE was born at 
.'\shland, Massachusetts, September 20, 1861, son of 
Otis and Frances Maria (Pond) Cole. He received 
a preliminary education in the public schools of 
Marlboro, Massachusetts, entered Harvard Univer- 
sity, and was graduated Bachelor of .Arts in 1882. 
He pursued his studies further in Leipzig and Gottin- 



THE UNllERSIT}' SENATE 



349 



gen, and in 1886 received from his Alma Mater tlie 
degree of Doctor of Philosophy. From 1S85 to 1887 
he was lecturer on Mathematics at Harvard Uni- 
versity. For the next two years he was Instrut'tor 
in Mathematics at the University of Michigan, and 
was then made .Acting Assistant Professor of Mathe- 
matics for one year. From 1890 to 1895 he held 
the rank of Assistant Professor, which he resigned to 
accept a professorship of Mathematics in Columbia 



CL-ived the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1889. 
Returning home the same year he was appointed 
Instructor in German and French at the University 
of Michigan. The next year he was Instructor in 
(Jerman and Hebrew, and in i89r he was made 
.Assistant Professor of Oriental Languages. He held 
this position for two years, when failing health 
obliged him to seek a more salubrious climate. He 
soon after accepted the chair of (Ireek in the Uni- 



University. He is a member of the American versity of Colorado, where he remained uj) to the 
Mathematical Society, and has served as its secre- time of his death, January 24, i8g8. He had great 
tary since 1895. Since 1S97 he has been an editor of aptness and fondness for Bible study and teaching, 



the society's " Pulletin." He was married in 1 888 
to Martiia M. Streifif, and they have four children : 
Arthur 15. , Charles C, P>ancis V., and Winifred II. 



CARL WILLIAM BELSER was born .it 
New Washington, Ohio, December 21, i860, son of 
Herman Frederick and Maria (Kocher) Belser. 




CAKL WILLIA.M liKl^EK 

He was graduated from the Ann .\rbor High School 
in 1879, and three years later received the degree 
of Bachelor of .Arts from the University of Michigan. 
He took the Master's degree on examination the 
following year. From 1883 to 1888 he taught Latin 
at first in Mt. Morris College, Illinois, and later in 
Carthage College. The years 188 7-1 889 were 
spent at the University of Leipzig, where he re- 



and during his term of service at .Ann Arbor he con- 
ducted large Bible classes under the auspices of the 
Students' Christian Association. August 24, 1887, 
he was married to Susan S. Mishler (.A.B. 1887), 
who, with four cliildren, — Huldah, Gertrude, Paul, 
and P^nestine, — survives him. 



FRANK CASPAR WAGNER was born 

at Ann .\rbor, Michigan, October 5, 1864, son of 
William and Priscilla Antoinette (Meller) Wagner, 
his ancestry being German on both sides. His pre- 
liminary education was received in the public schools 
of .Ann Arbor. He entered the University cf Mich- 
igan and was graduated Master of .Arts in 1884 and ' 
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering in 
1SS5. After spending several years doing expert 
work for the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, 
he became in 1S90 Acting Assistant Professor of 
Mechanical Engineering in the University of Mich- 
igan, and the following year Assistant Professor, 
lie held this position until 1896, when he was ap- 
pointed .Associate Professor of Steam and Electrical 
Engineering in the Rose Polytechnic Institute. In 
1904 he was advanced to be Professor of Steam 
Engineering and Associate Professor of Electrical 
Engineering at the Institute. He is a Fellow of the 
American Associatioii for the Advancement of 
.Science and a member of the American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers. He has published papers 
in the engineering journals on various subjects, and 
is the author of " Notes on .Applied Electricity," de- 
signed for a textbook. He was married June 16, 
1892, to Mabel E. Peck, and they have six children : 
Helen Ward, Caspar William, Priscilla Meller, Willys 
Peck, Barbara, and Constance Emily. 



GEORGE HERBERT MEAD was born 
at South Hadley, Massachusetts, February 27, 1863, 
son of Hiram and Elizabeth Storrs (Billings) Mead. 



35' 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



He is of New England stock, his ancestors on both 
sides being descended from Enghsh colonists who 
came over to this country in the seventeenth cen- 
tury. After taking preliminary studies in the com- 
mon schools and in the preparatory department of 
Oberlin College, he was admitted to the collegiate 
department of Oberlin and was graduated Bachelor 
of Arts in 1883. After teaching for some time, he 
entered Harvard University and received the degree 
of Bachelor of Arts in 1S8S. He then went abroad 
for further study at the universities of Leipzig and 
Berlin. On returning to America in 1S91 he was 
appointed Instructor in Philosophy at the Univer- 
sity of Michigan, and held that position till 1S93, 
when he was made Assistant Professor. He re- 
signed this place in 1894 to become Assistant Pro- 
fessor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago, 
where he was advanced in 1902 to the rank of 
Associate Professor of Philosophy. He was married, 
October i, 1891, to Helen Kingsbury Castle, and 
they have a son, Henry Castle Albert. 



WILLIAM AULLS CAMPBELL was 

born near Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1S59. He en- 
tered the University of Michigan and was graduated 
Doctor of Medicine in 1882. A year after his 
graduation he became assistant in Microscopy and 
Histology in the University and remained in that 
]iosition for five years. In 1888 he was appointed 
assistant to the professor of Anatomy and Physiol- 
ogy and the next year was made Instructor in .Anat- 
omy. From 1 89 1 to 1894 he was Demonstrator of 
Anatomy; and from 1894 to 1897, .Assistant Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy. He then severed his connection 
with the University and took up the practice of med- 
icine at Muskegon, Michigan, where he still is. In 
the earlier years of his teaching he pursued studies 
in the Deparment of Literature, Science, and the 
Arts, and was graduated Bachelor of Science in 
Biology in 1893. 



DEAN CONANT WORCESTER was 

born at Thetford, Vermont, October i, 1866, son 
of Ezra and Ellen (Conant) Worcester. Both par- 
ents were of New England descent. He was pre- 
pared for college at the High School, Newton, 
Massachusetts. He entered the University of Michi- 
gan in 1884, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 
1889. The year 188 7-1 888 had been spent as a 
member of the J. B. Steere Scientific Expedition to 
the Philippine Islands. From 1890 to 1893, in 



conjunction with Frank S. Bourns (A.B. 1890) he 
conducted the M(inage Scientific Expedition to the 
Philippines. In 1893 he returned to the University 
as Instructor in Animal Morphology and in 1894 
was advanced to the rank of Assistant Professor of 
Animal Morphology. From 1S95 to 1899 he was 
Assistant Professor of Zoology and Curator of the 
Zoological Museum. In January, 1899, he was ap- 
pointed United States Philippine Commissioner ; 
September i, 1901, he was made Secretary of the 
Interior in the Philiiipine Insular Government ; and 




DEAN CON.A.NT WORCESTER 

early in 1906 he became Superintendent of Public 
Instruction for the Philippine Islands. He is a 
Fellow of the .American .Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science, a corresponding Fellow of the Or- 
nithologists' Union, and a member of the Washington 
Academy of Sciences. He is author of " The 
Philippine Islands and their Peoples" (1899), and 
of various papers on the " Birds and Mammals of 
the Philippines." He was married in Pasadena, 
California, April 27, 1S93, to Nanon Fay Leas, and 
they have two children, Alice and Frederick. 



EMORY BAIR LEASE, who received the 
degree of Bachelor of .Arts from Ohio Wesleyan 
LTniversity in 1885, the degree of Master of .Arts 



THE UNU'ERSITT SENATE 



351 



from the same institution in 1888, and the degree 
of Doctor of Philosophy from Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity in 1894, was appointed Assistant Professor 
of Latin in the L'niversity of Michigan in 1896 for 
one year, in place of Professor Rolfe absent on 
leave. Latterly, he has been connected with the 
Faculty of the College of the City of New York. 



ERNST HEINRICH MENSEL was born 
at Lunden, Schleswig-Holstein, Cermany, March 12, 
1865, son of John Jacob and ^L^rgaret Christine 
(Siercks) Mensel. The family emigrated to Amer- 
ica in 1884. Up to that time he had been trained 
in the public schools of Lunden and at the gym- 
nasium of Husuni, Germany. On coming to this 
country, he entered Carthage College, Illinois, where 
he was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1887 and 
Master of Arts in 1890. He studied Theology and 
in 1889 was ordained to the ministry of the Luth- 
eran Church by the synod of Central Illinois. 
From 1886 to 1888 he was instructor in Greek and 
Latin in Carthage College, and from 1888 to 1S92 




ERNST HlilNRILH .MENbEL 



professor of those languages in the same institution. 
In 1892 he was called to the University of Michigan 
as Instructor in German, and in 1898 was made 
Assistant Professor of German. This position he 



held till the summer of 1901, when he resigned it 
to accept the professorship of German at Smith 
College. In 1896 he received the degree of Doctor 
of Philosophy on examination from the University 
of Michigan. He is a member of the Modern Lan- 
guage Association of America and the American 
Dialect Society. On June 11, 1890, he was married 
to Sarah Lucinda Hyde, and they have six children : 
Ernst Edmund, Margaret Lucinda, John Hyde, 
Mary Elizabeth, Sarah Harriet, and Gertrude Hyde. 



BENJAMIN PARSONS BOURLAND 

was horn at Peoria, Ilhnois, May 2, 1870, son of 
I!enjamin Langford Todd and Clara Elizabeth ( Par- 




BENJA.MIX PARSUXS BOLKLAXD 

sons) Bourland. His father's family, which is of 
Scotch- Irish origin, came to America and settled in 
South Carolina late in the seventeenth century. On 
his mother's side he is of an English family that 
came to Massachusetts in 1622. Both branches of 
the family furnished soldiers for the Revolution and 
the War of 1812, and ancestors of the maternal line 
fought in the battles of the French and Indian wars. 
Mr. Bourland was educated under private tutors 
until 1882, when he went to Europe and continued 
his studies in Paris : at the College Latin in Neu- 
chatel, Switzerland, and in the Royal Gymnasia at 



352 



uNiFERsrrr of Michigan 



Wiesbaden, Germany. Upon his return to America, 
in 1S85, he entered the Ann Arbor High School and 
completed his preparation for college. He was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts from the University of 
Michigan in 1889 and Master of Arts in 1890. 
Two years were then devoted to the study of the 
law in the offices of Stevens and Horton of Peoria, 
and in 1892 he was called to the University of 
Michigan as Instructor in P'rench. In 1S95 he 
again went abroad, and spent the next three years 
in study in Vienna, Paris, Florence, Rome, and 
Madrid; and received the degree of Doctor of 
Philosophy from the University of Vienna in 1S97. 
In 1898 he returned to his former position at the 
University of Michigan, from which he was, in 1S99, 
advanced to the rank of Assistant Professor. He 
resigned this position in 1901 to become Associate 
Professor of the Romance Languages in Adelbert 
College of Western Reserve University, and in 1905 
he was made full professor of those branches. In 
1903 he was Professor in charge of French in the 
summer session of the University of California. He 
served on the Executive Council of the Modern Lan- 
guage Association of America for the year 1900. 
He is also a member of the American Philological 
Association, the American Historical .Association, 
and the Hispanic Society of .America. He has pub- 
lished editions of Tirso de Molina, Don Gil de las 
Calzas Verdes (1901), and Alarcon, El Sombrero 
de Tres Picos (1906). On June 18, 1902, he 
was married at Boston, Massachusetts, to Gertrude 
Louise Thayer. 



KARL EUGEN GUTHE was born at Han- 
over, Germany, March 5, 1S66, son of Otto and Anna 
(Hanstein) Guthe. He received his preparatory 
training at the gymnasium and technical school 
of his native city, and pursued university studies 
in Marburg, Strassburg, and Berlin. He passed the 
state examination at Marburg in 1889, and re- 
ceived the degree of Doctor of Philosophy there 
in 1892. In the same year he came to the United 
States. He was Instructor in Physics in the Uni- 
versity of Michigan from 1893 to 1900, and Assist- 
ant Professor of Physics from 1900 to 1903. In 
1903-1905, he was .Associate Physicist at the Gov- 
ernment Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 
Since 1905 he has been Professor of Physics and 
Head of the Department of Physics in the State 
University of Iowa. He is a Fellow of the .American 
Association for the .Advancement of Science, and 



a member of the .American Physical Society, the 
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, the Philosoph- 
ical Society of Washington, the Washington Acad- 
emy of Sciences, and the Iowa Academy of 
Sciences. He is author (in conjunction with John 
O. Reed) of "Manual of Physical Measurements" 
(1 902); and of "Laboratory Exercises with Pri- 
mary and Storage Cells " (1903 ). He is also a con- 
tributor to the scientific journals, his researches 
being mainly in electricity. He was married at 




KARL EUGEN GUTHE 



Grand Rapids, .Michigan, in 1892, to Clara Belle 
Ware, and they have three children : Karl Eugen, 
Jr., Ida Belle and Otto Emmor. 



HERBERT SPENCER JENNINGS was 

born at Tonica, Illinois, .April S, 186S, son of Dr. 
George N. and Olive Taft (Jenks) Jennings. His 
preparatory education was had in the Tonica High 
School and in the High School department of the 
Illinois State Normal University. He entered the 
LTniversity of Michigan, and was graduated Bachelor 
of Science in Biology in 1893. He spent the follow- 
ing year at the University as assistant in Inverte- 
brate Morphology and then proceeded to Harvard 
LTniversity, where he received the degree of Master 
of Arts in 1895, and the degree of Doctor of Philos- 



THE UNIIERSITT SENATE 



353 



ophy in 1896. He was immediately appointed to 
the Parker Travelling Fellowship and spent the year 
1896-1897 in foreign study, chiefly at tlie Univer- 
sity of Jena. On his return to America in 1897 he 
was appointed Professor of Botany in the State 
Agricultural and Mechanical College of Montana. 
The following year he was instructor in Zoology at 
Dartmouth College, whence he was called in 1899 
to a similar position in the University of Michigan. 
In 1 90 1 he was advanced to the Assistant Professor- 
ship of Zoology. After two years he resigned this 
position to accept a similar one in the University of 
Pennsylvania. From April to June, 1897, he held 
the Smithsonian table at the Zoological Station in 
Naples, Italy, and in the summer of that year and 
of 1898 he was engaged as Special Scientific Assist- 
ant in the Scientific Investigation of the Great Lakes, 
conducted by the United States Fish Commission. 
He is the author of numerous articles and papers on 
the Rotifera, and on the behavior and psychic 
powers of the lowest organisms. He is also joint 



•22"^ 



ir^9^ 




HERBERT SPKNl 1 1^ J1\M\(_ 



author with Professor Jacob E. Reighard of a book 
on the " Anatomy of the Cat." He was married 
June 1 8, 1898, to Mary Louise Burridge. 



son of (Jeorge W. and Susan Mandanc (Button) 
Wrentmore. His father was of English descent ; his 
mother was descended from two old New England 
families, the Buttons and the Barneses. His early 




CLARENCE GEORGE WREN'IMORE 

education was had in the common schools and in 
the High School at Chagrin F'alls, Ohio. He spent 
three years at Hiram College, Ohio, and in 1890 
entered the University of Michigan, where he was 
graduated Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 
in 1893. He was immediately appointed Instructor 
in Descriptive Geometry and Drawing in the Uni- 
versity and was advanced to the rank of Assistant 
Professor in 1902. In 1904 his title was changed 
to Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering. In 
1898 he received the degree of Master of Science 
on examination at the University and in 1902 that 
of Civil Engineer. On June 21, 1896, he was mar- 
ried to Jilargaret Elder McFarland, and they have 
three children : George Clarence, Salena Elizabeth, 
and Gwyneth McFarland. 



CLARENCE GEORGE WRENTMORE 

was born near Cleveland, Ohio, December 15, 1867, 



HENRY ARTHUR SANDERS was born 

at Livermore, Maine, October 22, 1S68. He is of 
New England descent. He received his early edu- 
cation at the Maine State Normal School, Farming- 
ton, and the Coburn Classical Institute, Waterville, 
Maine. He entered the University of Michigan and 



354 



UNIFERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1890, and Master 
of Arts in 1894. He was Instructor in Latin at the 
University from 1893 to 1895, and again from 1899 
to 1902, when he was promoted to the rank of 
Assistant Professor of Latin. During the interim in 
his instructorship he spent some time in foreign 
study and received the degree of Doctor of Philos- 
ophy at Munich in 1S97. Later he was instructor 
in the University of Minnesota for a year or two. 
Besides various contributions to the classical journals 
he published in 1898 "Die Quellencontamination 
im xxi und xxii Buche des Livius." He is the 
editor of the first volume of University of Michigan 
Studies, entitled " Roman Historical Sources and 
Institutions" (1904), to which he contributed the 
first number. 



THOMAS BENTON COOLEY was born 
at Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 23, 187 1, son of 
Thomas Mclntyre and Mary Elizabeth (Horton) 
Cooley. After receiving his preparatory education 
in the public schools and High School of Ann Arbor 
he entered the University and was graduated Hach- 




IHOMAS HF.N'ICJN COOLKV 



elor of Arts in 1891 and Doctor of Medicine in 
1895. From 1895 to 1897 he was an interne in 
the Boston City Hospital. He then returned to 
the University and devoted a year to post-graduate 



work in Organic and Physiological Chemistry. 
From 1898 to 1900 he was assistant in Hygiene at 
the University. The year 1 900-1 901 he spent in 
Germany studying the diseases of children. On 
returning to this country he became resident phy- 
sician at the South Department of the Boston City 
Hospital. In 1903 he was appointed Assistant Pro- 
fessor of Hygiene, in charge of the Pasteur Institute, 
at the University of Michigan, and held this position 
till 1905, when he resigned it to take up the prac- 
tice of medicine in Detroit, his specialty being the 
diseases of children. On December 21, 1903, he 
was married to Abigail Hubbard (A.B. 1903), and 
they have a daughter, Emily Holland. 



JAMES WATERMAN GLOVER was 

born at Clio, Michigan, July 24, 1868, son of James 




JAMKS WAI'ERMAN GLOVER 

Polk and Emerette Maria (Neff) Glover. His an- 
cestors came from England early in the history of 
the country and did honorable service in the war of 
the Revolution. He was educated in the Saginaw 
public schools, graduating from the High School in 
1885. He learned telegraphy and was in the em- 
ploy of the Western Union for three years. He 
then entered the University of Michigan and was 
graduated Bachelor of Letters in 1892. Soon after 



THE UNIVERSirr SEN.i/rE 



355 



graduation he was appointed Morgan Fellow in 
Mathematics at Harvard University and remained 
there three years, receiving in succession the de- 
grees of Bachelor of Arts (1893), Master of Arts 
(1894), and Doctor of Philosophy (1895). He 
specialized in Mathematics during these three years 
and was called to the University of Michigan in 
1895 as Instructor in Mathematics, from which he 
was advanced to the rank of Assistant Professor in 
190J. Latterly he has given considerable attention 
to the mathematics of insurance, and his courses in 
that subject have attracted the favorable attention of 
other universities and of insurance men throughout 
the country. He has from time to time read papers 
before the American Mathematical Society and con- 
tributed to the " American Journal of Mathematics " 
and the " Transactions of the Actuarial Society of 
America." He has also taken an active part in 
writing timely articles in connection with the subject 
of life insurance. In April, 1906, he was appointed 
assistant consulting actuary to the Wisconsin Legis- 
lative Insurance Investigating Committee, and after 
completing that work was made assistant to the 
Royal Commission of Insurance, appointed by the 
Canadian Parliament to investigate the condition of 
all companies doing a life insurance business in 
Canada. He is a member of the American Mathe- 
matical Society and the Deutscher Verein ftir Ver- 
sicherungs-Wissenschaft. He was a member of the 
International Congress of Actuaries held in New 
York in 1903, and again in 1906. August 29, 1900, 
he was married to Alice Durfee Webber, and they 
have a son, James Webber. 



ALBERT EMERSON GREENE was born 
at Bangor, Maine, in 1S74, son of Cliarles E/.ra and 
Florence (Emerson) Greene. He is descended 
from James Greene of Charlestown, who came to 
this country from England in 1634. He received 
his preliminary training in the Ann Arbor public 
schools, entered the University of Michigan, and 
was graduated Bachelor of Philosophy in 1895 and 
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering in 1896. 
On leaving the University he held the following 
positions in succession : Draughtsman for the De- 
troit Bridge and Iron Works, 1 897-1 899; .'\ssistant 
Engineer for the Duluth, Mesabi, and Northern 
Railway, 1S99-1900; Draughtsman for the Cana- 
dian Bridge Company, 1901-1903. During the ill- 
ness of his father, in the fall of 1903, he assisted in 



the conduct of his work at the LTniversity ; and after 
Professor Greene's death in October of that year, he 
was appointed Assistant Professor of Civil Engineer- 
ing for the remainder of the year. At the end of 




ALBERT EMKR: 



the year he was reappointed to this position for the 
full term of three years. He is an associate member 
of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 



WILLIAM HENRY WAIT was born at 
McConnell, Illinois, son of Nelson and Mary Cath- 
erine (Root) Wait. His ancestors came from Wales 
and settled in Massachusetts before the American 
Revolution. He received his preliminary training 
in the public schools of his native place and in the 
preparatory department of Northwestern LIniversity. 
He was graduated Bachelor of Arts from that uni- 
versity in 1S79, Master of Arts, on examination, in 
1882, and Doctor of Philosophy on thesis and exam- 
ination in 1888. After three years of high school 
teaching at Peoria, Illinois, he became connected 
with the Illinois Wesleyan University in 1883, serv- 
ing first as Professor of Latin and German, from 
1883 to 1888, Acting President, 1 887-1 888, and 
from 1888 to 1890 as Dean of the University and 
Professor of Latin and Modern Languages. From 



356 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 



1S90 to 1895 he had charge of the work in Ancient neering. Some months were spent in the employ 
Classics in the High School at Peoria, Illinois, of the Saginaw Manufacturing Company as chief 
Having meanwhile spent a year in graduate work at draughtsman, and in 1894 he returned to the Uni- 
the universities of Berlin and Bonn, he accepted a versity for graduate study. After one year he was 

appointed Instructor in Descriptive Geometry and 
Drawing, and in 1904 he was advanced to the rank 
of Assistant Professor. From 1900 to 1906 he was 
secretary of the Dejjartment of Engineering. He is 
a member of the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science, and an associate member of 
the British Association for the Advancement of 
Science. He was married August 22, 1900, to 




WII.UAM fll:XRS WAIT 

call to the University of Michigan, where he has 
held the following positions in succession : Instruc- 
tor in Greek and Sanskrit, 1 895-1 896 ; in Greek, 
Latin, and Sanskrit, 1S96-1901 ; in German 
1901-1904 ; and since 1904 Assistant Professor of 
Modern Languages, in charge of the Modern Lan- 
guage work in the Department of Engineering. He 
is a member of the American Philological Associa- 
tion and of the Modern Language Association of 
America. He edited the Orations of Lysias, with 
Notes and Appendices (189S). He was married, 
September 6, 1S8S, to Clara Widenham Iladley, of 
Peoria, Illinois. 



HERBERT JAY GOULDING was born 
at East Saginaw, Michigan, May 9, 1870, son of 
George Whitefield and Elizabeth Ann (Webster) 
Goulding. His ancestors were of English origin. 
His early training was in the schools of East Sagi- 
naw and in a business college. In 1893 he was 
graduated from the University of Michigan with the 
degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engi- 




iii;Ki;iki JA\ (.ori.iiixi 



Emily Mabel McCune (A.B. 1S9S), of Detroit, 
Michigan, and they have a son, llaiold McCune. 



ALFRED HOLMES WHITE was born 
at Peoria, Illinois, April 29, 1873, son of Samuel 
Holmes and Jennie (McLaren) White. His pater- 
nal ancestors were of early New England stock, 
while his mother was a Scotchwoman. He came 
up through the public schools and the High School 
of his native town and spent one year at McGill 
University, Montreal. In 1S90 he entered the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, where he was graduated Bach- 
elor of Arts in 1893. For the next three years he 
was assistant in Chemistry at the L'niversity of 



THE UNII'ERSITT SENATE 



357 



Illinois. In 1.S96 he went to Zurich, Switzerland, The family of Cliarlotte C Noyes originally settled 
where he spent a year at the Federal Polytechnicum in Newbury and Rowley, .Massachusetts, in 1636 
in the study of Chemical Technology under Profes- and 1638 ; her immediate branch has lived in Port- 
sor Lunge. In 1897 he was appointed Instructor land, Maine, for the past five generations. The 

young .Arthur had his early training in the public 
schools of Boston, and was prepared for college in 
the High School of Chelsea, Massachusetts. ' He 
entered Harvard and was graduated Bachelor of Arts 
in 1895, Master of .Arts in 1896, and Doctor of Phi- 
loso|)hy in 1899. His university work was largely 
specialized in History, and in 1896, on the comple- 
tion of his studies for the Master's degree, he was 
awarded highest honors in this subject. He re- 
ceived his Doctor's degree in History after three 
years of research study at Harvard and one year in 
England, the University of Berlin, and the Univer- 
sity of Freiburg. Up in the presentation of his 
thesis for the Doctor's degree, on ''The .Anglican 
Episcopate and the American Colonies," he was 
again honored by being awarded the Toppan prize. 
He was appointed instructor in History at the Uni- 
versity of Michigan in 1899, and was advanced to 
the rnnk of Assistant Professor in T90.4. He is the 



.ALFRED HOLMKS WHITE 

in Chemical Technology at the University of Mich- 
igan, and in 1 904 was advanced to the rank of 
Assistant Professor. Meanwhile, he pursued studies 
in the Department of Engineering and received the 
degree of Bachelor of Science in Chemical F3ngineer- 
ing in 1904. He is a member of the .American 
Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry 
of England, and the Michigan .Academy of Science ; 
also, an honorary member of the Michigan Gas 
Association. In 1903 he was married to Rebecca 
Mason Downey, of Pueblo, Colorado, and they have 
a son, .Alfred McLaren. 




ARTHUR LYON CROSS was born at 
Portland, Maine, November 14, 1S73, son of Emer- 
lous Dockendorff and Charlotte Cahoun (Noyes) 
Cross. Of his father's family one branch, the pater- 
nal, was of English origin, first settled in America at 
Cross's Hill, near Augusta, Maine ; the maternal 
family, the Dockendorffs, were Germans who settled 
in Pemaquid, Maine, in the eighteenth century. 




.ARIHUR LVO.V CROS.S 



author of " A History of St. .Andrew's Church, Ann 
Arbor, Michigan," and has contributed numerous 
book reviews to " Plie American Historical Review." 
He is a member of the American Historical .Asso- 



35' 



UNIVERSITT OF MICHIGAN 



elation. While in Cambridge he was secretary of 
the Harvard Philosophical Club. 



JONATHAN AUGUSTUS CHARLES 
HILDNER was born in the township of Freedom, 
Washtenaw County, Michigan, April 17, 1868, son 
of John Gotthold and Johanna (Josenhans) Hildner. 
His early education was obtained in a German 
parochial school and in the public schools. In 1890 
he was graduated Bachelor of Arts at the University 
of Michigan and the same year began his work as a 




lON'AIHAN AUCUSIUS CHARLES HILDXF.R 

teacher in the High School of Hancock, Michigan. 
From 1 89 1 to 1897 he was Instructor in German at 
the University of Michigan. Meanwhile, he pursued 
graduate studies in the University and received the 
degree of Master of Arts on examination in 1893. 
In 1897 he went abroad for further study and took 
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Leipzig in 
1899. He then returned to the University as In- 
structor in German, and in 1904 was advanced to 
the rank of Assistant Professor. He is a member of 
the Modern Language Association of America. In 
conjunction with T. J. C. Diekhoff he has published 
school editions of Storm's Immensee (1901, revised 
1904) and Freytag's Die Journalisten (igor). He 
was married in July, 189 1, to Barbara Goetz, of 



Ann .Arbor, and they have four children ; P>uthymia, 
]<".gmont, Wiltrud, and Hermann. 



GEORGE AUGUSTUS HULETT was 

born in Will County, lUmois, July 15, 1868, son of 
Frank and Lois (Holmes) Hulett. He is of English 
descent on his father's side ; on his mother's, Scotch. 
He received his early education in the district 
schools and in the High School of Downers Grove, 
Illinois. He entered Princeton University and was 
graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1892. Later he pur- 
sued advanced studies in Leipzig, where he received 
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1898. He 
was assistant in Chemistry at Princeton University 
from 1892 to 1896. In 1899 he came to the Uni- 
versity of Michigan as Instructor in General Chem- 
istry, which position he held till 1904, when he was 
made Assistant Professor of Physical Chemistry. 
This position he resigned in 1905 to accept a simi- 
lar one in Princeton LIniversity. In 1906 he was 
appointed a member of the United States Assay 
Commission. He is a member of the American 
Chemical Society, the American Physical Society, 
and the .American Electrochemical Society. He has 
made important contributions to "Zeitschrift fur 
Physikalische Chemie," " The Journal of the Ameri- 
can Chemical Society," and " The Physical Review." 
He was married August 15, 1904, to Deucy M. 
Barker. 



WILLIAM SYLVESTER HAZELTON 

was born at Tecumseh, Michigan, March 12, 1877, 
son of .•\llen ALarvin and Alzina (Boylan) Hazelton. 
His ancestors on both sides have been in America 
for four or five generations, having sprung from 
English, Irish, and Dutch families. He received his 
early education in the district schools, and at fifteen 
entered the High School at Oxford, Michigan. 
Later he studied at the Romeo High School and was 
graduated there in 1894, returning a year later to 
spend two additional years in the study of Greek, 
Latin, and German. He entered the University of 
Michigan m the fall of 1S97 and was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts in 1901 and Bachelor of Science in 
Mechanical Engineering in 1902. In the summer 
of 1 90 1 he worked as machinist at the Northern 
Engineering Works of Detroit. The following 
summer he was employed as mechanical engineer 
by the Ann Arbor Railroad Company. He was 
instructor in Mechanical Engineering at the Armour 
Institute of Technology in 1 902-1 903, and the fol- 



THE UNIFERSITT SENATE 



359 



lowing year he occupied a similar position in the 
University of North Dakota. In 1904 he was called 
to the University of Michigan as Assistant Professor 
in Mechanical Engineering. He was married on 




WILLIAM ^VLVL^LL1■; HA/LLIdX 

September 16, 1903, to Julia V. Johnson (A.B. 1902), 
of Duluth, Minnesota, and they have a daughter, 
Elizabeth Baldwin. 



ment of Law at the University. In June, 1905, he 
was appointed Assistant Professor of Latin, Sanskrit, 
and Comparative Philology. He is a member of 
the American Philological Association. He is the 
author of the following works : " .\ Chronological 
Outline of Roman Literature " 1895) ; " The Latin 
Pronouns Is, Hie, Iste, Ipse : .\ Semasiological 
Study" (1900). On September 18, 1894, he was 
married to Virginia Davis Farmer (Ph.lJ. 1892), of 




CLARENCE LINTON MEADER 



CLARENCE LINTON MEADER was 

born at Battle Creek, Michigan, .'\ugust 12, 1S68, 
son of John Murray and Maria A. (Fredericks) 
Meader. He is of German, F^nglish, and Welsh 
ancestry. He came up through the public schools 
of his native place and entered the LTniversity of 
Michigan, where he received the degree of Bachelor 
of Arts in 1891. He pursued graduate studies at 
Ann Arbor, Athens, and Bonn for the next two years, 
and in 1893 returned to the University of Michigan 
as instructor in Latin. The year 189 7-1 898 he 
spent at Rome, Italy, and in Greece as Fellow in 
Christian i'\rchasology at the .'\merican School of 
Classical Studies ; and the following year he spent at 
the University of Munich. He received the degree 
of Doctor of Philosophy on examination from the 
LTniversity of Michigan in 1900. From 1894 to 1897 
he was also Lecturer on Roman Law in the Depart- 



Chattanooga, Tennessee, and they have two chil- 
dren, Mary Helen and Alice Lynds. 



JOHN STRONG PERRY TATLOCK 

was born at Stamford, Connecticut, February 24, 
1876, son of William and Florence (Perry) Tatlock. 
He is descended on the father's side from a family 
of Anglican clergymen and country gentlemen, res- 
ident in Liverpool and other parts of Lancashire, 
and running back for two or three centuries. His 
maternal ancestors were chiefly Puritan ministers 
of central Connecticut and western Massachusetts. 
His father, a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church, was rector of St. John's church, Stamford, 
for thirty years, archdeacon, and for twenty-five 
years secretary of the House of Bishops. His early 
education was received at Stamford High School 



360 



UNIVEKSirr OF MICHIGAN 



and the Cathedral School of St. Paul, Garden City, 
Long Island. He entered Harvard University in 
1892, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1896 
and Master of Arts the following year. He then 
became Instructor in English at the University of 
Michigan, holding this position till 1905, when he 
was made Assistant Professor of English. From 
1 901 to 1903 he studied at Harvard University, on 
leave of absence, and received at the close of this 
period the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from 
that institution. He is a member of the Modern 
Language Association of America, and has pub- 




JOHN S1R(JX(; rEKRV TAIUILK 



lished articles in " Modern Language Notes ' 
in "Modern Philology." 



and 



HUGO PAUL THIEME was born at Fort 
Wayne, Indiana, February 12, 1870. His early 
education was obtained in the parochial and the 
public schools of his native place. He was gradu- 
ated at Concordia College, Fort Wayne, in 1890. 
He then entered Johns Hopkins University, where 
he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1893 
and the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1897. 
During his last two years at Johns Hopkins he gave 
lectures on French Literature in that University. In 



1S97 he was appointed Professor of Modern Lan- 
guages in Earlham College, Indiana. At the end of 
one year he became Instructor in French at the 
LTniversity of Michigan, from which position he was 




lUCl) I'AUI, IHIi.MI', 

promoted to be Assistant Professor in 1905. He 
has published the following : " La Litt^rature Fran- 
^aise du Dix-Neuvierae Siecle " (1896); "The 
Technique of the French Alexandrine" (1898); 
and an edition of Malot's Sans Famille, with Intro- 
duction, Notes, and Vocabulary (1903). He was 
married to Evaleth Mabel Thurston in 1899, and 
they have a daughter, Florence Leonie. 



THEODORE DE LEO DE LAGUNA was 

born at Oakland, California, July 22, 1876, son of 
Alexander de Leo and Frederica Henrietta (Berg- 
ner) de Laguna. On the father's side he is of 
Spanish, French, and Italian origin ; his maternal 
ancestry is German. After a preparatory training 
in the public schools of his native place he entered 
the University of California, and was graduated 
Bachelor of Arts in 1896 and Master of Arts three 
years later. He pursued post-graduate studies at 
Cornell University, where he received the degree of 
Doctor of Philosophy in 1901. He taught in the 



THE uNiyERsirr senate 



361 



rhilil>I)ine li^lamls from 1901 to 1903, after which 
he returned to this country and was Honorary 
Fellow in Philosophy at Cornell University in 1903- 
1904, ami Assistant ni Philosophy the following 




lllKdDURK DE LEO i.E LAl.:t :.N A 

year. In 1905 he accepted a call to the University 
of Michigan as Assistant Professor of Education. 
He is a member of the .American Philosophical 
Association. He has contributed articles on Ethics 
and .'Esthetics to " The Philosophical Review " and 
to the first volume of the University of California 
Publications in Philosophy. He was married Sep- 
tember 9, 1905, to Grace Mead ."^ndrus. 



WALTER MULFORD was born at Mill- 
ville, New Jersey, Septeinber 16, 1877, son of Fur- 
man E. and Anna (Lloyd) Mulford. He received 
his preparatory education in the public schools and 
High School of Ithaca, New York, from which he 
was graduated in 1894. He entered Cornell Uni- 
versity in the fall of 1895 ^'^'^ ^^^^ graduated four 
years later with the degree of Bachelor of Science in 
Agriculture. The two following years he spent in 
the College of Forestry at Cornell University, from 
which he was graduated Forest Engineer in 1901. 
During the summer term of 1902 and the fall term 



of 191)3 he taught in Yale Forest Scliool. From 
April, 1 901, to July, 1904, he was forester to the 
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station of New 
Haven, and from July, 1901, to July, 1904, he was 
also state forester of Connecticut. In July, 1904, 
he entered the United States Forest Service, being 
placed in charge of commercial tree studies in the 
southern Ai)palachian region (including the states 
of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, Cieorgia, Alabama, West Virginia, Tennessee, 
and Kentucky). He left this position in September, 
1905, to become Assistant Professor of Forestry at 
the University of Michigan. He was a member of 
the board of editors of " Forestry Quarterly " for 
1903 and 1904. From 1903 to 1905 he was pres- 
ident of the Connecticut Forestry Association, and 
from 1903 to 1904 he was vice-president fur 
Connecticut of the .American Forestry .'\ssociation. 
He is an active inember of the Society of American 




WALTER iMULKORD 



Foresters. On July i, 1903, he was married to 
Vera VVandling (A. P. [Cornell] 1903), of Ithaca, 
New York, and they have one child, Lloyd VVandling. 



CHARLES WALLIS EDMUNDS was 

born at Bridport, Dorset, England, February 22, 



362 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 




1873, SO" of Thomas Hallet and Caroline (Wallis) 
Edmunds. He received his preparatory education 
under private teachers in England and in the public 
schools of Richmond, Indiana, and was graduated 
from the Richmond High School in 1892. He 
spent the year 1894-1895 in Indiana University. 
In 1897 he entered the University of Michigan, 
where he was graduated Doctor of Medicine in 
1901 and Bachelor of Arts in 1904. He was interne 
at the University Hospital in 1901-1902, Assistant 
in Pharmacology 1902-1904, and Instructor in 
Pharmacology 1904-1905. Since 1905 he has 
been Lecturer on Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics. He is a member of the American Medical 
Association and of the American Physiological So- 
ciety. He is the author, in collaboration with Dr. 
Arthur Robertson Cushny, of a " Laboratory Guide 
in Experimental Pharmacology" (1905). He has 
also contributed papers to the " New York Medical 
Journal," " The American Journal of Physiology," 
" Medical News," and other scientific journals. 



CHARLES WALLIS EDML'NDS 



APPENDIX TO THE HISTORY 

(Pages 1-164) 

As has already been stated in the Preface, Professor Hinsdale finished his work upon the 
History of the University in the summer of 1900. Writing in the closing years of the nineteenth 
century, he sometimes referred to the eighteenth century as the "last" century, and to the 
nineteenth as the " present" century. The reader will readily make the necessary adjustment. 

P.-\GE 53. — On Alumni Da)^ 1903, a committee of the Society of the Alumni was author- 
ized to consider the question of reviving the proposition to raise by subscription a fund for the 
erection of a Memorial Building. After duly considering the matter the committee proceeded 
to solicit subscriptions. At the meeting in June, 1906, it was announced that upwards of a 
hundred thousand dollars had been subscribed, and that nearly seventy thousand had already 
been paid into the University treasury. So it appears that finally this long cherished hope is 
in a \va}' to be realized. 

P.\GE 66. — In 1902, the Regents having acquired the title to the First Ward School Build- 
ing and grounds on State Street, the building was refitted for recitation purposes and named 
West Hall. The purchase price was $16,000. In P"ebruary, 1900, the Regents also purchased 
the Winchell property on North University Avenue for the sum of $14,000. 

P.\GE 69. — The attendance at the Summer Session has steadily increased from year to 
year till it has now (1906) passed the thousand mark. 

P.VGE 70. — By way of comparison with the attendance of 1898-1899 the figures for 1905- 
1906 are appended: 

Literature, Science, and the Arts 1^566 

Medicine and Surgery 369 

Department of Law 902 

School of Pharmacy 78 

Homceopathic Medical College 82 

College of Dental Surgery 131 

Department of Engineering i>i65 

Total 4.293 

Deducting students counted twice, 113, and adding the attendants upon the Summer Session 

not contained above, 391, we have a grand total of 4,571, or more than four times the attendance 

of 1 870-1 87 1. The degrees conferred in 1905 were 836. 

363 



364 UNIFERSIIT OF MICHIGAN 

Page 71. — The statement in regard to salaries in the Law and Medical Schools now needs 
modification. Most of the full professors in those Departments, not engaged in active practice, 
at present receive a salary of $3,000. 

Page 84. — At various times before 1901 the question of conferring a uniform Bachelor's 
degree in the Departinent of Literature, Science, and the Arts had been under discussion in the 
Faculty. On F"ebruary 18, of that year, the Faculty adopted the following resolution, which was 
submitted to the Board of Regents three days later and met their approval: 

"Beginning in June, 1901, the degree of Bachelor of Arts shall be conferred on any student 
who has satisfied any one of the four sets of requirements for graduation now in force in the 
Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts." 

This legislation was followed by a modification of the requirements for graduation. All 
courses were thrown open to free election by students who had completed their first year, or 
thirt}- hours. First year students were required to elect three hours a week throughout the year 
in English Composition, and twelve hours, in addition, selected from a list of nine subjects of 
instruction, specified as follows: Greek, Latin, French, German, History, Mathematics, Physics, 
Chemistry, Biology. These requirements are still in force. 

P.AGE 88. — The Graduate School has grown slowly. The following are the figures for 
attendance: 1899-1900, 87; 1900-1901, 108; 1901-1902, 107; 1902-1903, lOO; 1903-1904, 
103; 1904-1905,94; 1905-1906,103. (See page 365.) 

Page 96. — The State Legislature of 1901 appro[)riated $50,000 for the erection of a 
Psychopathic Ward in connection with the University Hospital. This sum was afterwards 
increased by $14,000 for equipment. The contract was let in Jul\-, 1902, but the building was 
not finally occupied till February, 1906. The purpose was to provide for the treatment of a 
limited number of acute cases of insanity, with a view to the discovery of better methods of cure, 
especially in the incipient stages of the disease. The Director is also pathologist to the State 
Hospitals for the Insane, and co-operates with the physicians of these institutions in prosecuting 
research work on mental disturbances. Being a part of the University Hospital, this ward affords 
opportunities to the students in medicine to observe methods of treatment, as in the other 
wards. 

The widow of Dr. Alonzo B. Palmer bequeathed at her death, March 7, 1901, the sum of 
$20,000 for a Memorial Ward to her husband, who was for thirty-five years ( 1852-18S7 ) Professor 
in the Department of Medicine and Surgery. She also bequeathed the sum of $15,000 as an 
endowment for the support and maintenance of free beds therein. The contract for this ward 
was let in April, 1902, and the building was in due time completed and occupied. 

On March 5, 1903, the Regents provided for the opening of a Pasteur Institute for the 
treatment of rabies, and the work was regularly taken up in April following. The work of the 
Institute is now prosecuted in connection with the Hygienic Laboratory. 



APPENDIX TO THE HISTORT 



36: 




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366 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Page iio. — In May, 1900, it was recommended by the Faculty of the Dental College and 
approved by the Board of Regents, that after September, 1901, four years' study should be 
required for graduation from that school. This step was taken with the expectation that other 
dental schools of similar rank in the country would adopt a like extension of their courses. 
This hope having failed, and the attendance on the school having fallen off extensively, it was 
decided in 1904 to return to the three years' requirement. 

On October 16, 1904, Dr. Jonathan Taft, who had been Dean of the College from its founda- 
tion in 1875 till within a few days of that date, died suddenly at the advanced age of eighty- 
four. Since that time tlie affairs of the College have remained temporarily in charge of 
Dr. C. G. Darling as Acting Dean. Steps have been taken to provide a permanent head for the 
school, and Dr. Willoughby Dayton Miller (A.B. 1875), an eminent dental scientist of Berlin, 
Germany, has been appointed Dean of the College, to begin service October I,-I907. 

P.\(;e 115. — On February 25, 1905, the venerable Dr. Prescott, who had directed the 
School of Pharmacy since its organization in 1868, and who had been Director of the Chemical 
Laboratory since 1884, was taken away by death. His duties were afterwards divided, and Junior 
Professor Julius O. Schlotterbeck was appointed Dean of the School of Pharmacy, and Professor 
Edward D. Campbell, Director of the Chemical Laboratory. 

On the completion of the New Medical Building in 1903, the Laboratory of Hygiene was 
removed from the Physical Building into the new quarters, thus leaving much needed room for 
the development of the Physical Laboratory. Even this was found insufficient, and in 1905 an 
addition costing, with equipment, about $45,000 was made. An important feature of this addi- 
tion is a well-equipped lecture room accommodating 400 students. 

Page 115. — In the fall of 1902, courses in Forestry were offered in connection with the 
department of Botany, and in 1903 the subject was given independent organization under Pro- 
fessor Roth. A forestry laboratory has been opened in West Hall, where students receive 
instruction in forest botany, timber physics, structure of woods, and certain features of wood 
technology, as well as in forest measurements and the methods of study of the growth of timber. 
Further facilities for the study of forestry are supplied by the Saginaw Forest Farm, a tract 
of eighty acres about three miles west of the University, which was bought and presented to the 
University for this purpose in 1903 by Regent Arthur Hill. This farm is a typical example of 
the low, hilly land of the drift district, and contains an unusual variety of soil conditions, varying 
from heavy clay to sandy gravel. In addition to its other features, it contains a lake of clear 
water from ten to fifty feet deep and covering an area of twelve acres. (See page ^6j.) 

Page 122. — In the summer of 1902 the wooden flooring of the entire first floor of the 
General Library was replaced by Venetian mosaic. At the same time new desks and chairs 
were substituted for the old ones in the reading room, and the seating capacity was thereby 
increased nearly one third. 

In 1904, Mr. Davis asked to lay down his office as Librarian at the end of another year and 



A rr END IX TO THE HISTORT 



367 




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368 UNIVERSriT OF MICHIGAN 

that provision be made for securing a successor. Accordingly, Mr. Theodore Wesley Koch, of the 
Library of Congress, was called as Assistant Librarian for the year, and in 1905 he became Libra- 
rian. Under his direction several important changes have been made in interior arrangement and 
administration. Chief among these are the following: (i) The installation of a complete set of 
the printed catalogue cards issued by the Library of Congress, supplemented by a set of those 
printed by the John Crerar Library and by the American Library Association. A new public 
catalogue of the entire Library has been begun, based on these printed cards. (2) The transfer 
of about 6,000 volumes from the stacks to shelves running around the apse of the reading room, 
which are always open for free reference. Above these shelves a row of portraits was hung. 
Four sections of the Parthenon frieze were placed above a high moulding running around the 
tower walls, and full-sized copies of the " cantoria " friezes by Donatello and Luca della Robbia 
were used to fill in a series of panels behind the delivery desk and to form a solid railing to the 
balcony overhead. About the same time the periodical room was opened to the student body and 
the general public. (3) In January, 1906, the privilege of drawing books from the Library under 
the usual conditions prevailing in circulating libraries was extended to the whole student body. 

There has been a steady growth in the various libraries during the past six years. The 
total number of \olumes is now about 210,000. 

The Honorable James McMillan, the founder of the Shakespeare Library, died August 10, 
1902. Since his death his son, William C. McMillan, has given one hundred dollars annually 
for additions to the collection. It now numbers about 6,000 volumes. 

Mrs. Morris has recently fitted up a reading room in University Hall for the shelving and 
use of her late husband's philosophical library and has provided for making further purchases 
of books therefor. 

P.AGE 127. — In March, 1902, Mr. Dexter M.Ferry, of Detroit, purchased and presented 
to the University the tract of land lying immediately north of Regents' Field, as an addition 
thereto. In accepting this gift the Regents ordered that henceforth the entire field should be 
known as the Dexter M. Ferry Athletic Field. Two smaller pieces of land have since been 
added, and the field now has a total area of about thirty-eight acres. The Athletic Association 
has graded and filled this tract and put in a complete system of drainage costing in all upwards 
of $35,000. The old stands have been removed from the south end of the grounds to the north 
end, and a new stand has been erected at a cost of about $12,000. The grounds have been 
surrounded by a high brick wall, and Mr. Ferry has furnished the funds for the construction of 
an elaborate gateway at the northeast entrance. Mr. Ferry's outlay for this field now amounts 
to about $30,000. This great and welcome enlargement of the grounds has enabled the Associ- 
ation to provide separate fields for football and baseball and also for tennis courts. All this 
will permit a much larger number of students to enjoy the benefits of out-door sports than has 
hitherto been possible. It is estimated that there will now be room for at least two thousand 
students to participate actively in these sports. 



APPENDIX TO THE HISTORT 



3^9 



Page 135.— The following Supplementary Table will enable the reader to continue 
the comparison of the relative attendance of men and women for successive years from 
1898 to 1906: 



YEARS 


Literary 


Medical 


Law 


Phar- 
macy 


llomoe 
opathic 


Dental 


Engi- 
neering 


Total 
Women 


Total Men 

and 

Women 


1898-1899 


Women .... 


594 


5' 


4 


6 


9 


10 




674 


3060 




Men and Women . 


1,266 


431 


73S 


80 


66 


=34 


245 






1899-1900 


Women .... 


634 


49 


5 


ID 


7 


9 




7>4 


3303 




.Men and Women . 


1.337 


477 


8.7 


75 


70 


247 


2S0 






1900-1901 : 


Women .... 


650 


41 


5 


8 


6 


IC 




720 


34S2 




Men and Women . 


1.355 


526 


829 


70 


71 


272 


359 






1901-1902 : 


Women .... 


66S 


35 


5 


3 


7 


7 




7-'S 


350S 




Men and Women . 


1.395 


477 


.S22 


63 


60 


202 


489 






1 902- 1 903 


Women .... 


654 


35 


5 


, 
J 


12 


5 




7'4 


35=9 




Men and Women . 


1,384 


417 


S3 5 


65 


70 


149 


609 






1903-1904 : 


Won,en .... 


663 


32 


4 


4 


II 


2 




716 


3659 




Men and Women . 


1,410 


375 


829 


63 


65 


94 


823 






1904-1905: 


Women .... 


646 


30 


I 


2 


13 


2 




694 


383= 




Men and Women . 


1,401 


340 


S33 


69 


64 


132 


993 






1905-1906 : 


Women .... 


67J 


-5 


3 




12 


3 




718 


4 1 So 




Men and Women . 


1,464 


364 


896 


7S 


82 


13' 


1,165 







The total number of Baccalaureate degrees conferred upon women, 1871-1905, is 1783, 
distributed as follows : Bachelor of Arts, 108 1 ; Bachelor of Science, 1 1 1 ; Bachelor of Philosophy, 
351 ; Bachelor of Letters, 240. 

P.\i;e 136. — The followinii; Supplementary Table of Baccalaureate degrees in the Depart- 
ment of Literature, Science, and the Arts shows the slowly increasing tendency of the women 
to outnumber the men in this Department: 



1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 



121 
126 
141 
15= 
164 



62 

64 
=43 
277 
28 1 
=93 
3>S 



As before stated, beginning with 1901 the degree of Bachelor of Arts is the only first degree 
conferred in this Department. The list for 1906 is not yet complete, but shows substantially the 
same ratio thus far. 



^7° UNIFERSIT2' OF MICHIGAN 

Page 149. -in 1905 the Regents felt compelled for financial reasons to advance the annual 
fees in all the professional schools by the sum of ten dollars. In the Department of Literature. 
Science, and the Arts no change was made. 

Pages 165-362, - The total number of biographical sketches is 393, distributed as follows • 
Regents. 13,; Secretary and Treasurer. .; Presidents, 3; Professors, 195 I Junior Professors. 
21 ; Assistant Professors, 41. 



GENERAL INDEX 



[The heavy-faced figures ]ioint to the liiographical Sketches, pp. 165-362] 



Abb^, Cleveland, 46 

Abbott, Nathan D., 290 

Abel, John J., 288 

Acts of Congress Concerning School Lands : 1803,19; 1804, 

19, 20: May 20, 1S26, 20, 21 ; June 23, 1836, 20, 21 
Acts of State Legislature: March 18, 1837, First Organic 

Act, iS, 26-28; June 21, 1S37, Supplementary Act, 28; 

March 2t, 1837, Concerning sale of University Lands, 

22; April, 1838, State loan to University, 24, 25, 30, 36; 

February 28, and March 11, 1S44, Relief measures, 25; 

April S, 1851, Second Organic Act, 40, 41 
Adam, John J , 172 

Adams, Charles K., 46, 55, 71, 85, 125, 240 
Adams, Henry C, 276 
Administrative Council, 88, 89, go 
Admission requirements, 76, 77, 79, 84; for Medical Course, 

91, 92 ; for Law, 103, 104; for Engineering, 1 16 
Agnew, John H., 34, 223 
Agricultural College, 79 
Agriculture, Chair of, 59 
Alger, Lewis B, 334 
Allen, Henry C, 260 
Allen, John R., 333 
Allen, Jonathan A.. i)i, 93, 225 
Allen, Marvin, 178 
Ames Collection of Plants, 55 
Anderson, Henry C, 341 
Andrews, Edmund, 49, 93, 229 
Angell, Alexis C, 298 
Angell, James Burrill: declines offer of Presidency, 58; 

accepts a second tender, 62; inaugural address. 63; 

celebration of his Quarter-centennial, 74, 75; in the 

public service, 75; summary, 76; other references, 96, 

122, 133, 154, 160, 219 
Angell, Sarah Caswell, 67, 220 
Ann Arbor, description of, 29-30 
Ann Arbor Land Company. 29 
Appropriations, legislative, 57, 61, 63. 64, 66, 67, 68. 74, no, 

120. 121, 140, 152, 153 
Armor, S.amuel G., 94, 236 
Arndt, Hugo E. R., 271 
Art Gallery, 70 

Astronomy, advanced work in, 87 
Athletic Association, 127, 12S; Board of Control. 12S ; Ferry 



Barbour Gymnasium, 67, 160. 207 

Barnard, Henry, tendered the Presidency, 41 ; on Mr. 
Tappan's removal. 50, 51 

Barrett, Albert M., 330 

Barry, John S., 32, 167 

Bates, Elizabeth, benefactor, 73, 74 

Bates, Henry M., 317 

Bates Professorship of Diseases of Women and Children, 73 

Baxter, Benjamin L., 99, 184 

Belser, Carl \V., 349 

Beman, Wooster \V., 266 

Benefactions, 55, 67, 70. 73, 92, 118, 121, 122, 153-155 

Bigelow, Samuel L., 337 

Bingham, (Governor, 25 

Bishop, Levi, 184 

Blair, Austin, 199 

Bogle, Thomas A., 301 

Boise, James R., 45, S5. 227 

Bourland. Benjamin I'., 351 

Brace, DeWitt B., 347 

Bradish, Alvah, 45. 227 

Bradley. George, 188 

Braman, Benjamin, 232 

Branches of the University: authorized, 27, 28; founded, 
31: enrollment, courses of study, tuition, 31, 32; dis- 
continued, 32, 33; legal status, 13S 

Breakey, William F., 327 

Brewster, James H., 308 

Brooks, Datus C, 343 

Brown, Ebeuezer I,., 185 

Brown, Henry B., 103 

Brown, Joseph W., 175 

Briinnow, Francis. 46, 55, 118, 230 

Budget plan of appropriations, 74 

Buhl, C. H., benefactor, 122 

Buildings, 30, 31, 46, 56, 63, 64, 66, 91. 95, 100, 102, 118, 363, 
364, 365, 366. 367 

Bunker, Robert E., 312 

Burt, Benjamin C. 345 

Burt, Hiram A., 191 

Butterfield, Roger W., 75, 203 



Field, 368 
Athletic spirit, 156 
Attendance, 38. 49, 53, 54, 

162, 363, 364. 367, 369 
Atterbury, John G., 180 



Bagley, John J., benefactor, 70 
Barbour, Levi L., benefactor, 67, '207 



Cadillac, i, 2, 6 
Cady. Calvin B., 270 
Campbell, Edward I)., 115, 314, 366 
Campbell. James V., 46, 99. 102. 104, 142. 233 
61. 63, 70, 87, 99, 100, 105, III. Campbell, William A., 350 
Canfield, Arthur G.. 310 
Canfield. R. Bishop, 325 
Carey. Henry W., 211. 
Carhart, Henry S.. 273 
Carr, Edson, benefactor. 92 
Carrow, Flemming, 285 
371 



372 



GENERAL INDEX 



t-'ass, Lewis, 3, 10, 179 

Catholepistemiad, S, 12, 13, 23 

Champlin, John W., 891 

Chapin, Lucius D., 55, 837 

Ciieever, Kyron W., 115, 861 

Clieever, Henry S., 95, 848 

Chemical Laboratory, 44, 64 ; shortage in accounts, 74 ; 

building, 113; branches of instruction, 115 
Chemistry, advanced work in, 87 

Civil War, effect on attendance, 49, 53, 94 ; proposed me- 
morial, 53, 363 
Clark, Arthur M., 801 
Clark, John E., 343 
Climie, Andrew, 194 
Cocker, Benjamin F., 59, 61, 71, 848 
Cocker, William J., 75, 805 

Co-education : subject agitated, 57, 130, 131 ; action of State 
Legislature, 131 ; favored by President Haven, 131 ; 
adopted by Regents, 59, 133; first woman student, 132; 
first women graduates, 59; admission of women to med- 
ical courses, 95; general feeling in the University, 132, 
133; attitude of President Angell, 133, 134; ratio of 
men to women students, 134-136,369; men and women 
compared as to scholarship, 136; general effect, 137. 13S 
Cole, Frank N , 348 
Collier, Victory P., 196 
Commencement Exercises, change in, 71 
Commercial Education, .S5 
Comstock, Oliver C, 177 
Conely, Edwin F., 891 
Congressional Acts. See Acts 

Constitution of 1S35, 17, 20, 21 ; nf 1S50, 29, 39, 79, 145, 147 
Cook, Peter N., 806 
Cooley, Charles IL, 335 
Cooley, Mortimer E.. 863 
Cooley, Thomas B., 354 

Cooley, Thomas M., 15, 46, 72, 9S, 99, 102, 106, 142, 834 
Copeland, Royal S., 308 

Courses of study, 76-90; classical, 77, 78; scientific, 47, 48. 
54, 78; civil engineering, 44, 78; English, 80; revision 
of. So, 81 ; proposed reduction of, 84, 85; commercial 
education and public administration, 85 ; pharmacy, 54 ; 
combined literary and medical, 95; literary and law, 117 
Cousin, M. Victor, report on State Public Instruction in 

Prussia, 16, 17 
Cowperthwaite, Allen C, 869 
Coyl, Jean L., benefactor, 122 
Craig, James A., 897 
Crane, Elisha, 178 
Crary, Isaac E., 16, 30, 174 
Credit system, 81 
Cross, Arthur L., 357 
Crosby, Alpheus P.., 95, 243 
Curtis, Allen J., 344 
Curtis, William S., 34, 885 
Cushny, Arthur R., 299, 362 
Cust, Edwin M., 181 
Cutcheon, Byron M., 194 

Dakling, Cyrenus G., 386, 366 

Davis, Joseph B., 298 

Davis, Raymond C, 122, 875, 366 

Dean, Henry S., 808 

Degrees : effort to limit degree-conferring power, 28, 29 ; 
Bachelor of Arts, 78, 84, 86, 364 ; Bachelor of Philosophy, 
79 ; Bachelor of Science, 48, 78, 86 ; Bachelor of Letters, 
80,81; Master of Arts, 44, 88, 89; Master of Science, 88 ; 



Master of Letters, 89, 90 ; Doctor of Philosophy, 85, 88 ; 

Doctor of Science, 89 ; Doctor of Letters, 89, 90 ; 

Honorary, 55 ; number conferred on women, 136, 369 
Degrees, Master's, conferred in course, 88, 89 
De Laguna, Theodore deL., 360 
Demmon, Isaac N., 260 
Denison, Charles S., 270 
Dennison, Walter, 332 
Dental Surgery, College of; founding, 64, no; first Facultv. 

110; lengthening of courses of study, 111,366; Dental 

Journal, III ; attendance, in, 366 
Denton, Samuel, 91, 93, 172. 225 
De I'ont, Paul R. li., 348 

Detroit, 2, 3, 4, S ; school system of, 7, S, n, 15 
Detroit Academy, 12 

Detroit College, land grant from Indians for, 23, 24 
Detroit Gazette, 8 
Dewey, John, 888 
Dewey, Willis A., 305 
Dexter, Samuel W., 176 
Diekhoff, Tobias J. C. 340 
Dock, George, 889 

D'Ooge, Martin L., 55, Ci, 70, 75, 844 
Dormitories abolished, 46, 47, J4,S, 152 
Dorrance, William H.. 862 
Dorsch, F^dward, benefactor, 122 
Douglass, Samuel T., benefactor, 122 
Douglas, Silas H., 34, 45, 91, \\z, wt,, i 15, 824 
Dow, Earle W., 333 
Drake, Joseph H., 389 
Draper, Charles S., 203 
Draper, William, 176 
DuHois, Alfred, 93, 343 
Duffield, George, 37. 175 
Duffield, George, 2d, 196 
Dunster, Edward S., 71, 97, 849 

Edmu.nds, Charles W., 361 

Effinger, John R., 340 

Egglcston, Eugene R.. 300 

Elective system of studies, 44, 79, 81, 82, 84, 87, 155 

Electric light plant, 66 

Ely, Elisha, 188 

Endowments, 153-155; Ford-Messer, 122; Coyl, 122 

Engineering, Department of : subdivision of Literary De- 
partment, 44, 78, 115; independent Department, n6; 
New Building, 367 

Estabrook, Joseph, 192 

Evans, Edward P., 46, 237 

Fairlie, John A., 339 

Farnsworth, Elon, 168, 1S2 

Farr, George A., 809 

Fasqnelle, Louis, 34, 45, 49, 883 

Fees, 27, 56, 57, 148-150, 370 

Felch, Alpheus, 25, 102, 122, 167, 259 

Fentou, William M., 168 

Ferry, Dexter M., benefactor, 368 

Ferry, William M., 187 

Field, Moses W., 802 

Fitch, Andrew M., 178 

Fitz,gerald, Thomas, 171 

Fitzpatrick, Keene, 381 

Fletcher, Frank W., 207 

Fletcher, Richard, benefactor. 55, 102. 122 

Fletcher Law Library, 55, 122 



GENERAL INDEX 



373 



Fletcher, William A., 169 

Ford, Corydon L., 46, 55, 71, 93, 97, 122, 126, 228 

Ford Anatomical Collection, 55 

Ford-Messer Endowment, 122 

Forestry, 366 ; Saginaw Forest Farm, 366 

Foster, Gustavus L.. 181 

Fox, Charles, 46, 79, 229 

Franklin, Edward C, 1 10. 256 

Fraternities, 37, 3S, 124, 156 

Freer, Paul C, 115,286 

French educational intiuence, 15, 16, 78 

Frieze, Henry S.: Acting President, 5S-61 ; Curator of Art 

Gallery, 70; second Acting Presidency, 75, 76; other 

references, 72, 132, 154, 230 
Frieze Memorial Organ, 66 
Frothingham, George E., 96, 97, 245 



Gatchell, Charles, 256 

Gayley, Charles M., 75, 12S. 347 

Geographical distribution of students, 40, 162 

German educational intiuence, 15, 43, 54. Sn 

Gerrish, Frederic II., 249 

Gibbes, Heneage, 278 

Gilbert, Thomas D., 189 

Glee Club, 128 

Glover, James W., 354 

Goddard, Edwin C, 317 

Goethe Library, 122 

Gomberg, Moses, 322 

Goodman, George, 177 

Goodwin, Daniel, 169 

Goodwin, Justus, 181 

Gordon, James W., 166 

Goulding, Herbert J., 356 

Graduate Club, 129 

Graduate work, 43, 86-90 

Grant, Claudius B., 145, 193 

Gray, Asa, 33, 118, 119, 220 

Green, Sanford M., 170 

Greene, Albert E.. 355 

Greene, Charles E., 116. 246 

Greene, William W., 95, 238 

CJreenly, William L., 168 

Grifftn, Levi T., 274 

Grosvenor, Ebenezer O., 198 

Gunn, Moses, 91, 93, 95, 224 

Guthe, Karl E,, 352 

Gymnasiums, 66, 67, 156, 160 



IIagerman, James J., benefactor, 122 

Hall, Asaph, 293 

Hall, Louis P.. 318 

Harrington, Mark W., 256 

Haven, Erastus (His, Professor of Latin, 45 ; of English Liter- 
ature and Rhetoric, 51 ; President, 51-58 ; favors co- 
education, 131 ; 218 

Hazelton, William S., 358 

Heating plant, 64 

Hebard, Charles, 204 

Hempl, George, 306 

Hench, George A., 72, 122, 305 

Herdman, William J., 265 

Higginson, Francis J., 176 

High Schools and the University, 33, 59-61, S3, 130 

Hildner, Jonathan A. C, 358 



Hilgard, Eugene W., 248 
Hill, Arthur, 211 ; benefactor, 366 
Hinsdale, liurke A., 278 
Hinsdale, Wilbert 1:., ito, 302 
Hoff, Nelville S., 289 
Hoffman, Michael, 171 
Homicopaihic College, 106-110 
Homceopathic controversy, 57,95, 106-ioS, 139-145 
Honorary degrees, 55 
Hospital, Homceopathic, 66 
Hospital, University, 56, 66, 94, 95, 364 
Houghton, Douglass, 34, 112, 221 
Houghton Herbarium, 55 
Howard, Henry, 206 
Howell, William H., 287 
Huber. G. Carl, 316 
Hudson, Daniel, 176 
Hudson, Richard, 281 
Hulett, George A., 358 
Hunt, Maurice P., 299 
Hussey, William J., 328 

Hutchins, Harry IS.: Acting President, 75; Dean of the De- 
partment of Law, 102 ; 268 

Inspkctor of High Schools. 61 
Interest on University Fund, 146 
Irving, Pierre L., 248 



Jennf.y, William I.eP.., 254 
Jennings, Herbert S., 352 
Johnson, Elias F., 309 
Johnson, James K., 99, 184 
Johnson, Otis C, 286 
Jones, Charles N., 277 
Jones, Edward D., 336 
Jones, Elisha, 61, 71, 72, 262 
Jones, Samuel A., 100, no, 250 
Joslin, Thomas J., 189 
Joy, James F., 199 



Kearsley, Jonathan, 175 
Kellogg, Robert R., 179 
Kelsey, Francis W., 283 
Kent, Charles A., 102, 241 
Kiefer, Hermann, 204, 3:5 
Kingsley, James, 182 
Kinyon, Claudius 11, 309 
Kirchner, ( >tto, 272 
Knappen. Loyal E., 212 
Knight, Henry C, 190 
Knowlton, Jerome C, 102, 283 
Koch, Theodore W., 324, 36S 
Kraus, Edward H., 341 
Kundig, Martin, 177 



Lahoraturies, 56, 64, 79, 95, 112-115, 365, 366, 367 

Land grants and the University Fund, 18-26 

Lane, Minot T., 180 

Lane, Victor H.. 307 

Langley, John W., 253 

Law, Department of : organized, 26, 46, 98, 99; first Faculty, 
99; attendance, 99, 100, 105; women graduates, 100; 
buildings, 66, 100, 102; library, 55, 103, 122; original 
admission requirements and plan of instruction, 103-105; 



374 



GENERJL INDEX 



lengthening of course, 104, 105; Practice Court, 105; 
influence, 106 

Law Library, 55, 103, 122 

Lawrence Scientific School, 4S 

Lawton, Charles DeW., 210, 345 

Lease, Emory B., 350 

Leech, Gurdon C, 175 

Legislative Acts. .See Acts 

Legislative Appropriations. See Appropriations 

Le Seure, Oscar, 302 

Levi, Moritz, 332 

Lewis, Henry C, benefactor, 70, 73 

Library: General, beginnings of, 31, ii.S; first Librarian, 33, 
118; first purchase of booUs, 119; growth and develop- 
ment, 55, 120, 123, 36S ; building, 66, 120; new floor, and 
rearrangement of reading-room, 366 ; decoration of read- 
ing-room, 36.S ; gifts, 121, 122, 3bS ; students permitted 
to draw books, 368 ; Medical Library, 122; Law Library, 
122; Enguieering Library, 367 

Literary societies, 39, 123, 124 

Lloyd, Alfred IL, 331 

Loan of KS3.S, 24, 25, 30, 36 

Loertler, Egbert T., 319 

Lombard, Warren P., 295 

Lothrop, George V. N., Commencement Address, 71 

Lynds, James G., 306 

Lyon, Lucius, 171 

Lyster, Henry F. L., 280 



McAi.VAY, Aaron V., 310 

McClelland, Robert, 171 

McGowan, Jonas IL, 192 

McGuire, David F., 272 

Mcllvaine, Bishop, 29 

Mclntyre, Donald, 99, 185 

Mack.'charles S., 284 

MacLachlan, Daniel A., 273 

McLaughlin, Andiew C, 292 

Maclean, Donald, 96, 247 

McMillan, James, benefactor, 71, 122, 368 

McMillan, William C, benefactor, 368 

McMillan Shakespeare Library, 122, 368 

McMurrich, James P., 301 

Maltz, George L., 197 

Mann, Horace, 131, 137 

Manning, Randolph, 169 

Marine Engineering, 367 

Markley, Joseph L., 334 

Martin, George, 170 

Martin, James N., 288 

Mason, Stevens T., 1;. 22, 29, 165 

Mead, George H , 349 

Meader, Clarence L , 359 

Mechanical Engineering Huilding, 64, 66 

Mechem, Floyd R,, 295 

Medical Library, 122 

Medicine and Surgery, Department of: organization, 26, 38, 
90, 91 ; original building, 56, 91 ; requirements for 
admission, 91, 92, 95; for graduation, 91, 92; gifts, 92; 
proposed removal to Detroit, 93, 96; gr<jwth in attend- 
ance, 92, 94, 95; first University Hospital, 94: admis- 
sion of women, 95; Hospital and Laboratories, 95; 
additional courses, 95 ; number of graduates in first half 
century, 97; Medical Library, 122; new laboratories, 
365; Palmer Memorial Ward, 364 ; Psychopathic waul, 
364 ; Pasteur Institute, 364 



Memorial Building, 53, 363 

Mensel, Ernst H., 351 

Merriman, George B., 246 

Michigan: population, 1800 to 1900, 3, 5, 2S ; territorial 
organization, 3, 4; character of inhabitants, 5, 6: first 
schools, 6, 7; first newspaper, S; race rivalry, 8; system 
of public instruction, S-19 

Miggett, William L., 338 

Miles, George, 170 

Military Engineering, 44 

Miller, Justice Samuel F., 74 

Miller, Willoughby D., 366 

Miner, Leo D., 348 

Mines, School of, 54, 79, 80 

Monteith, John, ri 

Moore, Edward S., 182 

Morell, George, 169 

Morgan, John C, 109, 251 

Morris, George S., 61, 71, 122, 245, 368 

Mosher, Eliza M., 304 

Mulford, Walter, 361 

Mundy, Edward, 166 

Murphy, Seba, 174 

Museum, 64 



NANCRfeDE, Charles B. G. de., 285 
Newberry, Helen H., benefactor, 127 
Newberry Hall, T26, 127 
Newcombe, Frederick C, 323 
Norris, Lyman I)., 200 
Northrop, Henry H., 184 
Norvell, John, 172 
Novy, Frederick G., 314 



Obetz, Henry L., iro, 268 

Observatory : establishment, 44, 1 17 ; enlargement, 56, \ iS 

Ohio Company, iS, 19 

Olney, Edward, :;5, 71, 237 

Oratorical Association, 129 

(Ordinance of 17S5, 18; of 1787, 2, 4, 6, 19 

Organ, Frieze Memorial, 66 

Owen, John, 177 



Palmer, Alonzo B., 92, 93, 97, 226, 364 

Palmer, Charles H., 41, 71, 183 

Palmer Memorial Ward, 364 

Parker, Walter K., 325 

I'armelee, Myron H., 303 

Parsons, Andrew, 183 

Parsons, Luke H., 186 

Parsons, Philo, benefactor, 122 

Pasteur Institute, 364 

Pathological collection, 92 

Pattengill, Albert H., 263 

Patterson, George W., 322 

Patterson, Michael A., 176, 1S2 

Payne, William H., 84, 258 

Peck, William G., 46, 231 

Pedagogy, Professorship in, S2-S4 

Peterson, Reuben, 311 

Pettee, William H., 252 

Pharmacy, School of, 54, 114, 366 

Physical Laboratory, 64, 366 

Pierce, John 1)., 16, 17, 18, 21, 28, 29, 30, 32, 90 



GENERAL INDEX 



375 



I'lichei, Klijah H.,180 

rillsbiiry, Walter H., 337 

Pitcher, Zina, 30,91, 92, 93, 174 

Political Science, School of, 85 

Pond, Asliley. 102, 238 

Porter, John F., 171 

Pratt, Abner, 170 

I'rescott, Albert II., 55, 94, 115, 243. 366 

Presidency of the University : creation of office, 40 ; election 
of Dr. Tappan, 41 ; election of Dr. Haven, 51 ; resigna- 
tion of, 101, 102; Acting Presidency of Dr. Krieze, 5S, 
75; election of Dr. Angell, 62, Acting Presidency of Dr. 
Hutchins, 75 

Psychopathic Ward, 364 

Publications, college student, 129 



Ransom, Epaphroditus, 168 

Rebec, George, 335 

Redfield, Alexander H., 179 

Reed, John O., 324 

Regents, Hoard of: selection duties, powers, 26-2S, 165; 
first meeting, 30 ; enlarged powers under Constitution of 
1850, 39-41 ; change in method of electing, 49, 165 ; gen- 
eral characterization, 163 ; see also Chapter XVI, 13S- 
148 ; total number, 165, 370 

Regents' Field, 12S; becomes Ferry Field, 36S 

Reighard, Jacob E., 296 

Religion in the University, 35, 15S-161 

Removal Question, 93, 96, no, 142, 145 

Richard, Gabriel, 7, 11, 12 

Richardson. Origen D., 167 

Robinson, Stillman W., 344 

Rogers, Henry Wade, 102, 266 

Rogers, Randolph, benefactor, 70 

Rolfe, John C, 300 

Rominger Collection of Fossils, 55 

Rood, John R., 329 

Rose, Preston B., 345 

Roth, Filibert, 315, 366 

Russell, Israel C, 294 

Rynd, Charles, 194 



Sadler, Herbert C, 320 

Sage, Frank L., 321 

Sager, Abram, 34, 91, 95, 222; Botanical and Anatomical 
Collections, 55 

Saginaw Forest Farm, 366 

Salaries, 33, 57, 5S, 62, 70. 71, 364 

Sanders, Henry A., 353 

Sawyer, Walter H., 214 

Schlotterbeck, Julius < )., 336. 366 

Scholarships, 72, 73 

Schoolcraft, Henry R., 30, 173 

Scientific Collections, 55 

Scott, Fred N.. 312 

Seeley, Julius H., tendered the Presidency, 58 

Semi-centennial Celebration of the founding of the Uni- 
versity, 74 

.Seminary method of teaching, 7 1 

Senate. University, organization and character, 56, 217 

Sewall, Henry. 265 

Shakespeare Library, 122,368 

Shearer, James, 197 

Sill, John M. B., 191 

Smith, Dean T., 311 



Smith, J. .S., benefactor, 92 

Soule, Harrison, 215 

Sororities, 124 

Spalding, Volney M., 275 

Spaulding, Oliver I,., 186 

Special students, not candid.itcs for a degree, 79. Si ; in 

medicine, 92 
Spence, Adam K., 239 
Stanley, Albert A., 282 
Steere, Joseph B., 257 
Sterling, Charles F., 278 
Stevens, Aiviso B., 338 
Stockwell, Cyrus M., 190 
Stowell, Charles H., 268 
Strauss, Louis A., 342 
Students, foreign, 149, 150, 162 
Students' Christian AssociAtion : organization, 125: general 

character of work, 126; Newberry Hall, 126, 127; 

Chicago Commons Fellowship, 127 
.Students' Lecture Association, 125 
Summer Session, 69, 363 
Sunderland, Edson R., 330 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, 14, 17, iS, 22,27, 3°. 39' 

93, 130 
Sutton, Eli R., 211 
Sweetzer, Alvah, 190 
.Sweezey, James A., 190 



T.VFT, Jonathan, 110, 251. 366 

Tappan Hall, 66 

Tappan, John 1.., 55, 120 

Tappan, Henry Philip : election to Presidency, 41 ; life before 
coming to University, 41, 42; writings, 42; University 
ideals, 41,42; 43-48,86; strained relations with Regents, 
50, 51 ; removal, 51 ; memorial requesting his reinstate- 
ment, 51, 52; other references, 86, 87, 93, 102, 113, 119, 
161,217 

Tappan Oak, 48, 49 

Tatlock, John S. P., 359 

Taylor, Charles C, 180 

Taylor, Clarence G., 309 

Taylor, Fred M., 319 

Teacher's Diploma, 83, 84 

Teaching. See Pedagogy 

Ten Brook, Andrew. 34, 48, 55. iiS, 222 

Thieme, Hugo P., 360 

Thomas, Calvin, 277 

Thompson, Bradley M., 281 

Thomson, Edward, 34, 222 

Ticknor, George, 33 

Tree-planting on Campus, 48, 49 

Trowbridge, Charles C, iiS. 175 

Trowbridge. William P., 46, 232 

Trueblood, I'homas C, 297 

Trustees, first Board of, 12, 13. 21, 23 

Tyler, Moses Coit, 55, 56, 71, 240 



Union Schools. See High Schools 

University of Michigan; German influence, 15; French in- 
fluence, 15, 16; educational article in State Constitution^ 
17; land grants, 18-21; sale of lands, 21-23; Loan of 
1838, 24, 25, 30, 36; organization under Act of 1837, 26- 
28; supplementary Act of June 21, 1837. 28 ; location at 
Ann Arbor, 29; building plans, 30, 31 ; branches of the 
University, 31-33 ; first opening, 2,1 ; nature of instruc- 



376 



GENERJL INDEX 



tion, 34; Commencement exercises, 34, 35; discipline, 
35-38; attendance, 1S43-1852, 38; Act of April S, 1851,40, 
41 ; ideals of Dr. Tappan, 43-48, 86; re-organization of 
Faculty, 45 ; opening of Department of Law, 46 ; dormi- 
tories abolished, 46, 47; grounds beautified, 48, 49; 
growth in attendance, 49, 70 ; election and general pol- 
icy of President Haven, 51-53; attendance as affected 
by Civil War, 49, 53, 94 ; Library and other collections, 
55; organization of University Senate, 56; enlargement 
of Medical Building, Observatory, and Laboratory, 56 : 
first Hospital, 56; fees advanced, 56, 57; resignation of 
President Haven, and Acting Presidency of Dr. Frieze, 
5S-61 ; admission of women, 59 ; co-ordination of high 
schools with University, 59-61 ; election of President 
Angell, 62 ; University Hall, 63 ; new Museum building, 
64 ; new Anatomical Laboratory, 64 ; General Library 
building, 66 ; hospitals, 66 ; Law building enlargements, 
66; gymnasiums, 66, 67, 156, i6o; Sunmrer Session, 6g, 
363; Art Gallery, 70; change in Commencement exer- 
cises, 71; introduction of seminary methods, 71 ; schol- 
arships, 72, 73; Lewis Art Collection, 73; original 
curriculum, 76. 77 ; changes in curriculum, 77-81 ; Elec- 
tive System, 8r, 82 ; training of teachers, S2-S4 ; School 
of Political Science, 85 ; graduate work, 86-90; Depart- 
ment of Medicine and Surgery, 90-97, 365 ; Department of 
Law, 97-106; Homoeopathic College, 106-ito; College 
of Dental Surgery, 110-112, 366; Laboratories, 112-115, 
365; School of Pharmacy, 114; Department of Engineer- 
ing, 1 15- 117, 367 ; Observatory, 117, 1 18; Libraries, i iS- 
123,368; student organizations, 123-130; co-ediication, 
130-138, 369; constitutional status of the University, 138- 
148; conspectus, 148-164 

University Hall, 63, 64 

University Senate, 59, 217 

University .System, 82 

Upjohn, William, 183 

Van Ripkr, Jacob J., 198 
Van Tyne, Claude H., 328 
Van Vleck, John, 186 
Vanghan, Victor C, 95, 1 15, 2C7 

W..\DE, James H., 215 

Wagner, Frank C , 349 

Wait, William H., 355 

Walker, Charles L, 46, 99, 102, 233 

Walker, DeWitt C, 178 

Walker, Edward C, 188 

Walker, Henry N., benefactor, 117, It8 

Walker, Samuel S., 195 



Walter, Edward L., 55, 72, 122, 258 

Warthin, Aldred S., 318 

Waterman, Joshua W., benefactor, 67 

Waterman Gymnasium, 67, 15O 

Watling, John A., 110, 253 

Watson, James C, 55, i iS, 235 

Wayland, Francis, 29, 47 

Wead, Charles K., 2S5 

Weinberg vs. Regents, 145 

Wells, William P., 72, 254 

Wenley, Robert M., 303 

West Hall, 363, 366 

Whedon, Daniel D„ 34, 223 

Whipple, Charles W., 169 

White, Alfred H., 356 

White, Andrew D., 46, 49, 55, 70, 232 

White, Peter, 213 

Whiting Henry, 186 

Whiting, Joseph, 33, 34, 222 

Whitman, Charles R., 202 

Whitney, Allen S., 315 

Whittemore, Gideon O., 173 

Wilgus, Horace L., 308 

Wilkins, Ross, 174 

Willard, George, 189 

Willett, Charles J., 201 

Williams, Gardner S., 321 

Williams, George P., 33. 45. 55, 71, 221 

Wilson, Thomas P., 110, 259 

Winchell, Alexander, 46. 71, 228 

Winchell Collections, 55 

Winchell property purchased, 363 

Wing, Austin E., 180 

Wing, Warner, 170 

Winkler, Max, 313 

Witherell, Benjamin F. II., 181 

Woman's League, 12S 

Wood. DeVolson, 46, 235 

Wood, James C, 271 

Woodbridge, William, 10, 11, 20, 166 

Woodward, A. B., 10 

Worcester, Dean C, 350 

Wrampelmeier, Theodore ]., 346 

Wientmore, Clarence G., 353 



Yellow and Blue, the, 12S, 129 
Young Men's Christian Association, 127 



ZiWET, Alexander, 320 



3477 

X273 



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